The aim of this thesis is the analysis and subsequent comparison of two different systems of central banking in the centrally planned and liberal market economy in the Czech Republic from 1948 until now. The basic parameters of the analysis are monetary policy, independence of central banking and the regulation and supervising of banking sector. The theoretical part deals with economic theory and the theory of central banking, especially monetary policy, exchange rate policy, theory of regulation, theory of independence, theory of supervising and how different economical schools are looking on this issue. Analytical part is divided into analysis and comparison of the two periods on the basis of specific parameters - legislative and legal anchorage, institutional support, monetary policy, supervisory function and independence. From the final comparison, based on the valuation of the pros and cons, is obvious that a system of liberal economy banking is more successful and more sustainable for the future, because it is based on a high degree of central bank independence, which is trying to fulfill its primary goals regardless of the ruling political power.

Recent crisis and economic recession caused in many countries problems with drop in inflation and overall downturn in economic growth. The Central Banks found themselves in so called zero lower bound. This thesis describes the situation of deflation, zero lower bound and liquidity trap. These conditions called for the use of alternative monetary policy tools. The main goal of the thesis is to evaluate the use of foreign exchange rate intervention as unconventional tool in a small open economy with inflation targeting regime represented by the Czech Republic in the analytic part. Thesis examines other non-standard instruments and provides reasons for the Czech National Bank decision. The analysis shows the complexity of the issue and provides the evidence that exchange rate commitment was not displayed to the desired price level. The tool could lead to expected repercussion, but the effect is impacted by factors, which Central Bank cannot control. The effect of the CB way to fight the decreasing inflation will be better shown after the CB exit from the commitment.

The thesis deals with the European Central Bank which is a central institution of the European Monetary Union; its establishment, structure, organs and its relationship to other European Union institutions. Core principles of monetary poli cy and instruments are described. The second part is dedicated to the analysis of monetary policy with focus on changes in the rate of main refinancing operations with respect to the economic development (inflation rate, GDP growth etc.). The time from 1999 is divided into several periods and particular attention is paid to the contemporary economic crisis and ECB's non-standard measures.

The master thesis analyses potential impacts of introduction of the quantitative easing by the Czech National Bank as a new monetary instrument in the Czech Republic, which would be used as a means of fight against the economic cycle. Instruments which a central bank can use in the area of monetary policy become limited in the era of major interest rates inclining to zero. Power of conventional means becomes insufficient. As a result, more and more central banks consider introduction of a relatively new instrument -- quantitative easing which is applied e.g. by the FED or the ECB at present. The main goal of the thesis is to assess advantages and disadvantages of introduction of quantitative easing by the Czech National Bank and its ability to influence the economic cycle when basic principles of quantitative easing are applied on a real small opened economy. The output should present analysis and assessment of costs and benefits arising from introduction of quantitative easing. Actual data from the economies, where the quantitative easing has been applied, are analyzed in the thesis. The results of the analysis are used as a basis for creation of a simple universal model of functioning of quantitative easing which is after customizing according to specifics of the Czech economy, applied to the Czech Republic. Three possible scenarios of development of economy after introduction of quantitative easing by the CNB were developed on the basis of the model which differs from each other as they relate to a different phase of economic cycle.

This diploma thesis is focused on analysis of foreign exchange reserves of central banks. The first part of the work explains the most important theoretical concepts, that are necessary for further understanding of the topic of the work. This section will also describe the main criteria which determines the optimal level of foreign exchange reserves. It will be also discussed about a new trend that is known as accumulation of foreign exchange reserves and about the sourcrces, the lead to accumulation. The following part explains in detail the concept of reserves currency and tells about the currency structure of reserves. The empirical part will be devoted to the analysis and management of the foreign exchange reserve in Israel.

This diploma thesis deals with the global financial crisis of 2007 to the present moment and monetary policy, which at that time was applied by the Czech National Bank and the European National Bank. It also analyzes the behavior of the two selected banks in the Czech Republic during that period and evaluates how they dealt with the crisis. Finally, suggestions on measures of central banks are stated.

Karel Husník: Economic and Legal Position of the Czech National Bank in the Environment of Inflation and Deflation The aim of this thesis is to analyse the position of the Czech National Bank (CNB) from the legal and economic point of view and to analyse the monetary policy instruments which the central bank can use efficiently in inflation targeting. The primary criterium is macroeconomic environment of inflation, respectively deflation. The thesis newly divides the monetary policy instruments on conventional and non-conventional. The thesis uses multidisciplinary approach, it combines economic and legal point of view. The methodology of this thesis is analysis, description in historical projection and comparation. The laws of the Czech Republic and the documents of CNB, which are available online, are used. Author also worked with data from the Czech Statistical Office and with various economic studies and papers. The first chapter of the thesis analyses position of independent Czech National Bank in its constitutional and lawful position. The Law of the Czech National Bank and the Constitution of the Czech Republic defines the purpose of the CNB and her relationship with other components of state power. The CNB's monetary policy objective is set forth in Article 98 of the Constitution of the...

The topic of this diploma thesis is to measure and investigate the clarity of Financial stability reports from 27 European central banks. Using unbalanced panel data from 2004 to 2017 we found out variables that determine the level of clarity of Financial stability reports. Clarity indices are calculated by Flesch-Kincaid readability tests. Based on our results, we claim that the clarity of the Financial stability report is affected by the level of independence of the central bank and by non-housing macroprudential policy index. Furthermore, the clarity of Financial stability reports changes among years and especially during the financial crisis. According to spatial models, the distance between central banks really matters in the terms of the clarity of Financial stability reports.

Författare: Sandra Medenica & Frida Stark Handledare: Joakim Persson Bakgrund: Kontantanvändningen i Sverige idag har minskat i takt med den digitala utvecklingen vilket har skapat plats för nya betalningsmöjligheter, exempelvis kryptovalutor och e-valutor. Samtidigt håller Riksbanken på att utreda möjligheten för en e-krona som skulle medföra att Riksbanken kan reglera penningpolitiken på ett mer effektivt sätt samt bibehålla sin monopolställning som ensam utgivare av pengar på betalningsmarknaden.  Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka effekter en e-krona skulle ha på samhället samt om det finns ett samband mellan priset på Bitcoin och länders intresse för att införa en CBDC.  Metod: Uppsatsen grundar sig på litteraturstudier och ekonomiska teorier för att analysera ekonomiska effekter av en e-krona i Sverige. Utöver det genomförs en regressionsanalys för att härleda ett eventuellt potentiellt samband med data som visar Bitcoinkursen och länders intresse för ett införande av Central Bank Digital Currency, CBDC.  Slutsats: En e-krona skulle medföra att Riksbanken lättare kan genomföra penningpolitiska åtgärder för att stimulera ekonomin samt att de skulle fortsätta bidra med konkurrens på betalningsmarknaden. Affärsbankerna skulle eventuellt kunna påverkas av en undanträngningseffekt i form av att bankinlåningarna minskar vilket leder till att de skulle förlora en del av sin ställning på betalningsmarknaden. Utöver det skulle de kriminella verksamheterna kunna minska när kontanterna fasas ut då de anonyma betalningsmöjligheterna blir färre.  Det finns ett positivt uppskattat samband mellan Bitcoinkursen och länders intresse för ett införande av en CBDC med en korrelation på 0,52. Det innebär att när Bitcoinkursen stiger kommer även länders intresse för en CBDC öka. Detta kan vara en förklaring till ländernas intresse, men fler variabler bör tas i beaktning vid vidare analys. / Authors: Sandra Medenica & Frida Stark Supervisor: Joakim Persson Background: Today´s use of cash in Sweden has decreased along with the digital development, which has created space for new payment options, such as cryptocurrencies and e-currencies. Along with this development, the central bank of Sweden is investigating the possibility of an e-krona, which would allow the central bank of Sweden to regulate the monetary policy in a more efficient way and maintain its monopoly position as the sole issuer of money in the payment market. Purpose: The aim of this essay is to investigate what effects an e-krona would have on society and whether there is a correlation between the price of Bitcoin and countries' interest in introducing a CBDC. Completion: The essay is based on literature studies and economic theories to analyze the economic effects of an e-krona in Sweden. In addition, a regression analysis is performed to deduce a possible correlation with the data showing the Bitcoin exchange rate and countries' interest in the introduction of Central Bank Digital Currency, CBDC. Conclusions: An e-krona would mean that the Riksbank could more easily implement monetary policy measures to stimulate the economy and that they would continue to contribute to competition in the payment market. The commercial banks could possibly be affected by a crowding-out effect in the form of reduced bank deposits, which leads to them losing part of their position in the payment market. In addition, the criminal activities could decrease when the cash is phased out as the anonymous payment options become fewer. There is a positive estimated effect of the bitcoin exchange rate on countries interest of a CBDC with a correlation of 0,52. In other words, when the bitcoin exchange rate rises there is an increase in the countries interest of a CBDC. This might be an explanation for the interest, however, more variables should be considered in the analysis.

This dissertation focuses on the proper understanding of digital currencies, its impact on a country’s economy, and how to design and regulate digital currencies. First, we review the current literature on digital currency and discuss the shortcomings of existing research. Second, we focus on the development of monetary forms, digital monetary forms, and the attribution of minting power. Third, we discuss the issue of the attribution of monetary issuance power, taking into account three major factors, that is the laws of historical evolution, the political and ideological demands of the state, and the ability to perform monetary functions (the core of which is the stability of currency values). Furthermore, we conduct an empirical analysis on the impact of Central bank digital currency (CBDC) on the money policy in China. We find that the use of digital money leads to higher inflation, but the effect is not significant. Finally, we discuss the design frameworks and regulatory ideas of digital currency. On this basis, we propose a reference framework for Central bank digital currency (CBDC) design in China, identify the risks of private digital currencies, and put forward corresponding regulatory recommendations. / Business Administration/Finance