This research began with the question: why is the retailer brand market share of Tesco Korea higher than that of local Korean retailers? Of the foreign grocery retailers who have expanded into Korea, Tesco has achieved the most outstanding performance, with the highest retailer brand share in the market. After the withdrawal of Wal-Mart and Carrefour from Korea in 2006, Tesco Korea has been positioned as the successful foreign retailer. Accordingly, how the retail operation of Tesco Korea differs from that of the local Korean retailers attracted the author’s interest, specifically in terms of the development and handling processes of the retailer brand. Rather than examining the customer perceptions of both Tesco Korea and the domestic Korean retailers, the researcher concentrated on identifying the differences between both parties from the point of view of their retailer brand program operations. Based on in-depth interviews with retailers and suppliers, store observations, the author’s own experience in retailer brand development, and company documentation, this research explored the differences between Tesco Korea and domestic Korean retailers in how they develop and handle their own brands. Tesco Korea has taken advantage of retailing know-how, that is, retailer brand development skills created by Tesco UK. With the help of Tesco UK, the retailer brand development process of Tesco Korea is differentiated in a number of areas from that of the local Korean retailers. The flows of retailing know-how from Tesco UK to Tesco Korea has also influenced the whole retailer brand market in Korea, as well as stimulated the local Korean retailers to improve their retailer brand development skills. The entry of retailers with advanced retailer brand development knowledge into markets where retailer brands are less well developed is a catalyst in promoting retailer brand markets, and in intensifying retail competition. Also, the retailer brand development know-how of domestic retailers is enhanced by imitating or benchmarking foreign retailers. This research suggests that retailer brand share is related to the degree to which retailers are proactively involved in the development and handling processes for retailer brand product ranges, as well as to how sophisticated or advanced their knowledge of the retailer brand development process is. Advanced development and handling skills make a considerable contribution to increasing retailer brand share in markets with a lower share or no presence of retailer brands.

Underdevelopment of developing countries is in present one of the thorniest problems of the world. Economic globalisation brings about increasingly deeper integration of world markets and increasing volumes of international trade. Multilateral trading system represented by the World Trade Organization (WTO) is one of the instruments that can, under certain circumstances, strongly contribute to economic progress of developing countries. The goal of the thesis is to reveal such circumstances and describe their coherence with the WTO and its predecessor the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Firstly, the thesis focuses on theoretical basis of international trade as an instrument of economic development. The thesis also describes possible imperfections of the theory specifically with regard to developing countries. Secondly, the role of the WTO in the process of liberalisation of international trade and its activities leading to reduction or elimination of the imperfections are described. The thesis shows that, on the known theoretical basis, it is possible for developing countries to gain from liberalisation of international trade on the multilateral basis. The thesis, however, also indicates that it is possible to achieve certain improvements in the existing system to the benefit of the developing countries and leading to their greater and more equitable involvement in the international division of labour.

This thesis deals with strategy of company development for a company Pharma Future Ltd. Specifically, the extensit of the foreign market. Thesis analyses internal and external aspects company and its environs. Objective is find out position on market and resulting source of competitive advantage. Improvement of current positron in the market is achieved by imlementation suggested strategy.

Despite decades of scholarly scrutiny, the politico-economic exploits of vikings in and around the Frankish realm (c. 750-940 CE) remain - to a considerable extent - obscured by the constraints of a fragmentary and biased corpus of (near-)contemporary evidence, conveying the impression that these movements were capricious, haphazard, and gratuitous in character. For this reason, rather than selectively assessing individual instances of regional Franco-Scandinavian interaction, the present study approaches the available interdisciplinary data on a cumulative and conceptual level, and combines this with the innovative use of GIS to detect and define overall spatiotemporal patterns of viking activity. Set against a backdrop of continuous commerce and knowledge exchange, this overarching survey demonstrates the existence of a relatively uniform, sequential framework of wealth extraction, encampment, and political engagement, within which Scandinavian fleets operated as adaptable, ambulant polities - or 'hydrarchies'. By delineating and visualising this framework, a four-phased conceptual development model of hydrarchic conduct and consequence is established, whose validity is substantiated by its application to three distinct regional case studies: the lower Rhine-Meuse-Scheldt Basin, the Seine Basin, and the Loire Basin. As well as facilitating the deductive analysis of viking activity for which primary evidence has thus far been ambiguous or altogether absent, the parameters of this abstract model affirm that Scandinavian movements across Francia were the result of prudent and expedient decision-making processes, contingent on exchanged intelligence, cumulative experience, and the ongoing individual and collective need for socioeconomic subsistence and enrichment.

Цель магистерской диссертации – разработка предложений по улучшению показателей внешнеторгового товарооборота между Российской Федерацией и Китайской Народной Республикой посредством совершенствования железнодорожных транспортных потоков. Предмет: Улучшение показателей внешнеторгового товарооборота между Российской Федерацией и Китайской Народной Республикой посредством совершенствования железнодорожных транспортных потоков. Задачи: Изучение теоретических аспектов внешнеэкономической деятельности, Анализ структуры и динамики внешнеторгового товарооборота между Российской Федерацией и Китайской Народной Республикой, Анализ влияния железнодорожных транспортных потоков на внешнеторговый товарооборот между Российской Федерацией и Китайской Народной Республикой, Разработка предложений по улучшению показателей внешнеторгового товарооборота между Российской Федерацией и Китайской Народной Республикой посредством совершенствования железнодорожных транспортных потоков. Предложенные в работе меры призваны повысить эффективность использования железнодорожного транспорта в международной торговле между Российской Федерацией и Китайской Народной Республикой. / The purpose of the master's thesis is to develop proposals for improving the indicators of foreign trade turnover between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China by improving railway transport flows. Subject: Improving the indicators of foreign trade turnover between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China by improving railway transport flows. Tasks: Study of theoretical aspects of foreign economic activity, Analysis of the structure and dynamics of foreign trade turnover between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, Analysis of the impact of railway transport flows on foreign trade turnover between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China, Development of proposals to improve the indicators of foreign trade turnover between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China by improving railway transport flows. The measures proposed in the work are intended to increase the efficiency of the use of railway transport in international trade between the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China.

This diploma thesis deals with the development of trade relations within the Central European area, with a particular focus on the Czech-Polish, Czech-Hungarian and Hungarian-Polish business cooperation. The first part is focused on the analysis of documents of cooperation (with particular emphasis on the Polish newspaper Gazeta Wyborcza, Polityka, Rzeczpospolita, Wprost) and will dedicate a historical reflection of demonstrable commercial relations between the countries in the region. Emphasis will be placed into a period of the 20th and 21st centuries, will not remain unnoticed such phenomena, such as the transition from a centrally planned economy to a market economy, and the phenomenon of traditional Polish-Hungarian friendship that significantly, both in the past and currently exhibited not only in business cooperation. The second part will be focused on the analysis of daily practice, particularly through sociology and economics will focus on the analysis of the specific impact of inflation and taxes, or the issue of unemployment in these countries (CZ, PL, HU). In this section, we will explore the narrow time constraints, particularly the years 2006-2013, a period in which we can observe the effects of the global financial crisis. In this work, we will see how a selected group of printing...

Den Anlass der Dissertation lieferte das nach 1990 festgestellte Mobilitätsverhalten von Industriearbeitern eines Braunkohlenveredelungsbetriebes, die obwohl "Produkt" der modernen, also mobilen Gesellschaft und trotz der offensichtlich bestehenden Perspektivlosigkeit der Situation in der Wirtschaft bzw. in der Region insgesamt nur in geringem Maße zu räumlichen und beruflichen Veränderungen bereit waren. Dieses Phänomen des "Verharrens" stellte den Ausgangspunkt für die Arbeit dar. Die Frage nach den strukturellen Gründen und individuellen Motiven der Besonderheiten im Mobilitätsverhalten der Kohlearbeiter, mündete in der Frage nach dessen Ursprüngen. Das Ziel der Arbeit bestand darin, die räumliche und soziale Immobilität der Bevölkerung nach 1990 zu erklären. Die Arbeit geht von der These aus, dass die in der Region bestehende Struktur der Bevölkerung und der Erwerbstätigen das Resultat umfangreicher Wanderungsprozesse und damit einhergehender sozialer Umschichtungen sind, wobei das gesellschaftliche Ereignis "Industrialisierung" die Mobilitätsprozesse auf besondere Weise prägte. Das spezifische Verhaltens der Industriearbeiter wird in die Darstellung der Entstehung und Entwicklung des Wirtschaftsraumes eingebettet, denn es ist auf das vergangene Wirtschaftsmuster und insbesondere, auf die dort wirkenden Anreizstrukturen und Verhaltensmuster zurückzuführen. Die Arbeit befasst sich, indem sie die Frage der regionalen (Massen)Mobilität selbst, ihre Gründe und Auswirkungen problematisiert, mit einem Defizit bisheriger Untersuchungen zur Mobilität in Industriegesellschaften, denn die sozialen (Spät-)Folgen der hohen Bevölkerungsmobilität während der fordistischen Industrialisierungsphase hat die Forschung bisher kaum wahrgenommen. In diesem Kontext betrachtet, wurde die Wanderung einzelner sozialer Gruppen, obwohl sie zu dieser Zeit bestehende Probleme löste (Ausgleichsfunktion), zu einem neue Probleme schaffendem, sozialem Phänomen. / The occasion for this thesis gave the behave of mobility of coal-workers after the social changes in 1990. Although the workers have been a "product" of the modern society, which is a mobile one, and in spite of the obvious existing lack of perspectives in economy respectively in this region, only some of them were willing to local and professional changes. This phenomenon, I called it "behaviour of waiting", was the starting point of the thesis. The question for the structural reasons and individual motives for the special mobility behaviour of coal-workers lead to the question for its origins. The aim of the thesis is to explain the local and social immobility of people after 1990 ?? The thesis bases on the theory that the structure of population and employed persons in this region is the result of extensive processes of mobility and shifts in social structure connected with it. The social event "industrialization" influenced the mobility processes in a special way. The specific behaviour of industrial workers is embedded in the description of the development of the economic area, because it leads back to the former economic pattern and especially to the stimulating structures and behavioural patterns working there. Discussing the question of regional mobility, its reasons and consequences the thesis deals with a deficit of previous studies concerning mobility and industrial societies. Up to now social (late)consequences of the strong population mobility during the industrialization process weren't hardly realized in the field of research. Considering this context the mobility of individual social groups became a social phenomenon which caused new problems, although it solved problems existing at this time.