This master’s thesis applies utilization of alternative raw materials in thermal insulation system of the ETICS of new generation for houses. The theoretical part dealt with the explanation of the ETICS and the selection of suitable raw material for his innovating. In the following practical part were used selected materials to create a new thermal insulation made of straw and binding materials of cement, casein glue, bicomponent fibers and mushroom mycelium. At the end have been applied the variants of base coat of clay and mineral screed on new thermal insulation, from which was selected the optimal variant. From optimal thermal insulation and suitable base coat was conducted proposal of final version of new ETICS.

O transporte subterrâneo de óleos aquecidos dentro dos processos da Petrobrás/Transpetro é um ponto crítico devido à necessidade de conservar a temperatura do óleo dentro da rede de tubulações do ponto de origem ao seu destino com o mínimo de perda de calor possível. Tubulações utilizando espumas rígidas de poliuretano como isolamento térmico têm sido usadas por muitos anos neste processo de transporte. Entretanto, inspeções instrumentadas têm mostrado graves processos de corrosão externa em algumas tubulações isoladas após alguns anos em operação. Devido à grande extensão da rede de tubulações térmicamente isoladas no Brasil, este tipo de problema somente foi identificado após alguns vazamentos acidentais. Após uma profunda investigação em campo, foi verificado que o tipo de proteção da tubulação e o sistema de isolamento térmico usado não era adequado para evitar o processo de corrosão. Com o intuito de se prevenir e evitar maiores estragos ao meio ambiente e, principalmente, às comunidades que moram próximas às zonas das tubulações enterradas, foi necessário uma revisão urgente de toda metodologia utilizada até o momento para as tubulações térmicas isoladas com poliuretano. A solução veio pela adaptação de uma norma européia a EN 253 utilizada para tubulações pré-isoladas e enterradas para distribuição de água quente em cidades. Entretanto, esta norma foi desenhada para tubulações novas para serem trocadas em campo, e nem sempre é necessário ou é possível realizar a troca como no caso de reabilitação em campo ou em trechos curvos. A nova norma proposta pela Petrobras solicita o uso de uma capa protetora externa de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) com espessuras de 6 a 10 mm para garantir a integridade do sistema isolante contra umidade e infiltrações de água. Mas, a dificuldade no manuseio, peso e a forma de aplicação desta capa de PEAD em campo, tem praticamente inviabilizado seguir a nova norma nos casos de reabilitação de tubulações em campo e em trechos curvos. O que adicionaria mais um componente de risco na qualidade e integridade da obra contra o processo de corrosão. Este trabalho pretende pela versatilidade tecnológica do poliuretano, preencher esta necessidade de uma alternativa ao PEAD como proteção mecânica externa destas tubulações térmicas subterrâneas. E assim, viabilizar a plena utilização da nova norma adaptada para os casos de reabilitação em campo, trechos curvos e juntas de campo. / Buried heated oil transportation within Transpetro/Petrobras process is a critical issue because of the necessity to maintain the oil temperature into pipelines network from the origin to destiny with less heat loss as possible. Insulated pipelines using polyurethane rigid foams as insulation has been used for many years for this transportation process. However, instrumental inspections had showed in some insulated pipelines a severe external corrosion process after some years in operation. Due to the extension of the insulated pipeline network in Brazil, this kind of problem was possible to identify only after some leakages emergencies. After a deeper investigation in field it was verified that the pipe protection and insulation system was not adequate to avoid the pipe corrosion process. In order to prevent and avoid any higher damage to environment and mainly to the community living around these buried pipelines zones, a quickly review of the whole methodology was necessary. The solution came from an adaptation of a European norm EN 253 used for district heating bonded pipe systems for directly buried hot water networks. However, this norm was designed for new insulated pipes produced in plant and installed in field. Insulation procedures such as pipe rehabilitations and curves are not able to fulfill this norm because the most of process is done in field. The new Petrobras norm based on EN 253 requests as external case a high density polyethylene (HDPE) with thickness of 6-10 mm in order to certify the insulation system integrity against humidity and water infiltration. But, difficulties such as weight, size and handling this high thickness HDPE in field, has been an issue to follow the new norm in case of pipes rehabilitations and curves sections in field. This paper intends to introduce an alternative for HDPE as mechanical protection of those buried insulated pipelines, using a high density polyurethane material. The high versatility of the polyurethane technology in terms of chemical and mechanical properties combined with it easy and simple processing way, can fulfill the gap for pipe rehabilitation in field including curves and pipe joints.

No presente trabalho, considerou o estudo do potencial de utilização de sacos de cimento e embalagens de longa vida com o intuito de agregar valor a esses resíduos, mediante a fabricação de painéis de partículas para uso como forro em protótipos de galpões avícolas. Para fabricação desse material foi utilizado sacos de cimento descartados nas obras civis, embalagens longa vida residuais e resina poliuretana bicomponente à base de óleo de mamona. O estudo foi dividido em quatro etapas: 1) Caracterização da matéria-prima (sacos de cimento); 2) Efeito da densidade e teor de resina nas propriedades físicas, mecânicas e térmicas de painéis de partículas de saco de cimento; 3) Avaliação do desempenho de embalagens longa vida e verniz como revestimentos dos painéis selecionados na etapa anterior; 4) Determinação do desempenho térmico de protótipos de aviários executados em escala reduzida e distorcida com forro de painel de saco de cimento e embalagem longa vida. Os resultados obtidos indicaram: Em razão do painel com 0,6 g.cm-3 e 12% de resina ter apresentado melhor desempenho nas propriedades investigadas, essa combinação foi selecionada para avaliar o desempenho do material (físicas, mecânicas e térmicas) quando revestido com embalagens longa vida, adotando a testemunha e o verniz como um revestimento comparativo. Dentre os revestimentos avaliados, os painéis com embalagens de longa vida, foram superiores aos revestidos com verniz, quando comparados as suas propriedades físicas, mecânicas e térmicas. Dessa maneira, painéis com 0,6 g.cm-3 e 12% de resina revestidos embalagens longa vida, foram testados como forro quanto ao desempenho térmico (primavera, verão, outono e inverno) em protótipos em escala reduzida e distorcida, mediante a determinação de índices de conforto térmico (Entalpia e IAPfc) para aves de corte. A associação do forro sob o protótipo permitiu reduzir a temperatura interna do ar e dos índices de conforto térmico na primavera, verão e outono, enquanto que no inverno não foi constatado eficácia do material. Dentre as estações estudadas, o verão e a primavera, demonstraram serem as épocas mais críticas para criação de aves corte em instalações avícolas que apresentem características semelhantes aos protótipos experimentais. / In this study, the study of the potential use of cement bags and long-life packaging is considered in order to add value to this waste, by manufacturing particleboards as insulating panels in poultry house facilities. For the production of this material cement bags discarded in civil works, long-life packaging discarded by consumers and two-component polyurethane resin based on castor oil base were used. The study was structured in four steps: 1) Characterization of the raw material (cement bags), 2) Effect of the density and the level of resin on the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of cement particles bag panels, 3) Evaluation of long-life packaging and varnish as a coating of selected panels in precedent step and 4) Evaluation of thermal performance of poultry prototypes in reduced and distorted scale with the long-life packaging as a coating material. The cement bags were disintegrated and transformed into particles with the 8% of moisture content. Subsequently, these particles were mixed with bicomponent polyurethane based on castor oil resin and taken into a planetary mixer (MT120) in order to homogenize the mixture of the particles with the resin. Panels were made for three different densities (0.4, 0.5 and 0.6 g.cm-3) with two resin levels (12 and 15%) and their physical, mechanical and thermal properties were evaluated. Because the panel with 0.6 g.cm-3 and 12% resin have shown a better performance in the investigated properties, this combination has been selected to evaluate the performance of the material (physical, mechanical and thermal) when coated with long-life packaging, adopting the control and the varnish as a comparative coating. Among the evaluated coatings, panels with long-life packaging, presented higher performance than those coated with varnish regarding their physical, mechanical and thermal properties. Thus, the combination of 0.6 g.cm-3 and 12% resin coated long-life packages were tested as lining according the thermal performance (spring, summer, autumn and winter) in prototypes and small-distorted scale by determining thermal comfort indices (Enthalpy and IAPfc) for broilers. The association of lining under the prototype reduced indoor air temperature and thermal comfort indices in spring, summer and autumn, while during the winter no effectiveness of the material was observed. Among the studied seasons, the spring and summer, proved to be the most critical time for cut birds breeding in poultry houses that have characteristics similar to experimental prototypes.

Background: Protection against cold is vitally important in prehospital trauma care to reduce heat loss and prevent body core cooling. Objectives: Evaluate the effect on cold stress and thermoregulation in volunteer subjects byutilising additional insulation on a spineboard (I). Determine thermal insulation properties of blankets and rescue bags in different wind conditions (II). Establish the utility of wet clothing removal or the addition of a vapour barrier by determining the effect on heat loss within different levels of insulation in cold and warm ambient temperatures (III) and evaluating the effect on cold stress and thermoregulation in volunteer subjects (IV). Methods: Aural canal temperature, sensation of shivering and cold discomfort was evaluated in volunteer subjects, immobilised on non-insulated (n=10) or insulated (n=9) spineboards in cold outdoor conditions (I). A thermal manikin was setup inside a climatic chamber and total resultant thermal insulation for the selected ensembles was determined in low, moderate and high wind conditions (II). Dry and wet heat loss and the effect of wet clothing removal or the addition of a vapour barrier was determined with the thermal manikin dressed in either dry, wet or no clothing; with or without a vapour barrier; and with three different levels of insulation in warm and cold ambient conditions (III). The effect on metabolic rate, oesophageal temperature, skin temperature, body heat storage, heart rate, and cold discomfort by wet clothing removal or the addition of a vapour barrier was evaluated in volunteer subjects (n=8), wearing wet clothing in a cold climatic chamber during four different insulation protocols in a cross-over design (IV). Results: Additional insulation on a spine board rendered a significant reduction of estimated shivering but there was no significant difference in aural canal temperature or cold discomfort (I). In low wind conditions, thermal insulation correlated to thickness of the insulation ensemble. In greater air velocities, thermal insulation was better preserved for ensembles that were windproof and resistant to the compressive effect of the wind (II). Wet clothing removal or the use of a vapour barrier reduced total heat loss by about one fourth in the cold environment and about one third in the warm environment (III). In cold stressed wet subjects, with limited insulation applied, wet clothing removal or the addition of a vapour barrier significantly reduced metabolic rate, increased skin rewarming rate, and improved total body heat storage but there was no significant difference in heart rate or oesophageal temperature cooling rate (IV). Similar effects on heat loss and cold stress was also achieved by increasing the insulation. Cold discomfort was significantly reduced with the addition of a vapour barrier and with an increased insulation but not with wet clothing removal. Conclusions: Additional insulation on a spine board might aid in reducing cold stress inprolonged transportations in a cold environment. In extended on scene durations, the use of a windproof and compression resistant outer cover is crucial to maintain adequate thermal insulation. In a sustained cold environment in which sufficient insulation is not available, wet clothing removal or the use of a vapour barrier might be considerably important reducing heat loss and relieving cold stress.

The dissertation investigates the influence of macrostructure and other physical properties on mineral wool compressive parameters. The subject of the research is rigid mineral wool products. In the dissertation is described developed a more accurate methodology for the identification of the macrostructure of mineral wool in accordance with the directionality of fibre arrangement, which allows determine and predict the compressive strength through macrostructure and other parameters. Analyzed the strength parameters (compression stress at 10% deformation and point load at 5 mm deformation) of mineral wool products with different structures in laboratory and real operation conditions. / Disertacijoje nagrinėjama makrostruktūros ir kitų fizinių savybių įtaka mineralinės vatos gaminių gniuždymo rodikliams modeliuotomis ir eksploatacijos sąlygomis. Tyrimo objektas – standūs mineralinės vatos gaminiai naudojami įvairių atitvarinių konstrukcijų termoizoliaciniams sluoksniams. Disertacijoje aprašytas sukurtas tikslesnis mineralinės vatos makrostruktūros identifikavimo pagal plaušų išsidėstymo kryptingumą metodas, padėsiantis makrostruktūros rodikliais ir kitais parametrais prognozuoti gniuždymo stiprį. Ištirti skirtingos struktūros mineralinės vatos gaminių gniuždymo rodikliai (gniuždymo įtempis, esant 10 % deformacijai, ir sutelktoji apkrova, esant 5 mm deformacijai) laboratorinėmis ir realiomis eksploatacijos sąlygomis.

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Un des enjeux relatifs à la durabilité des isolants thermiques dans l’industrie du bâtiment est l’utilisation de composites issus d’agro-ressources. Ces composites sont généralement mis en œuvre en l’état ou agglomérés par des liants minéraux ou issus de la synthèse. Afin d’explorer l’utilisation de liants polysaccharidiques pour la conception de panneaux isolants à base de broyats de tiges de tournesol (renfort), le chitosane a été choisi comme polysaccharide modèle. Après une première étape de caractérisations physico-chimique, thermique et mécanique du liant et du renfort, un plan d’expérience composite centré a été établi afin de trouver les meilleures valeurs de granulométrie des particules, de ratio massique liant/renfort et de contrainte de compactage influant sur les propriétés thermo-mécaniques des composites. Un composite doté d’une propriété d’isolation thermique de l’ordre de 0,06 W.m-1.K-1 et d’une contrainte à la rupture en traction et en compression de l’ordre de 2 MPa a été obtenu avec un ratio massique en chitosane de 4,3 % et une granulométrie de broyats de tiges de tournesol de 6,3 mm. Ses performances mécanique et thermique sont supérieures à celles des autres isolants biosourcés actuellement sur le marché. Dans une démarche d’éco-conception un travail de formulation du liant par réticulation covalente (génipine) et par ajout d’autres biopolymères (alginate, guar, amidon), dotés de propriétés liantes, a été réalisé via l'élaboration d'un plan d'expérience factoriel fractionnaire. Les résultats montrent la possibilité de conserver des propriétés mécaniques et thermiques satisfaisantes tout en minimisant la quantité de chitosane utilisé. / One of the issues relating to the sustainability of thermal insulation in the building industry is the use of composites derived from agricultural resources. These composites are typically agglomerated with mineral binders or from synthesis. To explore the use of polysaccharide binders for the conception of insulation panels based one sunflower stem aggregates (reinforcement), chitosan has been chosen as polysaccharide model. After a first stage of physico-chemical, thermal and mechanical characterizations of the binder and the reinforcement, an experimental design was established to find the best values of the particle size, the ratio binder/reinforcement and the compaction stress affecting the thermo-mechanical properties of the composites. A composite with a thermal insulation of about 0.06 W.m-1.K-1 and a maximum strength (in tension and compression modes) of 2 MPa was obtained with a ratio chitosan/sunflower stalk aggregates of 4.3 % and a size of 6.3 mm for the aggregates. The mechanical and thermal performances are superior to that of other biobased insulators available on the market. Formulation of the binder by covalent crosslinking (genipin) and by the addition of other biopolymers (alginate, guar gum, starch) with binding property has been achieved through the development of a fractional factorial experimental design. The results show the ability to maintain satisfactory mechanical and thermal properties with reducing chitosan content.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Sérgio Ricardo Lourenço / Tese ( doutorado)- Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2016.

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O transporte subterrâneo de óleos aquecidos dentro dos processos da Petrobrás/Transpetro é um ponto crítico devido à necessidade de conservar a temperatura do óleo dentro da rede de tubulações do ponto de origem ao seu destino com o mínimo de perda de calor possível. Tubulações utilizando espumas rígidas de poliuretano como isolamento térmico têm sido usadas por muitos anos neste processo de transporte. Entretanto, inspeções instrumentadas têm mostrado graves processos de corrosão externa em algumas tubulações isoladas após alguns anos em operação. Devido à grande extensão da rede de tubulações térmicamente isoladas no Brasil, este tipo de problema somente foi identificado após alguns vazamentos acidentais. Após uma profunda investigação em campo, foi verificado que o tipo de proteção da tubulação e o sistema de isolamento térmico usado não era adequado para evitar o processo de corrosão. Com o intuito de se prevenir e evitar maiores estragos ao meio ambiente e, principalmente, às comunidades que moram próximas às zonas das tubulações enterradas, foi necessário uma revisão urgente de toda metodologia utilizada até o momento para as tubulações térmicas isoladas com poliuretano. A solução veio pela adaptação de uma norma européia a EN 253 utilizada para tubulações pré-isoladas e enterradas para distribuição de água quente em cidades. Entretanto, esta norma foi desenhada para tubulações novas para serem trocadas em campo, e nem sempre é necessário ou é possível realizar a troca como no caso de reabilitação em campo ou em trechos curvos. A nova norma proposta pela Petrobras solicita o uso de uma capa protetora externa de polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) com espessuras de 6 a 10 mm para garantir a integridade do sistema isolante contra umidade e infiltrações de água. Mas, a dificuldade no manuseio, peso e a forma de aplicação desta capa de PEAD em campo, tem praticamente inviabilizado seguir a nova norma nos casos de reabilitação de tubulações em campo e em trechos curvos. O que adicionaria mais um componente de risco na qualidade e integridade da obra contra o processo de corrosão. Este trabalho pretende pela versatilidade tecnológica do poliuretano, preencher esta necessidade de uma alternativa ao PEAD como proteção mecânica externa destas tubulações térmicas subterrâneas. E assim, viabilizar a plena utilização da nova norma adaptada para os casos de reabilitação em campo, trechos curvos e juntas de campo. / Buried heated oil transportation within Transpetro/Petrobras process is a critical issue because of the necessity to maintain the oil temperature into pipelines network from the origin to destiny with less heat loss as possible. Insulated pipelines using polyurethane rigid foams as insulation has been used for many years for this transportation process. However, instrumental inspections had showed in some insulated pipelines a severe external corrosion process after some years in operation. Due to the extension of the insulated pipeline network in Brazil, this kind of problem was possible to identify only after some leakages emergencies. After a deeper investigation in field it was verified that the pipe protection and insulation system was not adequate to avoid the pipe corrosion process. In order to prevent and avoid any higher damage to environment and mainly to the community living around these buried pipelines zones, a quickly review of the whole methodology was necessary. The solution came from an adaptation of a European norm EN 253 used for district heating bonded pipe systems for directly buried hot water networks. However, this norm was designed for new insulated pipes produced in plant and installed in field. Insulation procedures such as pipe rehabilitations and curves are not able to fulfill this norm because the most of process is done in field. The new Petrobras norm based on EN 253 requests as external case a high density polyethylene (HDPE) with thickness of 6-10 mm in order to certify the insulation system integrity against humidity and water infiltration. But, difficulties such as weight, size and handling this high thickness HDPE in field, has been an issue to follow the new norm in case of pipes rehabilitations and curves sections in field. This paper intends to introduce an alternative for HDPE as mechanical protection of those buried insulated pipelines, using a high density polyurethane material. The high versatility of the polyurethane technology in terms of chemical and mechanical properties combined with it easy and simple processing way, can fulfill the gap for pipe rehabilitation in field including curves and pipe joints.