The dissertation investigates the influence of macrostructure and other physical properties on mineral wool compressive parameters. The subject of the research is rigid mineral wool products. In the dissertation is described developed a more accurate methodology for the identification of the macrostructure of mineral wool in accordance with the directionality of fibre arrangement, which allows determine and predict the compressive strength through macrostructure and other parameters. Analyzed the strength parameters (compression stress at 10% deformation and point load at 5 mm deformation) of mineral wool products with different structures in laboratory and real operation conditions. / Disertacijoje nagrinėjama makrostruktūros ir kitų fizinių savybių įtaka mineralinės vatos gaminių gniuždymo rodikliams modeliuotomis ir eksploatacijos sąlygomis. Tyrimo objektas – standūs mineralinės vatos gaminiai naudojami įvairių atitvarinių konstrukcijų termoizoliaciniams sluoksniams. Disertacijoje aprašytas sukurtas tikslesnis mineralinės vatos makrostruktūros identifikavimo pagal plaušų išsidėstymo kryptingumą metodas, padėsiantis makrostruktūros rodikliais ir kitais parametrais prognozuoti gniuždymo stiprį. Ištirti skirtingos struktūros mineralinės vatos gaminių gniuždymo rodikliai (gniuždymo įtempis, esant 10 % deformacijai, ir sutelktoji apkrova, esant 5 mm deformacijai) laboratorinėmis ir realiomis eksploatacijos sąlygomis.

Rapporten behandlar och utvärderar tre olika isolermaterial, Polyisocyanurat (PIR), grafitcellplast och mineralull, vid tilläggsisolering av miljonprogrammets byggnationer.  Stora delar av miljonprogrammet är nu i behov av upprustning. Samhällets skärpta krav gällande energiförbrukning gör att nya rationella metoder och material krävs för att tillgodose ställda krav. Att tilläggsisolera är en del i denna upprustning, och eftersom valet av isolermaterial ofta faller på gamla beprövade metoder och materialval, såsom mineralull, syftar denna rapport till att öka kunskapen om alternativa, mer högpresterande isolermaterial. Isolermaterialens egenskaper tas först upp och behandlas i en generell jämförelse där ekonomiska och tekniska aspekter beaktas. För att konkretisera och påvisa utfallet i ett specifikt fall genomförs en studie för ett referensprojekt, kvarteret Hundlokan, som ägs och förvaltas av Fastighets AB Förvaltaren. I studien undersöks tre olika alternativ för vart och ett av materialen vid tilläggsisolering utvändigt av Hundlokans fasader. Samtliga alternativ ställs sedan mot varandra och utvärderas med hjälp av: fukt-, U-värdes-, energi-, kostnads- och LCC-beräkningar (livscykelkostnad). Enklare fuktberäkningar som påvisar relativ fuktighet (RF), ånghalt och temperatur i väggens olika skikt genomförs. Resultatet visar att alla alternativ anses vara möjliga att tillämpa utan att fuktproblem ska behöva uppstå. Mer avancerade beräkningar bör genomföras vid projektering. Energiberäkningarna för de olika alternativen och även ursprungsfallet görs i ”VIP-energy” för att möjliggöra en realistisk jämförelse där skillnaderna i transmissionsförluster ställs mot varandra. I kostnadsberäkningarna påvisas skillnaderna i produktionskostnaderna för de olika alternativen. Dessa tillsammans med energibesparingen i form av minskade transmissionsförluster ligger sedan till grund för LCC-beräkningarna. Då stora ytor av fasaden i kv. Hundlokan upptas av fönster och indragna balkonger som skapar köldbryggor görs med ökad isolertjocklek ingen stor energibesparing i form av minskade transmissionsförluster. Initialkostnaderna för de tjockare isoleralternativen blir för höga för att möjliggöra återbetalning inom rimlig tidsram. Slutsatsen blir att tilläggsisolering med alternativa material till mineralull kan vara lönsamt och bör alltid undersökas i ombyggnadsprojekt. I det specifika fallet kvarteret Hundlokan är tilläggsisolering med 10 cm PIR det mest lönsamma alternativet. / This report treats and evaluates three different types of insulation materials: Polyisocyanurate (PIR), graphite foam and mineral wool, at additional insulation of houses from the Swedish “millionprogram”. Large parts of the houses from the millionprogram are now in need of restoration. The stricter rules laid down by the society regarding the use of energy, demands new, rational methods and materials to satisfy the regulations. Additional insulation is a step in meeting the energy regulatory requirements, and since the choice of insulation often is limited to traditional out tried methods and choices of materials, such as mineral wool, this report will explore the alternative, high-performance insulation materials. The insulation material’s qualities will be treated in a general comparisment where economical and technical aspects will be covered. In order to concretize and demonstrate the outcome in a specific case, a case study will be executed for the neighborhood Hundlokan owned and managed by Fastighets AB Förvaltaren. In the case study, three different alternatives will be examined, for each and every material at the additional insulation, outwardly at Hundlokan’s facades. All these alternatives are compared with each other and evaluated with regards to moister, u-value, energy, costs and LCC- calculations (Life cycle analysis). Simpler moisture calculations are implemented demonstrating the relative humidity (RF), steam level and temperature in the walls different layers. The results of the moisture calculations demonstrate that all alternatives seem possible to apply without the risk of the occurrence of any moisture problems. But more advanced moisture calculations are recommended to be carried out for restoration projects. Energy calculations regarding the different alternatives and the current state will be performed with “VIP-energy” in order to enable a realistic comparisment between the differences at transmission losses. Differences are shown within the cost’s calculations in production costs for the different alternatives. These along together with the energy savings in terms of less transmission losses are bases for the LCC-calculations. A large surface of the facade is covered by windows and recessed balconies which create thermal bridges, increased thickness of the isolation results in no larger energy savings in terms of decreased transmission losses.  The initial costs for the thicker isolation alternatives will be high in order to enable repayment within a reasonable time frame. The conclusion is that adding insulation with alternative materials than mineral wool can be profitable and should always be examined in reconstruction projects. For the specific case, Hundlokan additional insulation with 10 cm PIR is the most profitable option.

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-11-23T10:40:22Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-23T10:40:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o comportamento mecânico de cilindros de compósito polimérico reforçado com fibras. Para isso, foram produzidos cilindros com extremidades abertas reforçados com fibra de basalto e fibra de vidro, utilizando a técnica de enrolamento filamentar (filament winding). Estes cilindros foram submetidos a ensaio hidrostático com carregamento circunferencial, ensaio de ruptura de anel (split disk test) e ensaio de resistência ao cisalhamento interlaminar (ILSS). Uma placa do compósito de fibra de basalto foi produzida por enrolamento filamentar, para caracterização por ensaio de resistência à tração. Todos cilindros submetidos ao ensaio hidrostático apresentaram fratura localizada em uma faixa de altura do cilindro, com extensas delaminações das camadas circunferenciais. Os compósitos epóxi/fibra de basalto superaram ou igualaram os de compósito epóxi/fibra de vidro nas comparações entre resultados dos valores das propriedades mecânicas avaliadas, nas porcentagens: resistência à tração aparente de ruptura de anel em 45% e 43% em resistência específica; ILSS, em 11%; resistência/tensão de membrana de ruptura no ensaio hidrostático, em 55%. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Diploma's thesis describes resolution of cause technological problems in mineral wool manufacturig in company Saint-Gobain Orsil. Main attention is paid to thermal and volatile process in mineral wool from filtration chamber and common commercial sales. Samples of mineral wool were characterizated by thermal analysis (simultaneous TG-DTA), effluent gas analysis (EGA), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Thermal analysis experiments was used to check thermal volatile processes. Technological problem of burning is linked with rise of isocyanic acid.

Master project is dedicated to design nearly zero-energy office building with retail spaces in Žilina. The first part deals with architectural – building design. Building is designed for the plot nr. 7011 with flat surface and there is no other building. The building has three above-ground floors and one underground floor. Retail spaces are on the ground floor. The building is constructed on foundation strips and pads. The building is made of combined load-bearing structural system of reinforced concrete columns and external walls. External load-bearing structures of above ground floors are designed from reinforced concrete and Ytong system supplemented by ETICS made of mineral wool. Underground walls are made from watertight concrete. Floor slab structures are made from reinforced concrete. The building is covered with green warm flat roof. The second part deals with building interior installation. The primary source of heat, coldness and hot water is the heat pump. Ventilation in the building is provided by heating, ventilating and air conditioning (HVAC) units. The third part of the thesis includes the design and assessment of the photovoltaic power plant in terms of economics and ecology. The project was carried out in the AutoCad system. All structures comply with the valid standards and regulations.

The global climate situation today is strained, leading to both the need and the interest for the use of non-polluting materials to increase in the building sector. In Sweden, this sector accounts for about 18% of the country’s total domestic emissions of greenhouse gases, of which 55% occurs from heat losses in buildings. The need for increasing energy efficiency and using well-insulating and environmentally friendly materials can therefore be considered necessary. Bio-based materials such as wood fiber insulation are becoming increasingly more available on the market. These materials have an environmental advantage compared to mineral wool but are still being used on a smaller scale. The purpose of this study is to analyze and examine technical differences and other reasons why wood fiber insulation is being used to a lesser extent compared to mineral wool. Both a literature and an interview study were conducted to identify these reasons. The results showed differences in thermal conductivity and fire resistance between wood fiber insulation and mineral wool. Both types of mineral wools performed better in both categories. Several other factors besides technical differences were discovered to affect the use of wood fiber insulation. Respondents described the building sector as conservative, and slow in the process of implementing new materials. Concerns were raised about performance regarding fire and the durability of the wood fiber insulation over time. Price, low or non-existing interest amongst customers were two other factors highlighted in the interview study. All respondents viewed wood fiber insulation as an untested material and expressed a need for better documentation and guidelines to feel safe using or recommending the product. It was found in this study that the awareness and knowledge about the material amongst the interviewers was quite diverse. This may be due to low interest, low demand, or lack of marketing regarding wood fiber insulation. / Klimatsituationen i världen idag är ansträngd, och både intresset och behovet av att utveckla och använda miljövänliga material och produkter inom byggsektorn ökar. I Sverige står denna sektor för cirka 18% av landets totala inhemska utsläpp av växthusgaser och av dessa utgör omkring 55% uppvärmning för byggnader. Den största mängden energi går förlorad genom otillräckligt isolerade byggnader, vilket understryker behovet av att åtgärda dessa brister. Idag används huvudsakligen mineralullsisolering i Sverige för byggnation. Produktmarknaden erbjuder däremot också biobaserad isolering, där träfiberisolering är ett exempel. Träfiberisoleringen har fler miljömässiga fördelar jämfört med mineralull, men nyttjas i mindre skala. Denna studie syftar därför till att skapa förståelse och undersöka varför träfiberisolering används i mindre utsträckning. Målet är att identifiera samt redovisa tekniska och andra skäl till att användningen är begränsad. Två metoder tillämpades i studien för att kunna nå dess syfte och mål. Den ena var en litteraturstudie där skillnader mellan träfiberisolering och mineralull jämfördes på en teknisk nivå. Den andra var en intervjustudie med åtta nyckelaktörer i byggbranschen, som genomfördes för att erhålla en uppfattning om vilka faktorer som påverkade valet av isolering. Den tekniska jämförelsen utgick ifrån kategorierna värmeisolerande förmåga, samt brand-, fukt- och ljudisolerande aspekter. Fyra olika isoleringsprodukter från fyra olika tillverkare studerades, varav två var träfiberisolering och två var oorganiska mineralullstyper, i form av stenull och glasull.   Studiens tekniska jämförelse visade att träfiberisoleringen presterade sämre än mineralullen både gällande värmekonduktivitet och värmemotstånd. Den brandtekniska klassen för mineralull var klass A1, vilket är den högsta, medan träfiberisoleringen hade den lägsta klassificeringen med en E-klass. För fuktegenskapen ånggenomsläpplighet visade båda typer av mineralull samma värde, medan träfiberisoleringen hade lägre värden. Vattenabsorptionen för korttid och långtid, samt den ljudisolerande förmågan, kunde inte jämföras eftersom ingen prestanda var deklarerad i dessa kategorier för någon av produkterna. Utöver jämförelsen av teknisk prestanda undersöktes även skäl till att byggbranschens aktörer ofta väljer att använda mineralull hellre än träfiberisolering. Det konstaterades att flera faktorer än de tekniska skillnaderna påverkar i frågan. Flera aktörer påpekade att branschen var konservativ och det var en långsam process att implementera nya material. En annan faktor som lyftes av aktörerna var oro kring brandförmågan och hur den tekniska prestandan håller över tid. Prisskillnaden, samt att intresset för träfiberisolering hos beställare var lågt eller obefintligt, var två ytterligare anledningar som identifierades. Samtliga aktörer uttryckte också uppfattningen om träfiberisoleringen som ett obeprövat material med för låg dokumentationsgrad för att känna trygghet i att använda produkten. Fler anledningar kring träfiberisoleringens användning upptäcktes än de som från början fanns hypoteser kring. En av de större orsakerna var osäkerhetsfaktorer kring dokumentation och tekniska egenskaper för träfiberisolering. Andra skäl var branschens konservatism och långsamma utveckling, behov av trygghet i prestanda av garantiskäl, och viss misstro gällande tillverkares uttalanden om produkten. Generellt visade aktörerna spridd medvetenhet och kunskap kring materialet, vilket kan bero på lågt intresse, låg efterfrågan eller bristande marknadsföring av träfiberisolering.

One purpose of this work was to examine if a modification of the exterior insulation finishing system can lower the number of outer walls damaged by damp. The modification is the cut of the cellular plastic which is 45 degrees instead of a horizontal cut. One other purpose was; is cellular plastic or mineral wool better as insulation to minimize the dampness in this type of outer walls? A third purpose was to examine if there is any difference of dampness in the outer walls if using a gravel bed or concrete stones next to the outer wall. To examine these three purposes a laboratory experiment with three test walls with an exterior insulation finishing system was built. The difference between the three walls was the insulation. One wall was built with mineral wool with a horizontal cut, one with cellular plastic with a horizontal cut and the third with cellular plastic with a cut of 45 degrees. Simulations of pelting rain and measurements of dampness were carried out for 21 days. The measurements were taken at the same time every evening. After 21 days small samples of tree from the walls was weight, dried in an oven and then weight again to get the quantity of moisture in the samples before they were dried. A diffusion calculation of two outer walls, one with cellular plastic and one with mineral wool, was completed to examine the difference between the relative humidity in the walls. An identical calculation without a plastic film was executed too. The result of the calculations showed a minimal difference in the walls built with a plastic film. When the film was removed the result presented critical values. The result of the laboratory experiment indicates that the test wall with the cut of 45 degrees is better than the walls with a horizontal cut of the insulation. The differences were minimal but possible to read. Some critical, too high, values regarding the moisture content in wood were found and they came from the sills in the walls that had insulation with horizontal cuts. Of the two insulation types the result of calculations and laboratory experiment shows a minimal difference but they both indicates a better result for the mineral wool. The conclusion of this work indicates that cellular plastic with a 45 degree cut is slightly better than the horizontal cut. The comparison of cellular plastic and mineral wool indicates that the mineral wool is better. Another conclusion of this work is that the material on the ground next to the outer wall did not alter the dampness in the wall.

The thesis deals with the use of hydrophilic mineral wool in green roof structures. In the first part of the thesis, based on current legislation, there are summarized relevant technical properties of the hydrophilic wool. Specific demands on the green roof parts were classified and the work was consequently updated by the research of available products from the national market. A large part of the thesis consists of the extended documentation of technical properties of new products and also the changes that are associated with ageing after the material incorporation into the structure. Not only the laboratory properties of the material itself, but also properties of the material embedded in green roof structure were measured, for example an acoustic capabilities. Water accumulation properties of the mineral wool were documented on the real roof models too. Various impacts were observed by using mineral wool in comparison with substrate assemblies. Additional experiments were applied on using different types of mineral wool for an assessment of specific green roof vegetation adaptation. The environmental product declarations for each mineral wool product were calculated with the specific software using LCA methodology. In this way, the environmental impacts of mineral wool could be compared with other materials, such as artificial substrates, foils, etc. As a conclusion of the research results were summarized and reported demands for the hydrophilic mineral wool use in the green roof structures.

This diploma thesis evaluates the influence of a thermal insulation of a structure on expenses related to its operation. It addresses the issues of a thermal insulation, energy loss, energy consumption, and evaluates the recovery of investments considering the insulation costs. It also monitors the insulation price projection on the total cost of the property.

This diploma thesis solves the project of materniti house in moderate terrain. Kindergarten is located on the lands p.č. 967/1, st. p.č. 2354, st. p.č. 1553/1 in Hradec Králové. The building has two floors. Kindergarten is designed for a maximum of 40 children and more than 10 employees. The building serves as a pre-school education for children. The building has a load-bearing wall systém. The external walls, load-bearing walls and partition walls are lined with sand-lime bricks KM BETA SENDWIX. The external walls are insulated with mineral wool thickness 180mm. The ceilings are made of prestressed hollow core slabs spiroll thickness of 250mm. The building´s roof is warm flat roof. The facade is unventilated. Wooden windows are from Slavona. Entrance doors are wooden double doors from Slavona.