Den här studien analyserar utifrån ett systemanalytiskt perspektiv olika indikatorer för att mäta, följa upp och styra energianvändningen på Bolidenområdet, ett gruvområde i Västerbottens län. Det befintliga arbetet med energieffektivisering och nyckeltal för energi analyseras i del A. Arbetet som Bolidenområdet hittills har genomfört har skett inom ramen för det frivilliga programmet för energieffektivisering (PFE) för energiintensiva företag sedan 2004 med energiledningssystem och energikartläggningar. Olika typer av indikatorer introduceras och i del B analyseras potentiella indikatorer som kan användas generellt inom Bolidenområdet och specifikt på respektive gruva och i Anrikningsverket. Framförallt används nyckeltal och faktiska tal som indikatorer och dessa kan sedan jämföras mot bästa tillgängliga teknik för att undersöka potentiella effektiviseringsåtgärder. Ett fåtal övergripande indikatorer har tagits fram för att ge en övergripande bild. Det stora flertalet indikatorer återfinns på en detaljerad nivå avsedda för delprocesser. Delprocesserna omfattar en till två indikatorer för hela processen och 7-11 detaljerade indikatorer inom delprocesserna. De delprocesser som är aktuella för gruvorna är ventilation, vattenundanhållning, produktionsmaskiner och uppfodring. För Anrikningsverket är delprocesserna infrakt, malning, flotation, avvattning och pumpning. För transporterna ovanjord från gruvorna till Anrikningsverket och från Anrikningsverket till smältverket har en övergripande indikator (diesel/ton.km) föreslagits som bör mätas för varje fordon. Dessutom differentieras indikatorn för om lastbilen kör tom returtransport eller returtransport med last. I del C analyseras energibesparingspotentialer utifrån en scenario baserad modell. Med utgångspunkt i olika processdelar finns effektiviseringsåtgärder mellan 0,1-7,4 % för enskilda åtgärder på respektive gruva och i Anrikningsverket. Slutsatsen är att systemanalys är en bra metod för att skaffa dig kunskap om hur energin används. Rätt applicerat är indikatorer ett effektivt verktyg för att analysera energianvändningen. För att indikatorerna ska fylla sin funktion och vara användbara krävs ett aktivt arbete med optimerings- och energieffektiviseringsåtgärder. Det finns stora potentialer att minska energianvändningen, för enskilda åtgärder, utförda på alla gruvor eller i Anrikningsverket, är potentialen 390-6873 MWh/år, med störst potential för minskad dieselanvändning i transporterna ovanjord och för förbättrad styrning av ventilationen. / This study uses a system analysis approach to analyses different indicators for energy efficiency, to monitor, control and improve the energy use in energy intensive companies in general and the Boliden mines in particular. The investigated area is five mines and a concentrator in the Boliden area, Västerbotten County, Sweden. Part A of the work is an analysis of the previous work with energy efficiency at Boliden within the Swedish voluntary program for improvements of energy efficiency in energy intensive industries and the energy management system that are in current use, since 2004, at the Boliden area. Part B analyse different indicators and are evaluated for improving the measures for energy efficiency. The chosen indicators are various key performance indexes real numbers and comparisons to best available technology (BAT), in different levels of the system. A few general indicators are suggested to get an overview of the complete system for the mines and concentrator. For each mine and the concentrator has the major sub processes been pointed to more detailed indicators. For the mines are four areas, ventilation, water drainage, production machinery and ore transportation within the mine, highlighted with one-two overview indicators for the full sub process, and 7-11 indicators of a more detailed character. For the concentrator is five areas highlighted as major sub processes, loading, grinding, flotation, dewatering and pumping with the same set of variation in indicators as for the mining adjusted for the specific purpose for each sub process. Indicators for transports from the mines to the concentrator and from the concentrator to the smelters are as well pointed. Here is one overall indicator recommended together with individual measurement on each vehicle. In part C of this study is the potential for energy savings analysed in a scenario based model for different part of the system with the results of 0.1 %- 7.4 % improvements for individual measures at each mine and the concentrator. As conclusion, system analysis is a good way for comprehend how the energy is used. Indicators are with the right applications a useful tool to analyse the energy use. Energy efficiency measures are needed as well if the indicators should be operational and useful. The potential for improvement of the energy efficiency is large with 390-6873 MWh/year for individual measures.

ur society is today in a phase of development in environmental and sustainable thinking. Alarming reports show changes in climate caused by our load and exhaust of resources. The energy usage contributes to a big part of it, by its emission of carbon dioxide. The built environment uses around 40 % of the total energy consumption in Sweden and requests to strongly reduce it are presented from both EU and national level. This thesis brings up the subject of green building with a focus on how we can create more energy efficient buildings in projects of new construction. Since the construction industry today often fails to pass on the knowledge between different projects, as a return of experiences, the construction company Skanska suggested the topic for this thesis. The purpose was to study modern green solutions, used in different reference projects to collate and pass on the knowledge and experiences from both production and usage of the solutions, to indemnify the quality of them for energy efficiency. Five green solutions were selected:  Green lighting installation  Solar shields for facades of glass  Heat recovery with MVHR-system  Demand controlled systems  Wall and terrace solution with insulation of PIR.   The different solutions were at first studied theoretically and then, if possible, at the site of the project. Interviews were made with adequate people in the production and the intent with the thesis was to find out experiences of the chosen projects. Since the numbers of eco-certified buildings are increasing, an aim to link the different solutions with certifying systems rose, foremost towards the LEED system (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) – in line of Skanska’s environmental initiative. The result from the study of green solutions shows that green thinking and interests of energy efficiency by costumers – of economical or environmental reasons – are increasing. The review also shows the fact of green solutions requires economic investments, but a relatively short payoff time can be earned by reduced costs of energy savings. Trends are affecting how we build, which may not always be at the best from an environmental viewpoint. But the fact is that even if large glass

<p>As a result of increased energy prices more and more energy-efficient homes are coveted. An energy-efficient alternative is passive houses, which is characterized by an extremely well insulated building envelope that recovers the heat without the use of radiators or under floor heating. But a passive house requires a higher investment cost than a conventional building project, since it will require more construction materials, training of construction workers, greater land area, and long construction period. But the lower operating cost expects to pay back the higher cost of investment. We therefore question how profitable a passive house is in relation to houses built according to modern conventional building techniques.</p><p>The aim of our study is to investigate the viability of passive houses compared to convent­ional houses. By using economic tools we intend to pursue this question of profitability to see where, when and how costs and revenues emerge.</p><p>Our report resulted in a case study where we looked closer at the passive house project Oxtorget and the conventional project Apollofjärilen, which both are owned by Finnveds­bostäder in Värnamo. Through interviews with Per-Magnus Rylander, project manager for Oxtorget, and Jan-Olof Fag, operation manager for Oxtorget, we got access to sufficient infor­mation about the two projects to compare the various profitability calculations, to finally discover which of the two projects that was most profitable.</p><p>With the help of our collected empirical data and economic tools, we concluded that Oxtorget became an unnecessarily expensive passive house project. This is because Oxtorget was built in such an early stage that information and experience from passive technology was missing, which involved a cost to the construction team to learn new technologies. Besides, there were only two offers, which meant less competition and therefore a high price. But it is primarily Oxtorgets planning cost that has affected our profitability calculations adversely. Since the building was appealed it required two planning’s which made Oxtorgets investment cost more difficult to recoup. But thanks to government contributions and low rates, we could still come to the conclusion that Oxtorget was a profitable venture, but nowhere near as profitable as we initially expected. Finally, we found out that we believe that if a similar comparative study carried out in which the passive house project follows a normal building process we will see a significant change of the result. We have also realized that the rate plays a significant role on projects profitability. For this reason, we have finally found that minimized investment costs are the most important thing to ensure that a passive house is more profitable than a convent­ional house.</p>

The purpose of this thesis is to examine how investments are justified in the Swedish data center industry, with a focus on cooling equipment. This is achieved through semi-structured interviews with 20 different interviewees. These interviewees represent different facets of the industry and facilitate an understanding of which factors, such as: investment costs, operating costs, reliability, environmental impact and the influence of external and internal actors, come into play and to which degree they impact the investment decision-making process. The results show that primarily low operating cost in the form of low energy consumption is the driving factor when it comes to the procurement of new equipment. A lower environmental impact is a positive side-effect of lower energy consumption. But alone it does not justify an additional investment. Data center downtime has a negative impact financially and can also adversely affect various functions critical to society. Therefore, the dependability of the equipment is still a priority, but reliability is now considered to have reached such a level that it is considered acceptable and the focus of development has shifted towards energy efficiency. The interview study is complemented by an investment-theory review of articles and books on related subject matter. This subject matter is linked directly or indirectly to disposition of investment in the data center industry. The framework developed from the review is then compared to the interview results. Results indicate that decision and investment theory in many cases can also be applied to data center investments. Theories that are more environmentally and socially oriented, such as Triple Bottom Line, are not consistent with the empirical data from the interviews. The investment decisions are also influenced by the current high availability and high reliability of data centers, which is the reason why the industry is rife with inertia, conservatism and skepticism to new solutions. Consequently, the parallel between data centers and high risk organizations, HRO, brought a new approach to how priorities are evaluated within HROs, namely that it is possible to combine high reliability with a low environmental impact. The results of the study are used as the basis to establish a marketing plan for the company SEE Cooling, a startup company that supplies cooling equipment. This marketing plan is based on the models for: Network analysis, Porter's five forces analysis, SWOT analysis and Kotler's marketing mix. The resulting marketing plan offers proposals on how SEE Cooling shall navigate their business network to overcome conservatism and promote their products, and illustrates potential difficulties.

As a result of increased energy prices more and more energy-efficient homes are coveted. An energy-efficient alternative is passive houses, which is characterized by an extremely well insulated building envelope that recovers the heat without the use of radiators or under floor heating. But a passive house requires a higher investment cost than a conventional building project, since it will require more construction materials, training of construction workers, greater land area, and long construction period. But the lower operating cost expects to pay back the higher cost of investment. We therefore question how profitable a passive house is in relation to houses built according to modern conventional building techniques. The aim of our study is to investigate the viability of passive houses compared to convent­ional houses. By using economic tools we intend to pursue this question of profitability to see where, when and how costs and revenues emerge. Our report resulted in a case study where we looked closer at the passive house project Oxtorget and the conventional project Apollofjärilen, which both are owned by Finnveds­bostäder in Värnamo. Through interviews with Per-Magnus Rylander, project manager for Oxtorget, and Jan-Olof Fag, operation manager for Oxtorget, we got access to sufficient infor­mation about the two projects to compare the various profitability calculations, to finally discover which of the two projects that was most profitable. With the help of our collected empirical data and economic tools, we concluded that Oxtorget became an unnecessarily expensive passive house project. This is because Oxtorget was built in such an early stage that information and experience from passive technology was missing, which involved a cost to the construction team to learn new technologies. Besides, there were only two offers, which meant less competition and therefore a high price. But it is primarily Oxtorgets planning cost that has affected our profitability calculations adversely. Since the building was appealed it required two planning’s which made Oxtorgets investment cost more difficult to recoup. But thanks to government contributions and low rates, we could still come to the conclusion that Oxtorget was a profitable venture, but nowhere near as profitable as we initially expected. Finally, we found out that we believe that if a similar comparative study carried out in which the passive house project follows a normal building process we will see a significant change of the result. We have also realized that the rate plays a significant role on projects profitability. For this reason, we have finally found that minimized investment costs are the most important thing to ensure that a passive house is more profitable than a convent­ional house.

Hårdare energidirektiv från EU gällande energianvändning i byggnader har resulterat i Boverkets framtagande av Sveriges kommande nära-nollenergilagstiftning. Den kommande lagstiftningen kommer ur energisynpunkt innebära ett paradigmskifte för hur man projekterar och bygger nya byggnader i Sverige. I samarbete med WSP Sverige AB har detta arbete huvudsakligen undersökt potentialen att klara av denna omställning, genom att fokusera på minimering av energiförluster från transmission i en byggnads klimatskal. Arbetet innehåller en omprojektering av en specifik byggnads klimatskal. Vid framtagandet av detta klimatskal har olika konstruktionsalternativ simulerats och analyserats för att på ett kostnadseffektivt sätt avgöra den ambitionsnivå som krävs för att uppnå kraven i den kommande lagstiftningen. Utöver Boverkets kommande lagstiftning har även möjligheten att klara av viktade krav från miljöclassifieringssystemet Miljöbyggnad analyserats.

I takt med byggbranschens ökade miljöengagemang uppmärksammas allt fler områden som är i behov av energieffektiviseringsåtgärder. De olika parterna har vid olika skeden av byggprocessen olika ansvar och förutsättningar.   Genom att ställa fler krav vid upphandlingsskedet kan beställare i samarbete med huvudentreprenörer och även aktörer längre ner i ledet skapa en grönare byggarbetsplats. Fastighets AB Brostaden som är ett fastighetsbolag i Storstockholm vill i sin roll som beställare undersöka de krav som är rimliga och aktuella att ställa vid en upphandling.   Med detta som utgångspunkt är syftet med rapporten att undersöka effektiviseringsåtgärder som går att vidta gällande byggbodar och transporter till och från byggarbetsplatsen. Målet är att arbetet ska mynna ut i konkreta upphandlingskrav. Visionen är att i rollen som beställare skapa incitament för entreprenörer och att denna rapport ska ligga som grund för Brostadens fortsatta arbete mot en grönare byggprocess.   I Sverige finns det idag drygt 40 000 byggbodar och de bodar som i störst utsträckning använts är något som i rapporten benämnts vid standardbodar. Dessa är bodar som använts sedan 1990-talet och där inga energieffektiviseringsåtgärder vidtagits. Det finns flertalet åtgärder som går att vidta dock beror detta på respektive åtgärds lönsamhet. I rapporten undersöks vilka åtgärder som anses vara lönsamma samt vilka krav beställaren utifrån dessa åtgärder kan ställa.   Transporter står för en stor del av Sveriges totala utsläpp. Utsläppens omfattning beror på faktorer som berör transportfordonen samt den logistiska planeringsprocessen. I rapporten kopplas förekommande problem samman med aktuella åtgärder samt konkreta exempel på besparingspotential. / Due to an increased interest in a greener built environment and with the construction industry increasing its environmental commitment, more energy efficiency measures are being taken in those areas in need. Different parties have different responsibilities in the construction process   Higher standards in the procurement of contractors and subcontractors concerning energy efficiency will result in collaboration between different parties and can resolve in a more energy efficient construction process. In the role as the project owner and as a real estate company, Fastighets AB Brostaden wants to investigate further feasible standards during procurement.   The main goal, on this basis, is to evaluate feasible efficiency measures regarding construction barracks and transportation. The report shall culminate in specific procurement requirements. The vision is to from the owner’s perspective create incentives for the contractors and subcontractors and to act as the foundation for further work towards a more energy efficient construction process.   There are about 40,000 construction barracks in Sweden and the most frequently used barracks are in the report termed as standard barracks. These are barracks used since the 1990 century and in which no energy efficiency measures have been taken. Even though there are many possible efficiency measures to be taken, few are profitable. This report examines which measures that are considered to be profitable and what requirements that are feasible to set within the procurement of contractors. The transportation of goods is responsible for a large part of Sweden's total emissions. The amount of emissions is affected by the choice of transport vehicles but also the overall planning. The report links occurring problems and associates them with current measures and possible savings.

More efficient energy consumption is essential to secure a sustainable future, not least within the building and real estate sector which answers for approximately 40 % of the EU countries total energy consumption. One part of EU: s work to reduce the energy consumption is the directive on energy performance of buildings which among other things have lead to stricter demands on energy performance in new and renovated buildings. One of the difficulties with making buildings more energy effective is that it often demands big investments and although it results in lower operating costs the extent of these savings and therefore also the repayment time can be difficult to decide beforehand. To make it interesting for property owners and also tenants to invest in energy efficient buildings powerful incentives are needed. Favorable loans to energy efficiency projects are one example of governmental instruments that have been tested in other European countries with good results. Reduced operating costs appear to be the main incentive for property owners to make their buildings more energy efficient. The best result of an energy efficiency project is usually achieved by cooperation between property owners and tenants but in order to make that interesting it is important that both parts can profit from the savings. This has led to the development of different kinds of leases with incentives, for example green leases. Furthermore long term cooperation between property owners and contractors is crucial to achieve a good result when technical measures are performed. In addition to the immediate economic gains that can be made by renting out or operating in properties with high energy – and environmental performance it can be used as a part of the company’s marketing strategy to send out an environmentally conscious image. The result from the questionnaire survey that has been performed in this report, with representatives from property owners and tenants, shows that the stakeholders that have tried green leases and other innovative concepts are content with the result. Although there are many good incentives and methods to perform energy efficiency measures the result from this study also shows that many stakeholders are hesitant to try new methods. More information from successful projects is probably a good way to reduce the doubts. Through more information the advantages with energy efficient properties, leases with incentives and cooperation between stakeholders can be highlighted which is an important part in order to achieve the energy goals.

Excess heat is a term used for heat losses that unutilised goes to the surroundings, but which to acertain degree can be used for other purposes. Since knowledge for the use and extent of potentialexcess heat in Halmstad municipality is limited, the County Administrative Board of Halland wants toinvestigate this further. The purpose is to show how the existing excess heat resources potentially canbe used instead of being cooled off to the surroundings. This could contribute to a more sustainableenergy system. The goal is to do this by mapping the excess heat within Halmstad municipality, andto show what advantages and challenges there are in recovering excess heat from a system andsustainability perspective. Empirical data have been collected from environmental reports, a webbased survey, and interviews to achieve this goal. The results show that there is plenty of excess heat that can be utilized in Halmstad municipality, butfew companies take advantage of this. The survey indicates that low-temperature excess heatconstitutes the largest share and that this part in greater extent is unused. Today, low-quality heatneeds to be upgraded to be used, which pose an obstacle. If the temperatures for heat use and heatdistribution are lowered, the need for the upgrade may be reduced. The conclusions of this study are that information about companies energy use needs to be moreeasily accessible to facilitate the work with energy efficiency and the use of excess heat. This canadvantageously be included as an annual report, similar to the environmental reports, but with a morecomplete structure, where the risks of misconceptions are minimized. Another conclusion is thatsupport, in the form of knowledge, about energy recovery needs to be provided for this to beimplemented to a greater extent.

När en investering ska göras är priset en prioriterad faktor att ta hänsyn till. Att investera i ett solcellssystem kostar mycket pengar som på längre sikt kommer resultera i en större intäkt än kostnad. När detta inträffar skiljer sig markant i många fall och med regeringens krångliga regler blir det inte lättare. Examensarbetet innefattar flera analyserande lösnings-metoder för plusenergikontoret i Väla Gård, Helsingborg. Anledningen är att kostnadseffektivisera solcellssystemet så att intresset för solproduk-tionen ökar i Sverige.Tre olika kostnadsmässiga scenarier med timdebitering, egenlagring och nettodebitering jämförs och presenteras grundat på beräkningsmetod inom aktuell forskning. Det bäst lämpade scenarierna ges i form av ett önskat införande för optimal vinst för kund och miljö.Energimarknaden kan snabbt äventyras vilket gör att valet av lämplig lösning minskar solcellsägarens riskfaktor och förhoppningsvis ökar sol-energiproduktionen.