Diss. (sammanfattning) Luleå : Luleå tekniska universitet, 2005. / Härtill 1 appendix + 5 uppsatser.

Energy efficiency is important both to reduce costs and to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere. Reducing costs will also help maintain business competitiveness. Scania in Södertälje is a company where the optimization of energy use is an ongoing and continual process. One area with potential to make energy and cost savings is the effectiveness of the ventilation systems in offices and industrial premises at Scania. During the summer months an increased demand for cooling occurs, leading to increased ventilation and a peak in district cooling system usage. Sorptive cooling is a technology where the supplied air is cooled by applying external heat. This technique involves a reduction in electricity consumption compared to electrically-powered cooling machines and does not affect the district cooling system usage. It was therefore of interest to investigate if sorptive cooling would be an energy efficient and viable solution for Scania in the future. This investigation shows that sorptive cooling requires more power than a conventional ventilation system. Despite the fact that Scania has access to free heat during the summer months, the study shows that sorptive cooling would not be economically viable to install in the industrial premises, where no cooling systems currently exist. However, compared to an electrically-powered cooling machine, sorptive cooling is anyway more energy efficient. The conclusion is that sorptive cooling is a viable solution for the offices, but not for the industrial premises at Scania in Södertälje

The work has been carried out in cooperation with Swegon AB, the market leader for ventilation and indoor climate business. For work have their own programs ESBO be used to simulate and on the way to compare different systems.   The annual energy use in the world is constantly increasing. This leads to our already highly stressful climate will be affected even more. Therefore it is of great importance to work on energy issues and to try to find ways to reduce energy consumption, and thus work towards a sustainable society from an environmental perspective.   The indoor climate is an important parameter for the well-being, and if the indoor climate does not meet the requirements it can lead to poorer performance and lack of concentration for the people staying in the room. The energy that is used to reach this arbitrary indoor climate is increasing rapidly in the world and therefore is the efficiency of comfort climate systems desirable.   The aim of this study is to, by using simulations; compare a waterborne and airborne climate system in terms of energy and comfort.   The object of the study is to compare a water-borne and airborne cooling system, and then to compare the energy use and comfort of these systems. This will be done by simulations with different sized internal heat loads and different levels of carbon dioxide. Finally, a comparison shall be entered where the different systems solutions placed in four different climate zones to provide knowledge about which system works best in which zone.   The simulations have been performed in the program ESBO, which with given conditions calculates the need for cooling, heating and energy for pumps and fans in a room.   An office building has been created in ESBO with dimensions of 4 x 2.5 x 2.6 (length, width and height). The office has a window facing south. The office is assumed to be a part of a building, this leads to that no heat exchange takes place indoors. The internal heat in the room consists of lighting, appliances, personal warmth, but also solar radiation. Schedules have been used for lighting, appliances and personal warmth. It was built four different systems then compared. These were two airborne system, a CAV system that cools with constant ventilation flow. A VAV system that cools with a variable ventilation flow. It was also built up a waterborne system, which cools the room by using a chilled beam. A combined system was also built up where the air is cooled by both chilled beam and ventilation.   The result shows that different systems will be preferred in different cases. The combined system will be preferred at low internal heat loads. The chilled beam system will keep the best comfort, but in the meantime it is the system that will require the greatest amount of energy in all the simulations. CAV systems can´t cope with the requirements of the temperature in the simulations. VAV systems are to be preferred at high internal heat loads.

Norconsult AB has developed a solarhousing concept, a house designed for the warm climate in the Middle East andwith large quantities of solar panels installed. The cooling system for the house was designed in an earlier report, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate the possibility of short and long term storage of thermal energy via an underground energy storage volume. Two different designs of the storage and three different filling materials have been integrated into a model to simulate different cases. The first design consisted of pipes installed in the ground, without insulation. The second design consisted of an insulated concrete box installed to prevent thermal energy from the surrounding soil to flow towards the lower temperature regions within the storage. The three different filling materials were dry saudi sand, water saturated saudi sand and the filling material used by the client for energy storage in Sweden. The results from the simulations show that neither of the designs, regardless of the filling material, managed to extract enough thermal energy from the house to the ground to uphold the demands of indoor climate. One of the reasons for this was the decision not to install a heat pump between the house and the energy storage. The impact of the omitted heat pump was that the maximum temperature allowed to the fan coils is 11 °C. This low temperature refrigerant could be utilized far more efficiently by a heat pump.

Sweden is a country that has made some progress in developing energy efficient solutions. The problem in Sweden is that many houses and apartment buildings are old and have inefficient ventilation- and heating systems. This energy is lost when systems are inefficient, which then results in huge economic costs. Luckily, more and more people are becoming aware of this, which means that Sweden is on track to become even better within energy efficiency.Energy use for the housing- and service sector amounts to 166 TWh of total use at 616 TWh. Without distribution and conversion losses, these figures show that the housing- and service sector accounts for almost 40 % of the country's total energy consumption. As a part of this sector, there is in downtown Umeå a building complex named Thor that is contributing significantly to the energy consumption of the area. Thor is a building complex whose first phase of construction began in 1963 and has since then been built on over the years. The complex has several inefficient parts that waste energy and thus gives rise to substantial economic costs. In the Thor-building there are numerous venues in place with a large variety of stores. On the groundfloor there are some business premises. The rest of the houses consist of either offices- or apartment spaces. This gives rise to large air handling units and heating systems that must be able to deliver suffiecient power when required.This work is an investigation of the building complex Thor and its purpose is to find parts that are inefficient energy-wise and be able to provide suggestions for various improvements that would reduce costs and create profit with a short payback time.The investigated parts are the following: • Roof insulation • Exhaust fan to the loading bay • Supply and exhaust fans, "Tower" • Supply and exhaust fans, Kungsgatan 58 • Comfort Cooling • Heating coils • Main fuses The energy consumption for the different areas have been divided into two different parts, electricity- and heat consumption. Electricity consumption is roughly 500 MWh per year and the heat consumption is around 1020 MWh per year. This is only the consumption of the areas that have been investigated. After the energy efficient actions will be made, the heat use will instead decrease to 213 MWh, which is a considerable improvement. Electricity consumption after the actions will increase, but because of the economical electricity agreement Thor possesses, it will ultimately pay off. Straight pay off for heat exchangers in the "Tower" and the supply- and exhaust fans at Kungsgatan 58 is 2,09 year and 2,11 years respectively.This proves that large amounts of energy are lost to the surroundings, and that there is a big need of change.   A future project is to improve energy efficiency throughout the majority in large parts of Thor, so that one saves money rather than "blowing" it away. Riksbyggen was unsure if there were ventilation aggregates large enough to clear off the necessary volume flows at Kungsgatan 58. This report proved that they did in fact exist. The result of this report bodes well for future efforts to improve energy efficiency at Thor. This report can serve as a basis for future work. / Sverige är ett land som har kommit en bit i utvecklingen gällande energieffektiva lösningar. Problemet i Sverige är att många villor och flerbostadshus är gamla och har ineffektiva ventilation- och värmesystem. Denna energi går förlorad när systemen är ineffektiva vilket sedan resulterar i stora ekonomiska kostnader. Som tur är har fler och fler fått upp ögonen för detta vilket gör att Sverige är på god väg att bli ännu mer energieffektiva.   Energianvändningen för bostads- och servicedelen uppgår till 166 TWh av landets totala användning på 616 TWh. Dessa siffror visar att bostads- och servicedelen står för nästan 40 % av landets totala energianvändning. Inom denna faktor har ett område i Umeå stad ”dragit sitt strå i stacken” av användingen och detta område heter Thor. Thor är en bostadsrättsförening och började byggas 1963 och sedan byggts på under årens lopp. Området har flera ineffektiva delar som slösar energi och detta ger upphov till stora ekonomiska kostnader. De hus som finns på plats idag har olika typer av lokaler. På bottenvåningarna finns affärslokaler och resten av husen består av antingen kontorslokaler eller lägenheter. Detta ger upphov till stora ventilationsaggregat och värmesystem som ska klara att leverera rätt effekt när det behövs.   Detta arbete är en utredning av området för att hitta delar som är ineffektiva och för att sedan kunna ge förslag på olika förbättringar som skulle minska framförallt energi, kostnader och skapa vinst inom kort. De delar som har undersökts är: Takisolering Frånluftsfläkt till lastbrygga Till- och frånluftsfläktar, ”Tornet” Till- och frånluftsfläktar, Kungsgatan 58 Komfortkyla Värmeslingor Huvudsäkringar     Energiförbrukningen för de olika områdena har delats in i två olika delar, Elförbrukning och Värmeförbrukning. Elförbrukning hamnar på 529 MWh per år och värmeförbrukningen hamnar på 1020 MWh per år. Detta är då enbart för de områden som har utretts. Efter energieffektivisering av dessa så hamnar värmeanvändningen istället på 213 MWh vilket är betydligt mindre. Elförbrukningen kommer att höjas efter installation av aggregaten, men på grund av elpriserna som bostadsrättsföreningen har så kommer det löna sig relativt fort. Rak payofftid för värmeväxlare på ”Tornet” och till- och frånluftsfläktarna på Kungsgatan 58 ligger på vardera område på cirka 2 år. Detta är då ett bevis på att stora mängder energi går förlorad på detta område och därmed är det i stort behov av förändring   Ett framtida arbete är att energieffektivisera på stora delar av Thor så man sparar pengar och energi istället för att ”blåsa” bort dem. Riksbyggen var osäkra om det fanns aggregat som klarade flödena på Kungsgatan 58, vilket denna rapport bevisade. Resultaten från denna rapport bådar gott för framtida arbete för att energieffektivisera Thor. Denna rapport kan då ligga som grund till arbetet.

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Lic.-avh. (sammanfattning) Luleå : Luleå tekniska univ., 2002. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

The purpose of this thesis is to examine how investments are justified in the Swedish data center industry, with a focus on cooling equipment. This is achieved through semi-structured interviews with 20 different interviewees. These interviewees represent different facets of the industry and facilitate an understanding of which factors, such as: investment costs, operating costs, reliability, environmental impact and the influence of external and internal actors, come into play and to which degree they impact the investment decision-making process. The results show that primarily low operating cost in the form of low energy consumption is the driving factor when it comes to the procurement of new equipment. A lower environmental impact is a positive side-effect of lower energy consumption. But alone it does not justify an additional investment. Data center downtime has a negative impact financially and can also adversely affect various functions critical to society. Therefore, the dependability of the equipment is still a priority, but reliability is now considered to have reached such a level that it is considered acceptable and the focus of development has shifted towards energy efficiency. The interview study is complemented by an investment-theory review of articles and books on related subject matter. This subject matter is linked directly or indirectly to disposition of investment in the data center industry. The framework developed from the review is then compared to the interview results. Results indicate that decision and investment theory in many cases can also be applied to data center investments. Theories that are more environmentally and socially oriented, such as Triple Bottom Line, are not consistent with the empirical data from the interviews. The investment decisions are also influenced by the current high availability and high reliability of data centers, which is the reason why the industry is rife with inertia, conservatism and skepticism to new solutions. Consequently, the parallel between data centers and high risk organizations, HRO, brought a new approach to how priorities are evaluated within HROs, namely that it is possible to combine high reliability with a low environmental impact. The results of the study are used as the basis to establish a marketing plan for the company SEE Cooling, a startup company that supplies cooling equipment. This marketing plan is based on the models for: Network analysis, Porter's five forces analysis, SWOT analysis and Kotler's marketing mix. The resulting marketing plan offers proposals on how SEE Cooling shall navigate their business network to overcome conservatism and promote their products, and illustrates potential difficulties.

Efterfrågan av kyla ökar i Sverige trots det kalla klimatet vilket då medför att behovet av fjärrkyla kan öka. Fjärrkyla är en centraliserad kylproduktion med fördelar som säkrare drift, minskade haverier samt att buller avlägsnas i jämförelse med lokala kylanläggningar. Således är absorptionskyla ett alternativ till fjärrkyla som börjar bli mer och mer intressant för fjärrvärmeintegrering. Syftet med rapporten är att ge företaget Öresundskraft ett underlag över de tekniska och ekonomiska förutsättningarna för absorptionskyla i Helsingborg. Problemställningarna har varit att undersöka: temperaturen på fjärrvärmen som ska användas till absorptionsanläggningen, hur absorptionsmaskinens kylfaktor påverkar förutsättningarna, hur absorptionsanläggningen ska dimensioneras, utreda olika placeringsalternativ för absorptionsanläggningen, om den befintliga ackumulatortanken kan användas i framtiden och om det är lönsamt att investera i en absorptionsanläggning. Problemställningarna besvarades genom intervjuer, sammanställning och beräkning av data, granskning av forskningslitteratur samt annan litteratur. Slutsatser som författarna har kommit fram till är att absorptionsmaskinen ska dimensioneras till 2,2 MW och att den ska placeras på Västhamnsverket. Under de förutsättningar att det fanns tillgång till billig värme samt att driften endast sker på sommaren fick resultatet ett utfall som gav lönsamhet i en absorptionsanläggning. / The cooling demand increases in Sweden despite the cold climate, which could cause the increase of district cooling. District cooling is a centralized cooling system with multiple benefits such as safer operations, reduced failures and removal of rumbling that will otherwise occur in local cooling systems. That’s why the absorption chiller is becoming more and more interesting to incorporate indistrict heating.The purpose of this report is to give the company Öresundskraft the technical and economic conditions for absorption cooling in Helsingborg. The main goal with the report have been to investigate: which temperature from the district heating system will be used for the absorptions chiller, how the coefficient of performance affects the conditions of absorption chiller, different dimensions for absorption chiller, different placement options for absorption chiller, if the existing cool water storage tank can be used in the future, is it profitable to invest in an absorption plant. The main goal questions have been answered through interviews, compilation and calculation of data, examination of research literature and other literature. Conclusions the authors were able to find is that the absorption chiller should be sized to 2,2 MW and it should be placed on Västhamnsverket. Under the conditions that there was access to cheap heat and only operating during the summer the result to invest in an absorption plant was profitable.

Under flera hundra år användes den lagrade energin som finns i snö för att tillfredsställa de kylbehov som finns på sommarhalvåret. Det kalla klimatet i kombination med god nederbörd som finns i Norrland innebär goda förutsättningar för snö. Målet med denna rapport är att i samarbete med Umeå kommun se hur mycket energi som finns lagrad i de snömängder som helt outnyttjat smälter bort varje sommar. Den geografiska platsen är snötippen Kulla vid klockarbäcken i Umeå. Det är svårt att nyttja all energi som finns lagrad i snön då en del ofrivillig värmetransport kommer ske till omgivningen. För att beräkna värmetransporten samt den mängd energi som går att använda för kylning har en metod arbetats fram. Det är en energibalans där man förutsätter att hela snöhögen håller 0°C och att all energi som transporteras från snön innebär en minskad snömängd. De utförda beräkningarna gjordes i kalkylprogrammet Excel som har funktioner för att skapa grafiska bilder till resultatet. Detta utifrån de mängder data som behandlats. Beräkningarna är utförda månad för månad och behandlar väderdata för temperatur och nederbörd. Resultatet visar att en medelsäsong av naturlig snö genererar kring 4 GWh vilket motsvarade drygt 40% av den mängd fjärrkyla som Umeå Energi producerade 2016 till sitt centrala fjärrkylnät. De osäkerheter som noterats är att vädret är oberäkneligt och att de slutliga snömängderna kan skilja mycket från år till år. Däremot är mängden snö som försvinner på grund av ofrivillig värmetransport likartad mellan de olika säsongerna. De år som är snöfattiga kan det därför vara en god idé att göra konstgjord snö för att säkerställa att kyla kan levereras. Bedömningen som gjordes är att förutsättningar för att anlägga en snökylanläggning med god produktion finns. Den elektricitet som idag investeras för att kyla kan komma till bättre nytta om kylan istället kommer från naturligt producerad snö.