Smart cameras are part of many automated system for detection and correction in various systems. They can be used for detecting unwanted particles inside a fuel tank or may be placed on an airplane engine to provide protection from any approaching obstacle. They can also be used to detect a finger print or other biometric identification on a document or in some video domain. These systems usually have a very sensitive fast processing nature, to stop some ongoing information or extract some information. Image compression algorithms are used  for  the  captured  images to enable fast communication between different nodes i.e. the cameras and the processing units. Nowadays these algorithms are very popular with sensor based smart camera. The challenges associated with these networks are fast communication of these images between different nodes or to a centralized system. Thus a study is provided for an algorithm used for this purpose. In-depth study and Matlab modeling of CCITT group4 TIFF is the target of this thesis. This work provides detail study about the CCITT TIFF algorithms and provides a Matlab model for the compression algorithm for monochrome images. The compressed images will be of a compression ratio about 1:15 which will help in fast communication and computation of these images.  A developed set of 8 test images with different characteristics in size and dimension is compressed by the Matlab model implementing the CCITT group4 TIFF. These compressed images are then compared to same set of images compressed by other algorithms to compare the compression ratio.

The demands the automotive gear designer has to considerduring the gear design process have changed. To design a gearthat will not fail is still a challenging task, but now lownoise is also a main objective. Both customers and legalregulations demand noise reduction of gears. Moreover, thequality of the product is more in focus than ever before. Inaddition, the gear design process itself must be inexpensiveand quick. One can say that the gear designer faces a newdesign environment. The objective of this thesis is tocontribute to the answer to some of the questions raised inthis new design environment. In order to respond to the new design situation, the geardesigner must consider new phenomena of gears that werepreviously not a matter of concern. One such phenomenon is anew gear failure type, Tooth Interior Fatigue Fracture (TIFF).As the gear teeth are made more slender in an attempt to reducethe stiffness variation during the mesh cycle, therebypotentially reducing the noise, the risk of TIFF is increased.The phenomenon of TIFF is explored in detail (paper III-VI)through fractographic analysis, numerical crack initiationanalysis using FEM, determination of residual stress by meansof neutron diffraction measurements, testing for determiningmaterial fatigue properties, fracture mechanical FE-analysis,sensitivity analysis and the development of an engineeringdesign method. The main findings of the analysis of TIFF arethat TIFF cracks initiate in the tooth interior, TIFF occursmainly in case hardened idlers, the fracture surface has acharacteristic plateau at approximately the mid-height of thetooth and the risk of TIFF is more pronounced in slender gearteeth. Along with the more optimised gear design, there is atendency for the gear to be less robust. Low robustness, i.e.,great variation in performance of the product, implies a highincidence of rejects, malfunction and/or bad-will, all of whichmay have a negative effect on company earnings. As the use ofoptimisation decreases the safety margins, greater attentionhas to be paid to guaranteeing the products' robustness.Moreover, in order to be cost-effective, the qualities of thegear must be verified early in the design process, implying anextended use of simulations. In this thesis, two robustnessanalyses are presented in which the analysing tool issimulation. The first one considers robust tooth root bendingfatigue strength as the gear is exposed to mounting errors, thesecond one considers robust noise characteristics of a gearexposed to manufacturing errors, varying torque and wear. Bothof these case studies address the problem of robustness ofgears and demonstrate how it can be estimated by use ofsimulations. The main result from the former robustnessanalysis is that wide gears are more sensitive to mountingerrors, while the latter analysis showed that to achieve robustnoise characteristics of a gear it should have large helixangles, and some profile- and lead crowning should beintroduced. The transverse contact ratio is a trade-off factorin the sense that both low average noise levels and low scatterin noise due to perturbations cannot be achieved. <b>Keywords</b>: robust design, Taguchi method, gear, idler,simulations, Finite Element Method, Tooth Interior FatigueFracture, TIFF

<p>The demands the automotive gear designer has to considerduring the gear design process have changed. To design a gearthat will not fail is still a challenging task, but now lownoise is also a main objective. Both customers and legalregulations demand noise reduction of gears. Moreover, thequality of the product is more in focus than ever before. Inaddition, the gear design process itself must be inexpensiveand quick. One can say that the gear designer faces a newdesign environment. The objective of this thesis is tocontribute to the answer to some of the questions raised inthis new design environment.</p><p>In order to respond to the new design situation, the geardesigner must consider new phenomena of gears that werepreviously not a matter of concern. One such phenomenon is anew gear failure type, Tooth Interior Fatigue Fracture (TIFF).As the gear teeth are made more slender in an attempt to reducethe stiffness variation during the mesh cycle, therebypotentially reducing the noise, the risk of TIFF is increased.The phenomenon of TIFF is explored in detail (paper III-VI)through fractographic analysis, numerical crack initiationanalysis using FEM, determination of residual stress by meansof neutron diffraction measurements, testing for determiningmaterial fatigue properties, fracture mechanical FE-analysis,sensitivity analysis and the development of an engineeringdesign method. The main findings of the analysis of TIFF arethat TIFF cracks initiate in the tooth interior, TIFF occursmainly in case hardened idlers, the fracture surface has acharacteristic plateau at approximately the mid-height of thetooth and the risk of TIFF is more pronounced in slender gearteeth.</p><p>Along with the more optimised gear design, there is atendency for the gear to be less robust. Low robustness, i.e.,great variation in performance of the product, implies a highincidence of rejects, malfunction and/or bad-will, all of whichmay have a negative effect on company earnings. As the use ofoptimisation decreases the safety margins, greater attentionhas to be paid to guaranteeing the products' robustness.Moreover, in order to be cost-effective, the qualities of thegear must be verified early in the design process, implying anextended use of simulations. In this thesis, two robustnessanalyses are presented in which the analysing tool issimulation. The first one considers robust tooth root bendingfatigue strength as the gear is exposed to mounting errors, thesecond one considers robust noise characteristics of a gearexposed to manufacturing errors, varying torque and wear. Bothof these case studies address the problem of robustness ofgears and demonstrate how it can be estimated by use ofsimulations. The main result from the former robustnessanalysis is that wide gears are more sensitive to mountingerrors, while the latter analysis showed that to achieve robustnoise characteristics of a gear it should have large helixangles, and some profile- and lead crowning should beintroduced. The transverse contact ratio is a trade-off factorin the sense that both low average noise levels and low scatterin noise due to perturbations cannot be achieved.</p><p><b>Keywords</b>: robust design, Taguchi method, gear, idler,simulations, Finite Element Method, Tooth Interior FatigueFracture, TIFF</p>

This thesis deals with the management of digital photos by metadata contained in the photos. The thesis describes the structure of the formats JFIF, TIFF, RAW and EXIF format for storing metadata into photos. In the next part of this thesis is described the design and implementation of a simple photo management application. The main functionality of the application is focused on bulk editing EXIF metadata in the photos. In the conclusion of this thesis there's a proof of results and discussion about further extension options.

Les membranes modèles représentent un outil indispensable pour l'étude des membranes biologiques, elles ont en effet grandement contribué à leur description. Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'étude de la coexistence de phases liquide-ordonnée (lo) et liquide-désordonnée (ld) au sein de membranes modèles de type LUV (« Large Unilamellar Vesicle »). Nous avons cherché en premier lieu à mettre au point une méthodologie permettant de détecter la formation de la phase lo et d'estimer quantitativement la fraction membranaire Φo en phase lo dans des LUVs de composition ternaire PC/SM/Chol (phosphatidylcholine / sphingomyéline / cholestérol), capable d'induire une coexistence de phase. Pour cela, les propriétés d'auto-extinction de fluorescence et de distribution sélective en fonction de la phase lipidique d'une sonde fluorescente unique (C12NBD-PC) ont été mises à profit. La deuxième partie de notre travail a été consacrée à l'étude de la solubilisation par le détergent Triton X-100 des membranes de LUVs présentant une coexistence de phase lo/ld. Nous avons cherché à démontrer qu'il était possible d'extraire la fraction membranaire se trouvant strictement en phase lo. Pour cela, les transitions de structure induites par l'interaction du Triton X-100 avec des LUVs à 4°C ont été étudiées par une procédure de séparation par gradient de densité. Nous avons tenté d'évaluer le rapport effectif approprié détergent/lipides nous permettant d'isoler les fractions résistantes correspondant aux domaines en phase lo existant au niveau de la membrane des LUVs avant l'addition de détergent.