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Model predictive control (MPC) for switched reluctance machine (SRM) drives is studied in this thesis. The objective is to highlight the benefits of implementing MPC to overcome the main drawbacks of SRMs and position them as an attractive alternative among electrical drives. A comprehensive literature review of MPC for SRM is presented, detailing its current trends as an application still at an early stage. The different features of MPC are highlighted and paired with the most challenging and promising control objectives of SRMs. A vision of future research trends and applications of MPC-driven SRMs is proposed, thus drawing a road-map of future projects, barriers to overcome and potential developments. Several important applications can take advantage of the improved features that SRM can get with MPC, especially from the possibility of defining a unified control technique with the flexibility to adapt to different system requirements. The most important cluster for SRM drives is the high- and ultrahigh-speed operative regions where conventional machines cannot work efficiently. SRMs with MPC can complement then the existing demand for electrical drives with high performance under challenging conditions. Three techniques based on the finite control set model predictive control (FCS-MPC) approach are developed out of the proposed road-map. The first one defines a virtual-flux current tracking technique that improves the existing ones in operating at different speeds and more than one quadrant operation. The method is validated for low- and high- power SRMs in simulations and diverse types of current waveform, making it easy to adapt to existing current shaping techniques. It is also validated experimentally for different operating conditions and robustness against parameter variation. The second technique proposed a predictive torque control that bases its model on static-maps, thus avoiding complex analytical expressions. It improves its estimation through a Kalman filter. The third technique uses a virtual-flux predictive torque control, similar to the first technique for current tracking. The techniques are validated at a wide speed range, thus evidencing superiority in performance without modification on the control structure. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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This thesis presents a comprehensive study of Direct Torque Control (DTC) for Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors (IPMSMs) evaluating its potential in high performance motor drive systems. The research begins with a literature review, looking into the fundamental principles of DTC, Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), Space Vector Modulation (SVM) and Field Oriented Control (FOC). The methodology section involves the detailed modeling of IPMSM using Simulink for a precise representation of system dynamics. The Park and Clarke transformations are employed in the phase transformation of currents and voltages to simplify the control strategy. The implementation of Voltage Source Inverter (VSI) is explored and its crucial role in modulating input signals is discussed. Subsequently, the implementation of DTC is demonstrated, capturing the key focus of the thesis. The validation stage verifies the model created in Simulink against research papers published in the same field. This is coupled with an analysis of sector selection and switching table in enhancing DTC performance. The results and conclusion reassess the voltage and flux vectors, evaluating their influence on the system. Additionally, the effectiveness of Proportional-Integral (PI) control for maintaining the desired speed and torque is analyzed. Thus, this thesis offers a holistic perspective on the implementation and performance of DTC for IPMSMs, contributing to the existing body of knowledge and paving the way for future research in this field.

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A qualitative analysis of a rotary traveling wave-type ultrasonic motor (USM) used to supply feedback forces in force-feel systems is carried out. Prior to simulation, the subsystems and contact mechanics needed to define the motor's equations of motion are discussed along with the pitfalls of modeling a USM. A mathematical model is assembled and simulated in MATLAB Simulink. Accompanying the dynamic model, a new reduced model is presented from which predictions of USM performance can be made without a complicated dynamic model. Outputs from the reduced model are compared with those of the dynamic model to show the differences in the transient solution, agreement in the steady state solution, and above all that it is an efficient tool for approximating a motor's steady state response as a function of varying the motor parameters. In addition, the reduced model provides the means of exploring the USMs response to additive loading, loads acting in the direction of motor motion, where only resistive loads, those opposite to the motor rotation, had been considered previously. Fundamental differences between force-feel systems comprising standard DC brushless motors as the feedback actuators and the proposed system using the USM are explained by referencing the USM contact mechanics. Outputs from USM model simulations are explored, and methods by which the motor can be implemented in the force-feel system are derived and proven through simulation. The results show that USMs, while capable of providing feedback forces in feel systems, are far from ideal for the task. The speed and position of the motor can be controlled through varying stator excitation parameters, but the transient motor output torque cannot; it is solely a function of the motor load, whether additive or resistive. / Master of Science

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse portent sur la commande en couple de manipulateurs redondants.Nous nous intéressons dans ce cadre à deux problématiques. En premier lieu, nous considérons le cas d’imposition d’une contrainte cinématique de point de passage, dite contrainte du RCM, de l’organe terminal (OT) du robot. Nous proposons alors deux approches pour la gestion de cette contrainte. Dans la première approche, la contrainte est garantie dans l’espace nul d’une tâche principale définie en coordonnées de position de l’OT. Cette méthode exploite une définition explicite de la dynamique de l’espace nul et confère un niveau de priorité secondaire à la contrainte. La seconde approche permet de définir la contrainte du RCM comme tâche principale, en lui assignant le niveau de priorité supérieur ou un niveau de priorité défini par le besoin de l’application. Nous proposons pour cela une nouvelle définition de la cinématique du RCM.En second lieu, nous traitons la question des contacts entre le corps du robot et son environnement (ex. l’humain)pendant que l’OT exécute sa tâche « globale ». Nous proposons pour cela une stratégie de compliance appliquée dans l’espace nul du robot afin de préserver la tâche globale lors des contacts. Cette stratégie estdéfinie pour des bras anthropomorphes à 7-DDL, et est formulée en coordonnées de l’angle de bras, paramètre représentant le degré de redondance du robot. Cela permet de définir un intervalle admissible de mouvement de l’angle de bras. Lorsque les limites de cet intervalle sont atteintes, une loi de compliance de type ressort amortisseur oblige le robot à rester dans l’intervalle, malgré les forces externes exercées.Nous évoquons, tout au long de cette thèse, l’application de chirurgie mini-invasive assistée par robot pour illustrer l’utilité de nos contributions. / The work developped in this PhD thesis concerns the control of redundant torque-controlled robots,dealing with two main issues. Firstly, we study the presence of a RCM constraint imposed to the end-effector. We propose two control approaches to guarantee this kinematic constraint. In the first one, the constraint is performed in the null-space of a main task defined in cartesian coordinates(position). An explicit definition of the null-space dynamics is applied on this control approach, and provides a secondary priority order to the RCM constraint. The second approach allows to define the constraint as the main task, obtaining the highest priority level, or in any desired priority level,according to the needs of the application. Therefore, we propose a new kinematic formulation of the RCM constraint.Secondly, we study the physical interaction between the robot’s body and its environment (e.g. human) during the cartesian global task execution. A null-space compliance control strategy is then proposed in order to preserve the global task when the contacts occur. This strategy, defined for anthropomorphic 7-DOF robots, is formulated in swivel angle coordinates, which is a direct representation of the robot’s null-space. A desired feasible range for the swivel angle values is defined by the user, and a spring-damping compliance law is used to constraint the robot to remain within the feasible angle values range, despite the external forces applied to the robot’s body. Robot-assisted minimally invasive surgery has been used throughout this thesis as an example of application, allowing to demonstrate the usefulness of our contributions.

<p>In an automated manual transmission it is desired to have zero torque in the transmission when disengaging a gear. This minimizes the oscillations in the driveline which increases the comfort and makes the speed synchronization easier. The automated manual transmission system in a Scania truck, called Opticruise, uses engine torque control to achieve zero torque in the transmission.In this thesis different control strategies for engine torque control are proposed in order to minimize the oscillations in the driveline and increase the comfort during a gear shift. A model of the driveline is developed in order to evaluate the control strategies. The main focus was to develop controllers that are easy to implement and that are robust enough to be used in different driveline configurations. This means that model dependent control strategies are not considered.A control strategy with a combination of a feedback from the speed difference between the output shaft speed and the wheel speed, and a feedforward with a linear ramp, showed very good performance in both simulations and tests in trucks. The amplitude of the oscillations in the output shaft speed after neutralengagement are halved compared to the results from the existing method in Scania trucks. The new concept is also more robust against initial conditions and time delay estimations.</p>

This thesis focuses on the development of a novel Direct Torque Control (DTC) scheme for permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motors (surface and interior types) in the constant torque region with the help of cost-effective hall-effect sensors. This method requires no DC-link sensing, which is a mandatory matter in the conventional DTC drives, therefore it reduces the cost of a conventional DTC of a permanent magnet (PM) synchronous motor and also removes common problems including; resistance change effect, low speed and integration drift. Conventional DTC drives require at least one DC-link voltage sensor (or two on the motor terminals) and two current sensors because of the necessary estimation of position, speed, torque, and stator flux in the stationary reference frame. Unlike the conventional DTC drive, the proposed method uses the rotor reference frame because the rotor position is provided by the three hall-effect sensors and does not require expensive voltage sensors. Moreover, the proposed algorithm takes the acceleration and deceleration of the motor and torque disturbances into account to improve the speed and torque responses. The basic theory of operation for the proposed topology is presented. A mathematical model for the proposed DTC of the PMSM topology is developed. A simulation program written in MATLAB/SIMULINK® is used to verify the basic operation (performance) of the proposed topology. The mathematical model is capable of simulating the steady-state, as well as dynamic response even under heavy load conditions (e.g. transient load torque at ramp up). It is believed that the proposed system offers a reliable and low-cost solution for the emerging market of DTC for PMSM drives. Finally the proposed drive, considering the constant torque region operation, is applied to the agitation part of a laundry washing machine (operating in constant torque region) for speed performance comparison with the current low-cost agitation cycle speed control technique used by washing machine companies around the world.

In an automated manual transmission it is desired to have zero torque in the transmission when disengaging a gear. This minimizes the oscillations in the driveline which increases the comfort and makes the speed synchronization easier. The automated manual transmission system in a Scania truck, called Opticruise, uses engine torque control to achieve zero torque in the transmission.In this thesis different control strategies for engine torque control are proposed in order to minimize the oscillations in the driveline and increase the comfort during a gear shift. A model of the driveline is developed in order to evaluate the control strategies. The main focus was to develop controllers that are easy to implement and that are robust enough to be used in different driveline configurations. This means that model dependent control strategies are not considered.A control strategy with a combination of a feedback from the speed difference between the output shaft speed and the wheel speed, and a feedforward with a linear ramp, showed very good performance in both simulations and tests in trucks. The amplitude of the oscillations in the output shaft speed after neutralengagement are halved compared to the results from the existing method in Scania trucks. The new concept is also more robust against initial conditions and time delay estimations.