This thesis presents a new nonlinear automobile dynamical model and investigates the possibility of automobile dynamic control with wheel torque utilizing this model. The model has been developed from first principles by applying classical mechanics. Inputs to the model are the four independent wheel torques, while the steer angles at each wheel are specified as independent time-varying signals. In this way, consideration of a variety of steering system architectures, including rear-wheel steer, is possible, and steering introduces time-varying structure into the vehicle model. The frictional contact at the wheel-road interface is modeled by use of the LuGre dynamic friction model. Extensions to the existing two-dimensional LuGre friction model are derived and the steady-state of the friction model is compared to existing static friction models. Simulation results are presented to validate the model mathematics and to explore automobile behavior in a variety of scenarios. Vehicle control with wheel torque is explored using the theory of input-output linearization for multi-input multi-output systems. System relative degree is analyzed and use of steady-state LuGre friction in a control design model is shown to give rise to relative degree singularities when no wheel slip occurs. Dynamic LuGre friction does not cause such singularities, but instead has an ill-defined nature under the same no-slip condition. A method for treating this ill-defined condition is developed, leading to the potential for the system to have relative degree. Longitudinal velocity control and combined longitudinal and angular vehicle velocity control are demonstrated in simulation using input-output linearization, and are shown to produce improved vehicle response as compared to the open-loop behavior of the automobile. Robustness of the longitudinal velocity control to friction model parameter variation is explored and little impact to the controller's ability to track the desired trajectory is observed.

Η θεματολογία της εργασίας αυτής περιλαμβάνει την υβριδική τεχνολογία στην αυτοκίνηση. Γίνεται μία εκτεταμένη ανάλυση των υβριδικών οχημάτων, αρχικά κάνοντας αναφορά στην ιστορία των υβριδικών και μη οχημάτων και έπειτα στα περιβαλλοντικά θεμάτα που τα έφεραν στο προσκήνιο. Η ανάλυση περιλαμβάνει επίσης την μελέτη των διαφόρων κατηγοριών υβριδικών οχημάτων, την εξέταση των κατασκευαστικών μερών τους και κλείνει με την παρουσίαση κάποιων χαρακτηριστικών οχημάτων που βγήκαν στην παραγωγή. Στη συνέχεια, η εργασία περνά στο πειραματικό της στάδιο, που περιλαμβάνει τη μελέτη και κατασκευή ενός ηλεκτροκινητήριου συστήματος για εφαρμογή σε πειραματικό όχημα. Το όχημα μετά τις επεμβάσεις θα είναι υβριδικό, κάνοντας χρήση δύο πηγών ενέργειας, ορυκτά καύσιμα και ηλεκτρισμό. Έγινε η προμήθεια του οχήματος και των απαραίτητων μερών του συστήματος δηλαδή ενός ασύγχρονου ηλεκτροκινητήρα και των μπαταριών, που είναι τύπου οξέος-μολύβδου. Ακολούθησαν μηχανολογικές μετατροπές στο αμάξωμα ώστε να δεχθεί το πρόσθετο σύστημα μετάδοσης κίνησης, οι οποίες και αναλύονται. Παράλληλα βρίσκονταν σε εξέλιξη οι μετατροπείς ισχύος που απαιτούνται στο σύστημα ηλεκτρικής κίνησης για να προσαρμόσουν τα ηλεκτρικά μεγέθη κατάλληλα ώστε να επιτρέψουν την ροή ισχύος από τις μπαταρίες προς τον κινητήρα, κατά την επιτάχυνση του οχήματος, και την επιστροφή ενέργειας στις μπαταρίες από τη μηχανή, που λειτουργεί ως γεννήτρια λαμβάνοντας ενέργεια από την κινητική του οχήματος. Οι απαιτούμενοι μετατροπείς είναι ένας αμφικατευθυντήριος μετατροπέας ανύψωσης – υποβιβασμού συνεχούς τάσης σε συνεχή και ένας μετατροπέας συνεχούς τάσης σε τριφασική εναλλασσόμενη, ή πιο απλά τριφασικός αντιστροφέας. Ο δεύτερος μετατροπέας πραγματοποιεί και τον έλεγχο της ροπής που παράγει σε κάθε στιγμή ο κινητήρας μέσω της μεθόδου του Άμεσου Έλεγχου Ροπής (DTC). Περιγράφονται οι μεθοδολογίες ελέγχου των τριφασικών ασύγχρονων κινητήρων και γίνεται λεπτομερής ανάλυση της χρησιμοποιούμενης μεθόδου. Στο τελευταίο τμήμα περιγράφονται οι πειραματικές μετρήσεις που διεξήχθησαν με το σύστημα που κατασκευάστηκε, στον εργαστηριακό πάγκο και επί του οχήματος της εφαρμογής. Τέλος, γίνεται ανάλυση των αποτελεσμάτων που προέκυψαν. / The subject of this work includes the use of hybrid technology in automotive. An extensive analysis of hybrid vehicles is carried out, referring to the history of hybrid and other vehicles and then to the environmental matters that brought hybrids to the fore. The analysis also includes the study of different types of hybrid vehicles, examining their components and ends with the presentation of some remarkable vehicles that have been produced. The work then passes into the experimental phase, involving the design and construction of an electric system to be applied in a conventional vehicle. The vehicle is meant to function as a hybrid, using two energy sources, fossil fuels and electricity. For the reason, a vehicle has been supplied along with the necessary parts of the system, which consist of an asynchronous electric motor and lead acid batteries. Mechanical modifications that were made to the chassis to accept the additional drivetrain are discussed in detail. The construction of the necessary power converters is carried out in parallel. Their purpose is to adjust the electrical values in order to allow the flow of power from the batteries to the engine during acceleration of the vehicle and return energy to the batteries from the electrical machine, which acts as generator powered from the vehicle’s wheels.. The required converters are: a bi-directional buck/boost DC to DC converter and a three-phase DC to AC converter, which is simply described as inverter. The second converter also performs the control of the torque produced at any time from the engine, using Direct Torque Control (DTC). Alternate methodologies are also described, while the used technique is fully analyzed. The final section describes the experimental procedures performed to the constructed systems. At first they are tested in the laboratory and afterwards they are applied on the vehicle. Finally, an analysis of the results is performed.

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2013. / Wind energy has proven to be a viable source of clean energy, and the worldwide demand is growing rapidly. Variable speed topologies, with synchronous generators and full-scale converters, are becoming more popular, and the e ective control of these systems is a current trend in wind energy research. The purpose of this study is the modelling, design, simulation and implementation of a small-scale, variable speed wind energy conversion system, incorporating the position sensorless direct torque control with space vector modulation, of a permanent magnet synchronous generator, including an RLC converter lter. Another aim is the development of a gain scheduling algorithm that facilitates the high level control of the system. Mathematical models of the combined lter-generator model, in the stationary and rotating reference frames, are presented and discussed, from which equivalent approximate transfer functions are derived for the design of the controller gains. The design of the controller gains, RLC lter components, gain scheduling concept and maximum power point tracking controller are presented. It is discovered that the RLC lter damping resistance has a signi cant e ect on the resonance frequency of the system. The system is simulated dynamically in both Simulink and the VHDL-AMS programming language. Additionally, the maximum power point tracking controller is simulated in the VHDL-AMS simulation, including a wind turbine simulator. The simulation results demonstrate good dynamic performance, as well as the variable speed operation of the system. The practical results of torque and speed controllers show satisfactory performance, and correlate well with simulated results. The detailed gain scheduling algorithm is presented and discussed. A nal test of the complete system yields satisfactory practical results, and con rms that the objectives of this thesis have been reached.

Este trabalho apresenta uma comparação entre as estratégias de controle por torque calculado e controle repetitivo aplicadas a manipuladores robóticos. O objetivo no uso desses controladores é para que o manipulador siga referência de trajetória periódica no espaço das juntas. O desenvolvimento e implementação dos controladores são focados no manipulador WAM (Whole Arm Manipulator) da Barrett Technology®Inc. Neste trabalho, também são apresentadas uma formulação do modelo não linear do manipulador e as sínteses dos controladores por torque calculado e repetitivo aplicados ao modelo do manipulador linearizado por realimentação. O controlador por torque calculado é apresentado e sintetizado na sua forma clássica. Para o controlador repetitivo, a síntese parte do princípio do modelo interno com a adição de uma estrutura repetitiva e uma realimentação proporcional e derivativa do erro de seguimento de referência O projeto dos ganhos do controlador repetitivo é feito através de um problema de otimização convexa com restrições na forma de inequações matriciais lineares (ou no inglês: Linear Matrix Inequalities - LMI). A formulação do problema de otimização parte da teoria de estabilidade segundo Lyapunov com um funcional Lyapunov-Krasoviskii, adição de um custo quadrático, para ajuste de desempenho, e de um critério de desempenho transitório dado pela taxa de decaimento exponencial da norma dos estados. É apresentada a comparação entre as estratégias de controle e a validação do controlador repetitivo proposto aplicado ao caso com linearização perfeita e ao caso com o modelo não linear do manipulador. No primeiro caso, é feita a simulação do modelo linear do manipulador com adição de um torque de atrito na junta. No segundo caso, é utilizado o sistema ROS (Robot Operating System) com o programa Gazebo simulando o manipulador WAM considerando erros de linearização, isto é, incertezas paramétricas. / This work presents a comparison between the strategies of computed-torque control and repetitive control applied to robotic manipulators. The main objective in use these controllers with the manipulator is to tracking periodic trajectory in joint space. The development and implementation of controllers are focused on the Whole Arm Manipulator (WAM) of the Barrett Technology®Inc. Also featured are a non-linear model formulation of the manipulator and the synthesis of controllers for computed-torque control and repetitive control applied to the manipulator model linearized by state feedback. The computed-torque controller is presented in its classic form. For the repetitive controller, the synthesis is based on the internal model principle with the addition of a repetitive structure and a proportional-derivative reference tracking error feedback. The design of the repetitive controller gains is done through a convex optimization problem with linear matrix inequalities (LMI) constraints. The formulation of the optimization problem is based on the Lyapunov stability theory using a Lyapunov-Krasoviskii functional, addition of a quadratic cost for performance adjustment and a transient performance criteria given by the exponential decay rate of the states norm. A comparison between the control strategies and the validation of the repetitive controller applied to the case with perfect linearization and the case with the non-linear model of the manipulator are presented. In the first case, is made simulations of the linear model of the manipulator in MATLAB program, with the addition of a disturbance modeling the friction torque at the joint. In the second case, is used the Robot Operating System (ROS) with Gazebo program simulating the WAM nonlinear model. In this case, a possible mismatch between the model used for the feedback linearization and the real system is taken into account.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This master thesis proposes a control method of scalar direct torque control and a technique of current control to maximize the aerodynamic efficiency of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) using permanent magnets synchronous generators (PMSG) with non-salient poles. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is possible to apply optimum torque to the generator by just controlling the static converter. Two topologies are addressed: The first one is a boost converter, widely used in WECS, where the MPPT method is implemented by the controlling the boost inductor current; and the second is a three phase AC boost converter where the scalar direct torque control is proposed. Aims to reduce the mechanic speed sensor a work with sensorless algorithms, is proposed. First an observer in the continuous time domain in coordinates αβ is developed containing two observers: a current sliding mode whose function is to determine the electromotive force (EMF) and EMF observer which aims to determine the rotor speed based on the direct method of Lyapunov. After, in the discrete time domain, sliding mode observers of speed and rotor position are described. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the theoretical analysis and demonstrate the good performance of the techniques to drive PMSG. / Esta dissertação propõe um método de controle escalar direto de conjugado e uma técnica de controle de corrente para maximização da eficiência aerodinâmica de sistemas de conversão de energia eólica (WECS) que utilizam geradores síncronos de ímãs permanente (PMSG) com polos não salientes. O rastreamento do ponto de máxima potência (MPPT), impõe o conjugado ótimo ao gerador apenas por meio do controle do conversor estático. Duas topologias são abordadas: conversor boost, amplamente utilizado em WECS, em que o método de MPPT é implementado por meio do controle da corrente do indutor boost, e um conversor boost trifásico CA, com controle escalar direto de torque. Buscando reduzir os sensores mecânicos do sistema, estimadores para obtenção da velocidade e da posição rotórica são propostos. Primeiramente um observador no domínio de tempo contínuo em coordenadas αβ é desenvolvido, contendo dois observadores: um de corrente por modos deslizantes, cuja função é determinar a força eletromotriz (EMF) e um observador de EMF, baseado no método direto de Lyapunov, com objetivo de determinar a velocidade rotórica. Posteriormente são descritos observadores por modos deslizantes no domínio de tempo discreto de velocidade e posição rotórica. Resultados de simulação e experimentais são apresentados para validar a análise teórica e demonstrar o desempenho das técnicas de controle e estimação propostas.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-06-30Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:28:17Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 diz_mar_me_rcla.pdf: 260196 bytes, checksum: 25afce4afc679e6814f683ef7d1aaffa (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Durante o período de escolarização, algumas crianças podem apresentar dificuldades na coordenação motora, principalmente em habilidades manuais, e podem ser identificadas como tendo Transtorno do Desenvolvimento da Coordenação (TDC). Existem evidências na literatura que déficits nos mecanismos de controle e precisão para produção de força/torque dos dedos estejam associados às dificuldades motoras nessas crianças. Assim, como a produção de força/torque é essencial para inúmeras atividades da vida diária, o presente estudo teve como objetivo principal investigar o efeito da prática no desempenho de crianças com TDC e com desenvolvimento típico (DT). Participaram do estudo, 24 crianças com idade entre 9 e 10 anos. A tarefa praticada foi a de preensão digital em torque com feedback visual. As crianças foram incentivadas a manter, durante 15 segundos, de forma contínua e constante, 25% do torque voluntário máximo. A prática foi feita durante cinco dias consecutivos, com realização de 15 tentativas por dia. Após a prática com feedback visual, as crianças foram incentivadas a realizar cinco tentativas na condição sem feedback visual. Nestas tentativas, o feedback visual era removido após 5 segundos do início da tentativa. Os resultados demonstraram que nos cinco dias de prática as crianças com DT foram consistentemente mais precisas em manter o controle de torque do que as crianças com TDC. As crianças de ambos os grupos melhoraram o desempenho no decorrer das sessões de prática evidenciado pela redução do coeficiente de variação e da dispersão média do erro... / During the first years in school, children can show motor coordination difficulties mainly in manual skills and they can be identified as shown Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD). There is evidence from the literature that deficits in the mechanisms of accuracy and control in the finger production of strength/torque are associated with the motor difficulties of these children. The production of strength/torque is essential for a large number of daily activities so that the effect of practice of grip torque among DCD children and those shown typical development (DT) was the main objective of the present study. Participants were 24 children aged between 9 and 10 years. Children were asked to keep control of torque in a continuous and constant way with visual feedback (25% of maximum voluntary torque) during a period of 15 seconds. Practice was given during five consecutive days with 15 trials per day. After the practice with visual feedback, children were asked to perform five trials without visual feedback. In these trials, feedback was removed five seconds after the start of the trial. The results showed during the five days of practice that children with DT were consistently more accurate in keeping torque control than those with DCD. Children from both groups improved the level of performance as practice took place shown reduction of the coefficient of variation and of error (RMS). In relation to the trials without visual feedback, DCD children were not able to perform at the same level as they did when visual feedback was available...(Complete abstract, click electronic access below)

Este trabalho apresenta uma comparação entre as estratégias de controle por torque calculado e controle repetitivo aplicadas a manipuladores robóticos. O objetivo no uso desses controladores é para que o manipulador siga referência de trajetória periódica no espaço das juntas. O desenvolvimento e implementação dos controladores são focados no manipulador WAM (Whole Arm Manipulator) da Barrett Technology®Inc. Neste trabalho, também são apresentadas uma formulação do modelo não linear do manipulador e as sínteses dos controladores por torque calculado e repetitivo aplicados ao modelo do manipulador linearizado por realimentação. O controlador por torque calculado é apresentado e sintetizado na sua forma clássica. Para o controlador repetitivo, a síntese parte do princípio do modelo interno com a adição de uma estrutura repetitiva e uma realimentação proporcional e derivativa do erro de seguimento de referência O projeto dos ganhos do controlador repetitivo é feito através de um problema de otimização convexa com restrições na forma de inequações matriciais lineares (ou no inglês: Linear Matrix Inequalities - LMI). A formulação do problema de otimização parte da teoria de estabilidade segundo Lyapunov com um funcional Lyapunov-Krasoviskii, adição de um custo quadrático, para ajuste de desempenho, e de um critério de desempenho transitório dado pela taxa de decaimento exponencial da norma dos estados. É apresentada a comparação entre as estratégias de controle e a validação do controlador repetitivo proposto aplicado ao caso com linearização perfeita e ao caso com o modelo não linear do manipulador. No primeiro caso, é feita a simulação do modelo linear do manipulador com adição de um torque de atrito na junta. No segundo caso, é utilizado o sistema ROS (Robot Operating System) com o programa Gazebo simulando o manipulador WAM considerando erros de linearização, isto é, incertezas paramétricas. / This work presents a comparison between the strategies of computed-torque control and repetitive control applied to robotic manipulators. The main objective in use these controllers with the manipulator is to tracking periodic trajectory in joint space. The development and implementation of controllers are focused on the Whole Arm Manipulator (WAM) of the Barrett Technology®Inc. Also featured are a non-linear model formulation of the manipulator and the synthesis of controllers for computed-torque control and repetitive control applied to the manipulator model linearized by state feedback. The computed-torque controller is presented in its classic form. For the repetitive controller, the synthesis is based on the internal model principle with the addition of a repetitive structure and a proportional-derivative reference tracking error feedback. The design of the repetitive controller gains is done through a convex optimization problem with linear matrix inequalities (LMI) constraints. The formulation of the optimization problem is based on the Lyapunov stability theory using a Lyapunov-Krasoviskii functional, addition of a quadratic cost for performance adjustment and a transient performance criteria given by the exponential decay rate of the states norm. A comparison between the control strategies and the validation of the repetitive controller applied to the case with perfect linearization and the case with the non-linear model of the manipulator are presented. In the first case, is made simulations of the linear model of the manipulator in MATLAB program, with the addition of a disturbance modeling the friction torque at the joint. In the second case, is used the Robot Operating System (ROS) with Gazebo program simulating the WAM nonlinear model. In this case, a possible mismatch between the model used for the feedback linearization and the real system is taken into account.

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Luis Alberto Martinez Riascos / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Mecânica, 2017.

Orientador: Prof°. Dr Alfeu Joãozinho Sguarezi Filho / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Elétrica, 2017. / Esta dissertação apresenta o controle preditivo aplicado ao gerador de indução conectado à rede elétrica com emprego de conversor back to back. Nesse caso, o conversor conectado ao gerador é acionado pela técnica de controle preditivo direto de torque. Por sua vez, o conversor da rede é acionado pelo controle preditivo direto de potência. Os controladores são projetados com base em modelo matemático dinâmico discretizado do gerador e da rede. Para validação do sistema proposto, foram implementadas no Sim- PowerSystems do Matlab/Simulink R os modelos matemáticos e os algoritmos de predição. Por m, foram também realizado teste experimentais no laboratório da universidade. Os resultados obtidos serão apresentados a m de demonstrar a melhora na resposta dinâmica do gerador. Para os resultados de simulação foi possível validar a melhora na corrente injetada na rede em comparação às técnicas tradicionais. / This dissertation presents the predictive control applied to the induction generator connected to the electric grid with the back-to-back converter. In this case, the converter connected to the generator is driven by the predictive direct torque control technique and the grid converter is driven by predictive direct power control. The controllers are designed from discrete dynamic generator and grid mathematical model. For the validation of the proposed system, mathematical models and prediction algorithms were implemented in SimPowerSystems of Matlab / Simulink R. Finally, experimental tests were also carried out in the university laboratory. The results obtained will be presented to present the improvement in the dynamic response of the generator, and for the simulation results, it was possible to validate the improvement in the current injected into the grid in relation to the traditional techniques.

Orientador: Edson Bim / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Eletrica e de Computação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T08:39:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SguareziFilho_AlfeuJoaozinho_M.pdf: 4747025 bytes, checksum: 077f211f88c422646414f234628ad798 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este trabalho visa o estudo de métodos de projeto de controladores mediante o emprego da função de transferência complexa; o controle em baixas velocidades de um motor de indução trifásico orientado no fluxo do rotor, bem como no do estator, é o objetivo a ser alcançado. A formulação do modelo vetorial do motor de indução com emprego da função de transferência complexa e do controle vetorial são apresentados. Para validar a proposta, um controlador de ganho proporcional complexo é realizado. Resultados de simulação e de experimentos são obtidos / Abstract: This work aims the study of tunning methods for controllers on vector control using the complex transfer function; low speed control by using the rotor or stator flux orientation on the induction motor is the objetctive. The complex transfer function formulation, its aplication on induction machine model and vector control are presented. To validate the proposal, a proportional complex gains is proposed. Simulation and experimentally results are presented. / Mestrado / Energia Eletrica / Mestre em Engenharia Elétrica