This thesis begins with providing a basic introduction of electricity requirements for small developing country communities serviced by small scale generating units (focussing mainly on small wind turbine, small Photo Voltaic system and Micro-Hydro Power Plants). Scenarios of these small scale units around the world are presented. Companies manufacturing different size wind turbines are surveyed in order to propose a design that suits the most abundantly available and affordable turbines. Different Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithms normally employed for these small scale generating units are listed along with their working principles. Most of these algorithms for MPPT do not require any mechanical sensors in order to sense the control parameters like wind speed and rotor speed (for small wind turbines), temperature and irradiation (for PV systems), and water flow and water head (for Micro-Hydro). Models for all three of these systems were developed in order to generate Maximum Power Point (MPP) curves. Similarly, a model for Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generators (PMSGs) has been developed in the d-q reference frame. A boost rectifier which enables active Power Factor Correction (PFC) and has a DC regulated output voltage is proposed before implementing a MPPT algorithm. The proposed boost rectifier works on the principle of Direct Power Control Space Vector Modulation (DPC-SVM) which is based on instantaneous active and reactive power control loops. In this technique, the switching states are determined according to the errors between commanded and estimated values of active and reactive powers. The PMSG and Wind Turbine behaviour are simulated at various wind speeds. Similarly, simulation of the proposed PFC boost rectifier is performed in matlab/simulink. The output of these models are observed for the variable wind speeds which identifies PFC and boosted constant DC output voltage is obtained. A buck converter that employs the MPPT algorithm is proposed and modeled. The model of a complete system that consists of a variable speed small wind turbine, PMSG, DPC-SVM boost rectifier, and buck converter implementing MPPT algorithm is developed. The proposed MPPT algorithm is based upon the principle of adjusting the duty ratio of the buck converter in order reach the MPP for different wind speeds (for small wind turbines) and different water flow rates (Micro-Hydro). Finally, a prototype DPC-SVM boost rectifier and buck converter was designed and built for a turbine with an output power ranging from 50 W-1 kW. Inductors for the boost rectifier and buck DC-DC converter were designed and built for these output power ranges. A microcontroller was programmed in order to generate three switching signals for the PFC boost rectifier and one switching signal for the MPPT buck converter. Three phase voltages and currents were sensed to determine active and reactive power. The voltage vectors were divided into 12 sectors and a switching algorithm based on the DPC-SVM boost rectifier model was implemented in order to minimize the errors between commanded and estimated values of active and reactive power. The system was designed for charging 48 V battery bank. The generator three phase voltage is boosted to a constant 80 V DC. Simulation results of the DPC-SVM based rectifier shows that the output power could be varied by varying the DC load maintaining UPF and constant boosted DC voltage. A buck DC-DC converter is proposed after the boost rectifier stage in order to charge the 48 V battery bank. Duty ratio of the buck converter is varied for varying the output power in order to reach the MPP. The controller prototype was designed and developed. A laboratory setup connecting 4 kW induction motor (behaving as a wind turbine) with 1kW PMSG was built. Speed-torque characteristic of the induction motor is initially determined. The torque out of the motor varies with the motor speed at various motor supply voltages. At a particular supply voltage, the motor torque reaches peak power at a certain turbine speed. Hence, the control algorithm is tested to reach this power point. Although the prototype of the entire system was built, complete results were not obtained due to various time constraints. Results from the boost rectifier showed that the appropriate switching were performed according to the digitized signals of the active and reactive power errors for different voltage sectors. Simulation results showed that for various wind speed, a constant DC voltage of 80 V DC is achieved along with UPF. MPPT control algorithm was tested for induction motor and PMSG combination. Results showed that the MPPT could be achieved by varying the buck converter duty ratio with UPF achieved at various wind speeds.

Orientador: Julio Carlos Teixeira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Energia, 2013

When using an intermittent source of energy such as wind power together with a synchronous machine a frequency converter system is needed to decouple the generator from the grid, due to the fluctuations in wind speed resulting in fluctuating electrical frequency. The aim of this master's thesis is to investigate how different types of rectification methods affect permanent magnet synchronous machines of different saliency ratios. A literature study was carried out to review the research within the area and to acquire the necessary knowledge to carry out the work. Two simulation models were created that include a permanent magnet synchronous generator driven by a wind turbine and connected to the grid via a frequency converter, where one model utilizes active rectification and one utilizes passive rectification. The simulation models were verified by carrying out an experiment on a similar setup, which showed that the simulation results coincide well with the results of the experiment. The results of the simulation study were then used to compare the rectification systems as well as investigate the affect that rotor saliency has on the system. It was shown that the active rectification provided a higher efficiency than the passive rectification system, however the saliency of the rotor had little effect on the system

Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-06-29T20:39:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ManassésMR_DISSERT.pdf: 1809872 bytes, checksum: 757d323e5e3db9973cf5d715d5004fd2 (MD5) / Rejected by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br), reason: Corrigir referência. on 2017-07-03T12:21:34Z (GMT) / Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-04T14:37:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ManassésMR_DISSERT.pdf: 1809872 bytes, checksum: 757d323e5e3db9973cf5d715d5004fd2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-04T16:48:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ManassésMR_DISSERT.pdf: 1809872 bytes, checksum: 757d323e5e3db9973cf5d715d5004fd2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-07-04T16:58:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ManassésMR_DISSERT.pdf: 1809872 bytes, checksum: 757d323e5e3db9973cf5d715d5004fd2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-04T17:03:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ManassésMR_DISSERT.pdf: 1809872 bytes, checksum: 757d323e5e3db9973cf5d715d5004fd2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-10 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Wind energy is a renewable source that has grown in application and technological development. Moreover, the generation of electricity from these systems does not compromise the environment as traditional systems such as the hydraulic and thermal generation of electricity. Responsible for capturing and converting wind energy into electricity, the wind turbine is the main component of wind power generation systems. Due to the nonlinear wind behavior, the development of a mathematical model that describes the behavior of such a system is a complex and sometimes impractical task. However, some applications involving modern controls systems can be used with the aim of optimizing the use of wind. One possibility is the use of a control system based on Fuzzy Logic, since this technique does not require the mathematical detailing of the system. Thus, this work aims to analyze the behavior of a Fuzzy Controller applied to a variable-speed wind turbine with permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG) connected to the grid. The main focus was the use of the system to simulate a real load composed by the network to flow the generated energy. The performance of the Fuzzy Controller was verified when compared to that of a Classical Proportional Controller. The results show that the Fuzzy Control presents a higher efficiency and increases the capacity of power generation with reduction in the time of accommodation and less error in permanent regime / A energia eólica é uma fonte renovável que tem crescido em aplicação e desenvolvimento tecnológico. Além do mais, a geração de eletricidade a partir desses sistemas não compromete o meio ambiente como os sistemas tradicionais como, por exemplo, as gerações hidráulica e térmica de energia elétrica. Responsável por captar e converter as energias dos ventos em energia elétrica, a turbina eólica é o principal componente dos sistemas eólicos de geração de eletricidade. Devido ao comportamento não linear do vento, o desenvolvimento de um modelo matemático que descreva o comportamento de tal sistema é uma tarefa complexa e, algumas vezes, impraticável. Contudo, algumas aplicações envolvendo sistemas de controle moderno podem ser utilizados com o objetivo de otimizar o aproveitamento do vento. Uma possibilidade é a utilização de um sistema de controle baseado em Lógica Fuzzy, uma vez que essa técnica não requer o detalhamento matemático do sistema. Desse modo, este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o comportamento de um Controlador Fuzzy aplicado a um sistema eólico de velocidade variável com gerador síncrono de irmãs permanentes (do inglês Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator - PMSG) conectado à rede. O foco principal, foi a utilização do sistema para simular uma carga real composta pela rede para escoamento da energia gerada. Verificou-se o desempenho do Controlador Fuzzy quando comparado ao de um Controlador Proporcional Clássico. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o Controle Fuzzy apresenta uma maior eficiência e aumenta a capacidade de geração de potência com redução no tempo de acomodação e menor erro em regime permanente / 2017-06-29

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This master thesis proposes a control method of scalar direct torque control and a technique of current control to maximize the aerodynamic efficiency of wind energy conversion systems (WECS) using permanent magnets synchronous generators (PMSG) with non-salient poles. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is possible to apply optimum torque to the generator by just controlling the static converter. Two topologies are addressed: The first one is a boost converter, widely used in WECS, where the MPPT method is implemented by the controlling the boost inductor current; and the second is a three phase AC boost converter where the scalar direct torque control is proposed. Aims to reduce the mechanic speed sensor a work with sensorless algorithms, is proposed. First an observer in the continuous time domain in coordinates αβ is developed containing two observers: a current sliding mode whose function is to determine the electromotive force (EMF) and EMF observer which aims to determine the rotor speed based on the direct method of Lyapunov. After, in the discrete time domain, sliding mode observers of speed and rotor position are described. Simulation and experimental results are presented to validate the theoretical analysis and demonstrate the good performance of the techniques to drive PMSG. / Esta dissertação propõe um método de controle escalar direto de conjugado e uma técnica de controle de corrente para maximização da eficiência aerodinâmica de sistemas de conversão de energia eólica (WECS) que utilizam geradores síncronos de ímãs permanente (PMSG) com polos não salientes. O rastreamento do ponto de máxima potência (MPPT), impõe o conjugado ótimo ao gerador apenas por meio do controle do conversor estático. Duas topologias são abordadas: conversor boost, amplamente utilizado em WECS, em que o método de MPPT é implementado por meio do controle da corrente do indutor boost, e um conversor boost trifásico CA, com controle escalar direto de torque. Buscando reduzir os sensores mecânicos do sistema, estimadores para obtenção da velocidade e da posição rotórica são propostos. Primeiramente um observador no domínio de tempo contínuo em coordenadas αβ é desenvolvido, contendo dois observadores: um de corrente por modos deslizantes, cuja função é determinar a força eletromotriz (EMF) e um observador de EMF, baseado no método direto de Lyapunov, com objetivo de determinar a velocidade rotórica. Posteriormente são descritos observadores por modos deslizantes no domínio de tempo discreto de velocidade e posição rotórica. Resultados de simulação e experimentais são apresentados para validar a análise teórica e demonstrar o desempenho das técnicas de controle e estimação propostas.

Ovarian steroid hormones are known to produce several different effects in the brain. In addition to their role in gonadotropin release, ovulation and sexual behaviour they also seem to affect mood and emotions, as shown in women with the premenstrual tension syndrome. Some steroids have the ability to affect brain excitability. Estradiol decreases the electroshock threshold while progesterone acts as an anti-convulsant and anaesthetic in both animals and humans. Several earlier studies have shown a specific uptake of several steroids in the animal brain but only a few recent studies have established the presence of steroids in the human brain. In the present studies, the dissections of rat and human brains were carried out macroscopically and areas that are considered to be related to steroid effects were chosen. Steroid concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay after extraction and separation with celite chromatography. The accuracy and specificity of these methods were estimated. In the animal studies, immature female rats were treated with Pregnant Mare's Serum Gonadotropin (PMSG) to induce simultaneous ovulations. Concentrations of estradiol and progesterone were measured in seven brain areas pre- and postovulatory. The highest concentration of estradiol, pre- and postovulatory, was found in the hypothalamus and differences between the two cycle phases were detected in most brain areas. The preovulatory concentrations of progesterone were low and the highest postovulatory concentration was found in the cerebral cortex. In one study, the rats were injected with pharmacological doses of progesterone to induce "anaesthesia". High uptake of progesterone was found and a regional variation in the formation of 5&lt;*-pregnane-3,20-dione in the brain with the highest ratio in the medulla oblongata. Concentrations of progesterone, 5a-pregnane-3*20-dione, estradiol and testosterone were determined in 17 brain areas of fertile compared to postmenopausal women. All steroids displayed regional differences in brain concentrations. Higher concentrations of estradiol and progesterone were found in the fertile compared to the postmenopausal women. In summary, these studies show that the concentrations of ovarian steroids in the brain are different at different endocrine states in both rats and humans and that there are regional differences in brain steroid distribution. / <p>Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Umeå universitet, 1987, härtill 5 uppsastser</p> / digitalisering@umu

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico / Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um sistema de conversÃo de energia eÃlica (WECS - Wind Energy Conversion System) com gerador sÃncrono de imà permanente (PMSG - Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator) operando com velocidade variÃvel. O circuito de processamento de energia à dividido em dois estÃgios. No estÃgio AC-DC, uma topologia boost bridgeless trifÃsica unidirecional absorve a energia fornecida pelo gerador e injeta no link DC. Neste conversor, a tÃcnica de autocontrole permite a extraÃÃo de corrente com baixa taxa de distorÃÃo harmÃnica (THD â Total Harmonic Distortion) e alto fator de potÃncia. AlÃm disso, um algoritmo de rastreamento do mÃximo ponto de potÃncia (MPPT - Maximum Power Point Tracking) determina a velocidade de rotaÃÃo do gerador que irà garantir o ponto adequado de operaÃÃo. Este modo de operaÃÃo à mantido enquanto a potÃncia disponÃvel for menor que a potÃncia nominal do conversor. Caso contrÃrio, o algoritmo de MPPT à desabilitado e uma malha de controle de potÃncia mecÃnica garante a condiÃÃo nominal de potÃncia. No estÃgio de conversÃo DC-AC, um inversor trifÃsico ponte completa, cujo controle à baseado na teoria das potÃncias instantÃneas, provà energia à rede elÃtrica cumprindo com as exigÃncias normativas. Uma anÃlise teÃrica completa à apresentada assim como os resultados de simulaÃÃo considerando o protÃtipo com a potÃncia nominal de 6 kW equivalente a turbina eÃlica utilizada. Resultados experimentais satisfatÃrios sÃo apresentados para uma potÃncia de 3 kW: o rendimento do sistema completo à superior a 90%; a corrente que circula no gerador apresenta THD de aproximadamente 2,6% e fator de potÃncia de 0,942; e a corrente injetada na rede elÃtrica possui THD de 1,639% e fator de potÃncia de 0,994. / This master thesis presents the development of a Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) with Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) operating at variable speed. The energy processing circuit is divided into two stages. In the AC-DC stage, an unidirectional three-phase bridgeless boost topology absorbs the energy supplied by the generator and injects it into the DC link. In this converter, the self-control technique allows the current extraction with low THD and high power factor. Furthermore, a - Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) determines the rotational speed of the generator that will ensure the proper operating point. This mode of operation is maintained while the available power remains lower than the converter rated power. Otherwise, the MPPT algorithm is disabled and a mechanical power control loop ensures the rated power condition. On the DC-AC conversion stage, a three-phase full-bridge inverter, whose control is based on the theory of instantaneous power, provides energy to the grid complying with regulatory requirements. A complete theoretical analysis is presented as well as the simulation results considering the prototype with a rated power of 6 kW equivalent of wind turbine used. Satisfactory experimental results are shown to an output of 3 kW: the efficiency of the total system is above 90%; the current through the generator has a THD of about 2.6% with a power factor of 0.942; moreover, the current injected into the grid has a THD of about 1.639% and a power factor of 0.994.

The future global energy transition favour renewables such as wind power, which is predicted to be one of the predominant sources harvesting abundant amounts of energy onwards. Consequently, causing several conventional synchronous generators to be decommissioned in a near future to achieve an overall reduction in greenhouse gases related to electricity generation. However, this evolution comes with new challenges regarding power system stability that could jeopardize the reliability of the grid as we today know it. Therefore, this thesis will examine how high penetrations of wind power are impacting each fundamental criterion regarding power system stability. For this purpose, are two different scenarios being carried out in Siemens PSS/E, representing a futuristic case as well as a present one. The simulation results themselves are being compared with analogies drawn from previous studies conducted within the field to determine if it can be improved.

The increasing global participation of wind power in the overall generation ca- pacity makes it one of the most promising renewable resources. Advances in power electronics have enabled this market growth and penetration. Through a literature review, this work explores the challenges and opportunities presented by offshore wind farms, as well as the different solutions proposed concerning power electron- ics converters, collection and transmission schemes, as well as control and protection techniques. A novel power converter solution for the parallel connection of high power offshore wind turbines, suitable for HVDC collection and transmission, is presented. For the parallel operation of energy sources in an HVDC grid, DC link voltage con- trol is required. The proposed system is based on a full-power rated uncontrolled diode bridge rectifier in series with a partially-rated fully-controlled thyristor bridge rectifier. The thyristor bridge acts as a voltage regulator to ensure the flow of the desired current through each branch, where a reactor is placed in series for filtering of the DC current. AC filters are installed on the machine side to mitigate harmonic content. The mathematical modeling of the system is derived and the control design procedure is discussed. Guidelines for equipment and device specifications are pre- sented. Different setups for an experimental framework are suggested and discussed, including a conceptual application for hardware-in-the-loop real-time simulation and testing.

H αυξανόμενη ανάγκη για στροφή της παραγωγής ηλεκτρικής ενέργειας σε βιώσιμες και ανανεώσιμες πηγές έχει οδηγήσει στη ραγδαία ανάπτυξη της αιολικής ενέργειας και στη διείσδυσή της στην αγορά ενέργειας. Η παρούσα εργασία πραγματεύεται ένα αιολικό σύστημα παραγωγής ενέργειας βασισμένο σε σύγχρονη γεννήτρια μόνιμου μαγνήτη. Η συγκεκριμένη μηχανή αποτελεί τη νέα τάση στην αγορά εξ’ αιτίας των σημαντικών πλεονεκτημάτων που προσφέρει, ιδίως αυτό της δυνατότητας για απουσία κιβωτίου ταχυτήτων που οδηγεί το σύστημα σε αυξημένη απόδοση. Στην εργασία αυτή, θα γίνει μια παρουσίαση των χαρακτηριστικών των σύγχρονων αιολικών συστημάτων, θα γίνει η μοντελοποίηση της σύγχρονης γεννήτριας μόνιμου μαγνήτη και θα αναλυθεί η λογική του ελέγχου που ακολουθείται και στηρίζεται στο διανυσματικό έλεγχο προσανατολισμού σε πεδίο. Τέλος, θα γίνει η παρουσίαση και ο σχολιασμός των αποτελεσμάτων του μοντέλου, που αναπτύχθηκε σε περιβάλλον Matlab/Simulink, με την παράλληλη εξαγωγή συμπερασμάτων για την απόκρισή του. / The ongoing increase in electric power demand and the need for sustainable and renewable energy has led wind energy into high rates of growth and penetration to the energy markets. This thesis deals with a permanent magnet synchronous generator based wind power system. This type of machine has become a trend for the markets, due to its specific benefits and, especially, for the absence of gearbox that leads the whole system to higher efficiency. In this thesis, we will discuss the characteristics of a modern wind power system, then, the permanent magnet synchronous generator will be modelled, and the field oriented vector control strategy will be analyzed. Finally, we will present and discuss the outcome of the model that was built in the Matlab/Simulink programme, and we will come into certain conclusions about its response.