O licenciamento ambiental de linhas de transmissão no Estado de São Paulo é conduzido pela Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), com uso dos princípios da Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA). Na fase de planejamento dos projetos de Linhas de Transmissão (LTs), isto é, etapa de obtenção da Licença Ambiental Prévia, são estimados os impactos ambientais da implantação e operação do empreendimento, bem como as medidas mitigadoras ou minimizadoras destes impactos. Nas fases de instalação e operação de LTs ocorre a intervenção ambiental de fato. São implementadas e acompanhadas as medidas propostas pela AIA. O acompanhamento ambiental de empreendimentos licenciados com AIA é feito com base nas exigências expressas nas licenças emitidas e uso de vistorias técnicas. Dentre as exigências expressas nas licenças ambientais de LTs, destacam-se a elaboração de relatórios de acompanhamento das obras. Tais relatórios são elaborados pelo empreendedor responsável pela LT ou consultoria contratada pelo mesmo. Este projeto propõe um procedimento para acompanhamento ambiental de linhas de transmissão em licenciamento na CETESB, composto por Termo de Referência do Acompanhamento Ambiental das Obras de Linha de Transmissão e checklist para uso dos empreendedores e suas consultorias responsáveis pela elaboração dos relatórios de acompanhamento das obras e da operação e manutenção das linhas de transmissão. / Environmental permit for eletric transmission lines in the State of São Paulo is conducted by Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), using the principles of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). In the planning phase of the transmission lines projects, meaning, the phase of Preliminary Environmental Permit analisys, the environmental impacts of the implementation and operation of the aactivity are estimated, as well as mitigation our minimization measures. At the phases of installation and operation of transmission lines, occurs the environmental intervention itself. The minimization and mitigation measures estimated on the EIA are implemented and monitored. EIA follow up is based on the requirements expressed in the permits and technical inspections. Among the requirements set out in the environmental permits of transmission lines, highlight the construction environmental follow up reports. These reports are managed by the company responsible for the transmission line or consultant hired by it. This project proposes a procedure for environmental follow up of transmission lines in CETESBs permit process, composed by a Guideline for Transmission Line Construction Environmental Follow Up and a checklist meant to be applied by the company and their consultants responsible for that activity. The outcome expected are monitoring reports with standardized format and efficient information for the analysis of the technical team responsible for the CETESB permiting process. The construction of the proposed products was based on the literature review, documentary review and field observation and in a second stage, the development of pilot products, tests, interviews and construction of the final version.

Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta um estudo da aplicação de estruturas Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) em circuitos planares de micro-ondas, com a proposição de topologias originais de filtros rejeita-faixa de banda ultra-larga e dupla-banda e de uma metodologia de síntese desses filtros. Foi proposta uma metodologia de projeto de filtros EBG, que foi aplicada a um filtro em microlinha de transmissão utilizando duas estruturas EBG simultâneas, com a finalidade de se obter um filtro com banda de rejeição ultra-larga. Esse filtro foi construído em tecnologia planar, tendo demonstrado uma banda de rejeição ultra-larga de 11 GHz centrada em 11,5 GHz, com nível de rejeição superior a 34 dB, apresentando excelente concordância com os resultados de simulação computacional. Paralelamente, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de síntese que permite a geração automática de novas topologias de filtros rejeita-faixa empregando estruturas EBG que resultem em uma banda larga de rejeição ou com duplas bandas de rejeição. A metodologia de síntese proposta envolve procedimentos computacionais de otimização da geometria das estruturas EBG aplicadas em microlinha de transmissão, visando a obtenção da resposta em frequência de um filtro definida por meio de uma Função Objetivo. Para esse fim empregou-se a ferramenta computacional MATLAB com o toolbox de algoritmos genéticos para desenvolver um programa de otimização, que interage com o simulador eletromagnético tridimensional EM-3D Microwave Suite da CST. O procedimento de síntese desenvolvido foi aplicado ao projeto de um filtro com dupla-banda de rejeição centradas em 3,3 GHz e 7,8 GHz e de três filtros com característica de rejeição em banda ultra-larga, capazes de rejeitar até uma banda de 9 GHz a 20 GHz com rejeição maior que 10 dB. Os filtros projetados foram construídos em tecnologia planar e caracterizados em frequências de micro-ondas. Os resultados experimentais comprovaram a eficácia e flexibilidade da metodologia de síntese proposta, que possibilitou contribuições originais na área de filtros rejeita-faixa usando estruturas EBG, com topologias inéditas. / This dissertation for a Master degree in Engineering, presents a survey of the application of Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) structures on microwave planar circuits, with the conception of original topologies for wide stopband and dual stopband filters, and the proposition of a synthesis methodology for these filters. A filter design methodology was proposed and applied to the design of a transmission line filter using two simultaneous EBG structures, aiming at the achievement of a filter with a wide stop-band. This filter was built in planar circuit technology, with the demonstration of an 11 GHz ultra-wide stopband centered in 11.5 GHz, with high degree of rejection superior than 34 dB, presenting excellent agreement with the computational simulation. In parallel, a synthesis methodology was developed to automatically generate new topologies of stopband filters using EBG structures, that results in filters with wide stopband or dual stop-bands. The proposed synthesis methodology involves computational processes for the optimization of the EBG structure geometry applied to microwave transmission line, aiming at achieving the filter response defined by an objective function. For that, the software MATLAB with the genetic algorithm toolbox was used to develop an optimization program, which interacts with the tridimensional electromagnetic simulator EM-3D Microwave Suite from CST. The synthesis procedure was applied to the project of one filter with dual stopband centered in 3.3 GHz and 7.8 GHz and to the project of three filters with an wide stopband feature capable of rejecting a frequency band from 9 GHz to 20 GHz with magnitude of rejection greater than 10 dB. The designed filters were built in planar technology and measured at microwave frequencies. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness and the flexibility of the proposed synthesis methodology, which allowed original contributions in the field of stopband filters using EBG structures, with novel topologies.

Esta dissertação de mestrado apresenta um estudo da aplicação de estruturas Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) em circuitos planares de micro-ondas, com a proposição de topologias originais de filtros rejeita-faixa de banda ultra-larga e dupla-banda e de uma metodologia de síntese desses filtros. Foi proposta uma metodologia de projeto de filtros EBG, que foi aplicada a um filtro em microlinha de transmissão utilizando duas estruturas EBG simultâneas, com a finalidade de se obter um filtro com banda de rejeição ultra-larga. Esse filtro foi construído em tecnologia planar, tendo demonstrado uma banda de rejeição ultra-larga de 11 GHz centrada em 11,5 GHz, com nível de rejeição superior a 34 dB, apresentando excelente concordância com os resultados de simulação computacional. Paralelamente, foi desenvolvida uma metodologia de síntese que permite a geração automática de novas topologias de filtros rejeita-faixa empregando estruturas EBG que resultem em uma banda larga de rejeição ou com duplas bandas de rejeição. A metodologia de síntese proposta envolve procedimentos computacionais de otimização da geometria das estruturas EBG aplicadas em microlinha de transmissão, visando a obtenção da resposta em frequência de um filtro definida por meio de uma Função Objetivo. Para esse fim empregou-se a ferramenta computacional MATLAB com o toolbox de algoritmos genéticos para desenvolver um programa de otimização, que interage com o simulador eletromagnético tridimensional EM-3D Microwave Suite da CST. O procedimento de síntese desenvolvido foi aplicado ao projeto de um filtro com dupla-banda de rejeição centradas em 3,3 GHz e 7,8 GHz e de três filtros com característica de rejeição em banda ultra-larga, capazes de rejeitar até uma banda de 9 GHz a 20 GHz com rejeição maior que 10 dB. Os filtros projetados foram construídos em tecnologia planar e caracterizados em frequências de micro-ondas. Os resultados experimentais comprovaram a eficácia e flexibilidade da metodologia de síntese proposta, que possibilitou contribuições originais na área de filtros rejeita-faixa usando estruturas EBG, com topologias inéditas. / This dissertation for a Master degree in Engineering, presents a survey of the application of Electromagnetic Bandgap (EBG) structures on microwave planar circuits, with the conception of original topologies for wide stopband and dual stopband filters, and the proposition of a synthesis methodology for these filters. A filter design methodology was proposed and applied to the design of a transmission line filter using two simultaneous EBG structures, aiming at the achievement of a filter with a wide stop-band. This filter was built in planar circuit technology, with the demonstration of an 11 GHz ultra-wide stopband centered in 11.5 GHz, with high degree of rejection superior than 34 dB, presenting excellent agreement with the computational simulation. In parallel, a synthesis methodology was developed to automatically generate new topologies of stopband filters using EBG structures, that results in filters with wide stopband or dual stop-bands. The proposed synthesis methodology involves computational processes for the optimization of the EBG structure geometry applied to microwave transmission line, aiming at achieving the filter response defined by an objective function. For that, the software MATLAB with the genetic algorithm toolbox was used to develop an optimization program, which interacts with the tridimensional electromagnetic simulator EM-3D Microwave Suite from CST. The synthesis procedure was applied to the project of one filter with dual stopband centered in 3.3 GHz and 7.8 GHz and to the project of three filters with an wide stopband feature capable of rejecting a frequency band from 9 GHz to 20 GHz with magnitude of rejection greater than 10 dB. The designed filters were built in planar technology and measured at microwave frequencies. The experimental results demonstrated the effectiveness and the flexibility of the proposed synthesis methodology, which allowed original contributions in the field of stopband filters using EBG structures, with novel topologies.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o comportamento dos campos eletromagnéticos no interior de câmaras reverberantes de modos misturados através do método numérico TLM (Transmission Line Matrix). Inicialmente, apresenta-se uma descrição dos diversos tipos de câmaras aplicáveis na avaliação de desempenho de compatibilidade eletromagnética de equipamentos e sistemas elétricos, destacando-se suas principais características físicas e geométricas, com ênfase nas câmaras reverberantes. Os aspectos teóricos relacionados à descrição do método TLM são detalhados e sua aplicação na avaliação do ambiente eletromagnético das câmaras é então abordada. Diversos resultados são apresentados, considerando-se configurações pré-definidas de câmaras reverberantes, ressaltando-se a definição e cálculo de índices de mérito, bem como os principais aspectos relacionados à representação e definição de critérios adotados nas simulações destas. / The aim of this report is the evaluation of the behavior of electromagnetic fields inside reverberation chambers by means of Transmission Line Modeling (TLM). Initially, it is presented a description of several kinds of chambers applicable for electromagnetic compatibility tests followed by a more detailed description regarding reverberation chambers. Theoretical aspects of TLM method and its application for electromagnetic fields solution are covered. Some results are presented, considering pre-defined reverberation chambers configurations, highlighting some merit indicators and the main aspects adopted on its simulation.

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo avaliar o comportamento dos campos eletromagnéticos no interior de câmaras reverberantes de modos misturados através do método numérico TLM (Transmission Line Matrix). Inicialmente, apresenta-se uma descrição dos diversos tipos de câmaras aplicáveis na avaliação de desempenho de compatibilidade eletromagnética de equipamentos e sistemas elétricos, destacando-se suas principais características físicas e geométricas, com ênfase nas câmaras reverberantes. Os aspectos teóricos relacionados à descrição do método TLM são detalhados e sua aplicação na avaliação do ambiente eletromagnético das câmaras é então abordada. Diversos resultados são apresentados, considerando-se configurações pré-definidas de câmaras reverberantes, ressaltando-se a definição e cálculo de índices de mérito, bem como os principais aspectos relacionados à representação e definição de critérios adotados nas simulações destas. / The aim of this report is the evaluation of the behavior of electromagnetic fields inside reverberation chambers by means of Transmission Line Modeling (TLM). Initially, it is presented a description of several kinds of chambers applicable for electromagnetic compatibility tests followed by a more detailed description regarding reverberation chambers. Theoretical aspects of TLM method and its application for electromagnetic fields solution are covered. Some results are presented, considering pre-defined reverberation chambers configurations, highlighting some merit indicators and the main aspects adopted on its simulation.

Neste trabalho foi desenvolvido um método de localização de faltas em linhas de transmissão constituídas de circuito simples e continuamente transpostas com derivações. Este método utiliza fasores de tensão e corrente pré-falta e pós-falta medidos apenas nos terminais local e remoto, para determinar as informações da falta, as quais são: local, distância, resistência e tipo. O método de localização de faltas proposto neste trabalho é composto pelo processo de obtenção dos fasores, pelo algoritmo de determinação do tipo de falta, pelos algoritmos de estimativa de cargas e de localização de faltas, onde o algoritmo de localização de faltas foi proposto neste trabalho. A principal característica deste novo método é a de não haver necessidade de reduzir a linha para uma linha equivalente de dois terminais para aplicação do método de localização de faltas usando dados de um ou dois terminais para determinar o possível ou os possíveis locais de ocorrência da falta, uma vez que o algoritmo de localização de faltas proposto neste trabalho possui uma função objetivo que determina de forma direta o trecho de ocorrência da falta. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência do método de localização de faltas proposto, este foi submetido a simulações de variação de distância de falta, de resistência de falta, de tipo de falta e simulações de erros nos fasores e nos parâmetros da linha de transmissão. / In this work was developed a fault location method on single circuit continuously transposed transmission lines with derivations. This method uses pre-fault and post-fault voltage and current phasors, measured at local and remote terminals only, to determine the information about the fault, which are: location, distance, resistance and type. The fault location method proposed in this work is composed by the phasor obtaining process, the fault type determination algorithm, the load estimation algorithm and the fault location algorithm, where the fault location algorithm has been proposed in this work. The main characteristic of this new method is no need to reduce the line to two terminals equivalent line to application of the one or two terminal fault location method which determine the possible fault location occurrence, since the fault location algorithm proposed in this work has an objective function that determines by direct way the exact path of fault occurrence. In order to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed fault location method, it was subjected to fault distance, fault resistance and fault type variation simulations and phasors and transmission lines parameters errors simulations.

<p>In order to achieve better lightning protection and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements, the needs for a proper grounding system and the knowledge of its transient behaviour become crucial. </p><p>The present work is focused towards developing engineering models for transient analysis of grounding system with sufficient accuracy and simplicity for lightning studies. Firstly, the conventional uniform transmission line approach for a single grounding conductor is modified and extended to grounding grids. Secondly, in order to overcome the drawbacks of all the existing transmission line approaches, for the first time, a non-uniform transmission line approach is developed for modelling the transient behaviour of different types of grounding systems. The important feature of such an approach is in its capability to include the electromagnetic couplings between different parts of the grounding system using space and time dependent per-unit length parameters.</p><p>High voltages and currents induced in the grounding systems due to lightning always produce ionization in the soil. This phenomenon should be included during the transient analysis of grounding systems. In the present work, an improved soil ionization model including residual resistivity in ionization region is developed. The fact that there exists residual resistivity in ionization region (7 % of the original soil resistivity) can be proved by the experiments reported in the literature and the experiments carried out at the high voltage lab of Uppsala University. The advantage of including residual resistivity is that the beneficial influence of soil ionization in reducing the potential rise of grounding system will not be overestimated, especially in high resistivity soil.</p><p>Finally, the transmission line approaches are adopted for studying the response of grounding systems due to lightning for different applications. These are, influence of soil parameters on the transient behaviour of grounding systems, transient analysis of grounding structures in stratified soils, investigation of the validity of existing definitions for effective length/area of different grounding structures, current distribution in the shields of under ground cables associated with communication tower, and influence of insulator flashover and soil ionization around the pole footing on surge propagation in Swedish railway system.</p>

In this thesis, having in mind applications to the fault-detection/diagnosis of electrical networks, we consider some inverse scattering problems for the Zakharov-Shabat equations and time-independent Schrödinger operators over star-shaped graphs. The first chapter is devoted to describe reflectometry methods applied to electrical networks as an inverse scattering problems on the star-shaped network. Reflectometry methods are presented and modeled by the telegrapher's equations. Reflectometry experiments can be written as inverse scattering problems for Schrödinger operator in the lossless case and for Zakharov-Shabat system for the lossy transmission network. In chapter 2 we introduce some elements of the inverse scattering theory for 1 d Schrödinger equations and the Zakharov-Shabat system. We recall the basic results for these two systems and we present the state of art of scattering theory on network. The third chapter deals with some inverse scattering for the Schrödinger operators. We prove the identifiability of the geometry of the star-shaped graph: the number of the edges and their lengths. Next, we study the potential identification problem by inverse scattering. In the last chapter we focus on the inverse scattering problems for lossy transmission star-shaped network. We prove the identifiability of some geometric informations by inverse scattering and we present a result toward the identification of the heterogeneities, showing the identifiability of the loss line factor.

In order to achieve better lightning protection and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) requirements, the needs for a proper grounding system and the knowledge of its transient behaviour become crucial. The present work is focused towards developing engineering models for transient analysis of grounding system with sufficient accuracy and simplicity for lightning studies. Firstly, the conventional uniform transmission line approach for a single grounding conductor is modified and extended to grounding grids. Secondly, in order to overcome the drawbacks of all the existing transmission line approaches, for the first time, a non-uniform transmission line approach is developed for modelling the transient behaviour of different types of grounding systems. The important feature of such an approach is in its capability to include the electromagnetic couplings between different parts of the grounding system using space and time dependent per-unit length parameters. High voltages and currents induced in the grounding systems due to lightning always produce ionization in the soil. This phenomenon should be included during the transient analysis of grounding systems. In the present work, an improved soil ionization model including residual resistivity in ionization region is developed. The fact that there exists residual resistivity in ionization region (7 % of the original soil resistivity) can be proved by the experiments reported in the literature and the experiments carried out at the high voltage lab of Uppsala University. The advantage of including residual resistivity is that the beneficial influence of soil ionization in reducing the potential rise of grounding system will not be overestimated, especially in high resistivity soil. Finally, the transmission line approaches are adopted for studying the response of grounding systems due to lightning for different applications. These are, influence of soil parameters on the transient behaviour of grounding systems, transient analysis of grounding structures in stratified soils, investigation of the validity of existing definitions for effective length/area of different grounding structures, current distribution in the shields of under ground cables associated with communication tower, and influence of insulator flashover and soil ionization around the pole footing on surge propagation in Swedish railway system.

The research presented in this doctoral dissertation introduces a developmental path to realize micro coaxial transmission lines for wafer-level microwave and millimeter wave circuits. The micro coax lines conceptualized in this research are three-dimensional, with a uniquely low vertical profile of 20 mu m. They are distinguishable from other transmission line topologies due to frequency limitless, cross-talk free performance in high density circuits resulting from the totally shielded construction. Design and optimization was done using equations and electromagnetic simulations. Extensive process development has been carried out to fabricate these devices on CMOS grade silicon wafers using processes amenable to the IC manufacturing industry. Micro coax lines of three different core types including air, semi-dielectric and all-dielectric cores were designed, fabricated and analyzed from 1 - 40 GHz with respect to line impedance and the volume of polyimide (dielectric) in the micro coax cavity. The insertion loss of the lines was found to vary from 2 to 9 dB/cm depending on the width the center conductor, total cross-sectional area and core type. The versatility of the micro coax technology developed in the earlier part of this research has been successfully integrated with RF MEMS to embed a MEM varactor inside the micro coax cavity capable of achieving a capacitance ratio around 7 with an actuation voltage of 40 - 60V. The vertical integration capability of the micro coax was demonstrated by locating a millimeter wave slot antenna on the top side shield of a rectangular micro coax line, also acting as the electromagnetically coupled feed for the antenna. The antenna was designed to operate in the full range of the unlicensed 57 - 64 GHz spectrum capable of Gbps data rates. A 15 dB bandwidth of 17% and a hemispherical radiation pattern was achieved. Lastly, a diversified application involving the application of an integrated micro coax probe-microfluidic chamber approach to detect bacteria through impedance measurements has been introduced. In summary, the development and implementation of micro coax technology on a large scale is bound to create a paradigm shift in the development of high density microwave and millimeter wave circuits for RF MEMS and integrated antennas.