abstract: In the United States, especially in metropolitan areas, transmission infra-structure is congested due to a combination of increasing load demands, declining investment, and aging facilities. It is anticipated that significant investments will be required for new construction and upgrades in order to serve load demands. This thesis explores higher phase order systems, specifically, six-phase, as a means of increasing power transfer capability, and provides a comparison with conventional three-phase double circuit transmission lines. In this thesis, the line parameters, electric and magnetic fields, and right of way are the criteria for comparing six-phase and three-phase double circuit lines. The calculations of the criteria were achieved by a program developed using MATLAB. This thesis also presents fault analysis and recommends suitable pro-tection for six-phase transmission lines. This calculation was performed on 4-bus, 9-bus, and 118-bus systems from Powerworld® sample cases. The simulations were performed using Powerworld® and PSCAD®. Line parameters calculations performed in this thesis show that line imped-ances in six-phase lines have a slight difference, compared to three-phase double circuit line. The shunt capacitance of compacted six phase line is twice of the value in the three-phase double circuit line. As a consequence, the compacted six-phase line provides higher surge impedance loadings. The electric and magnetic fields calculations show that, ground level electric fields of the six-phase lines decline more rapidly as the distance from center of the lines increase. The six-phase lines have a better performance on ground level magnetic field. Based on the electric and magnetic field results, right of way re-quirements for the six-phase lines and three-phase double circuit line were calcu-lated. The calculation results of right of way show that six-phase lines provide higher power transfer capability with a given right of way. Results from transmission line fault analysis, and protection study show that, fault types and protection system in six-phase lines are more complicated, com-pared to three-phase double circuit line. To clarify the concern about six-phase line protection, a six-phase line protection system was designed. Appropriate pro-tection settings were determined for a six-phase line in the 4-bus system. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2012

O licenciamento ambiental de linhas de transmissão no Estado de São Paulo é conduzido pela Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), com uso dos princípios da Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental (AIA). Na fase de planejamento dos projetos de Linhas de Transmissão (LTs), isto é, etapa de obtenção da Licença Ambiental Prévia, são estimados os impactos ambientais da implantação e operação do empreendimento, bem como as medidas mitigadoras ou minimizadoras destes impactos. Nas fases de instalação e operação de LTs ocorre a intervenção ambiental de fato. São implementadas e acompanhadas as medidas propostas pela AIA. O acompanhamento ambiental de empreendimentos licenciados com AIA é feito com base nas exigências expressas nas licenças emitidas e uso de vistorias técnicas. Dentre as exigências expressas nas licenças ambientais de LTs, destacam-se a elaboração de relatórios de acompanhamento das obras. Tais relatórios são elaborados pelo empreendedor responsável pela LT ou consultoria contratada pelo mesmo. Este projeto propõe um procedimento para acompanhamento ambiental de linhas de transmissão em licenciamento na CETESB, composto por Termo de Referência do Acompanhamento Ambiental das Obras de Linha de Transmissão e checklist para uso dos empreendedores e suas consultorias responsáveis pela elaboração dos relatórios de acompanhamento das obras e da operação e manutenção das linhas de transmissão. / Environmental permit for eletric transmission lines in the State of São Paulo is conducted by Companhia Ambiental do Estado de São Paulo (CETESB), using the principles of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA). In the planning phase of the transmission lines projects, meaning, the phase of Preliminary Environmental Permit analisys, the environmental impacts of the implementation and operation of the aactivity are estimated, as well as mitigation our minimization measures. At the phases of installation and operation of transmission lines, occurs the environmental intervention itself. The minimization and mitigation measures estimated on the EIA are implemented and monitored. EIA follow up is based on the requirements expressed in the permits and technical inspections. Among the requirements set out in the environmental permits of transmission lines, highlight the construction environmental follow up reports. These reports are managed by the company responsible for the transmission line or consultant hired by it. This project proposes a procedure for environmental follow up of transmission lines in CETESBs permit process, composed by a Guideline for Transmission Line Construction Environmental Follow Up and a checklist meant to be applied by the company and their consultants responsible for that activity. The outcome expected are monitoring reports with standardized format and efficient information for the analysis of the technical team responsible for the CETESB permiting process. The construction of the proposed products was based on the literature review, documentary review and field observation and in a second stage, the development of pilot products, tests, interviews and construction of the final version.

Les travaux effectués pendant la thèse ont principalement porté sur la modélisation et le calcul du comportement haute-fréquence (HF) des câbles électriques. Ces phénomènes physiques mis en jeu combinent les effets capacitifs et inductifs ainsi que les effets de peau et de proximité. Pour prendre en compte de ces comportements, nous utilisons une approche basée sur des circuits équivalents à base aux paramètres linéiques qui varient en fonction de la fréquence. La détermination des éléments du schéma équivalent a été effectuée en résolvant des problèmes d'électrostatique et de magnétoharmonique en utilisant la méthode des éléments finis. Ensuite, nous avons travaillé sur la méthode des lignes de transport (TLM) associée à une approche modale pour déterminer les fréquences de résonance du système en prenant en compte les interconnexions aux extrémités du câble. Nous avons mis en œuvre la méthode ci-dessus pour plusieurs types de câble électrique : bifilaire blindé, blindé de 4 conducteurs, AC triphasée et enfin HVDC. Le comportement HF de ces câbles a été étudié en utilisant l'approche développé. / The work during the thesis focused on the modeling and calculation of high frequency (HF) behavior in the power cables. These physical phenomena involved combining capacitive and inductive as well as the effects of skin and proximity effects. To account for this behavior, we use an approach based on equivalent circuits based on linear parameters that vary depending on the frequency approach. The determination of the equivalent circuit elements was performed by solving electrostatic problems and magnetoharmonic using the finite element method. Then we worked on the Transmission Lines Method (TLM) associated with a modal approach to determine the resonance frequencies of the system taking into account the interconnections to the ends of cable. We have implemented the above method for several types of electric cable: shielded wire, shielded 4 wires, three phases AC and finally the HVDC cable. The HF behavior of these cables has been studied using the developed approach.

La prédiction du couplage d’interférences électromagnétiques avec les systèmes électroniques sensibles situés dans des enceintes blindées est devenue une nécessité dans le domaine de la compatibilité électromagnétique (CEM) des systèmes complexes. L’étude du couplage d’un champ ÉM avec et à l’intérieur de l’enceinte d’un équipement électronique a été réalisée antérieurement en utilisant des méthodes numériques et analytiques. Le travail de recherche présenté tout au long de ce document de thèse à pour but d’apporter une contribution à une meilleure compréhension des modèles analytiques permettant d’évaluer rapidement les niveaux de couplages induits sur un équipement électronique, en représentant celui-ci sous forme d’une enceinte métallique qui contient des monopôles, des dipôles, des plans de masse représentatifs de cartes et des lignes de transmissions. Après avoir établi le modèle physique de la fonction de Green (FG) relative à une cavité rectangulaire, la première partie à été consacrée à l’étude du couplage ÉM à l’intérieur d’une enceinte métallique rectangulaire en employant les modèles ILCM (Intermediat Level Circuit Model). Dans la deuxième partie de ce document, nous avons exploité le modèle ILCM pour l’étude du couplage ÉM avec des structures filaires de petite dimension. Afin d’étudier le couplage ÉM avec une ligne de transmission (LT) située à l’intérieur de l’enceinte d’un équipement électronique, nous avons développé au cours de la dernière partie de ce manuscrit un nouveau modèle du couplage. Différentes configurations ont été analysées, les résultats obtenus par ces analyses ont été comparés et validés avec Temsi-FD et avec les mesures expérimentales. / He electromagnetic interferences (EMI) coupling inside metallic cavities that constitutes the shielding of electronic cards is an important problem in the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) domain. The electromagnetic (EM) coupling with transmission lines (TL) or other objects located inside an enclosure has been investigated by different authors. Previous analyses have been made using numerical and analytical methods. The goal of the research work presented in this manuscript is to make a contribution to a better understanding of the analytical models allowing to predict the EM coupling level induced on an electronic device. After the establishment the physical model for the modal representation of the Green function (GF), the first part is devoted to analyse the EM coupling within enclosure by using the ILCM (Intermediat Level Circuit Model) technique. In the second part of this manuscript, we have exploited the ILCM model for predicting the EM coupling with elementary antennas fixed within enclosure. Finally, in the last part, a simple and efficient analytical model has been developed for the prediction of the electromagnetic (EM) field coupling with a lossless transmission line (TL) located in a rectangular enclosure. The analytical results have been successfully compared over a wide frequency band with Temsi-FD and experimental results.

The main aim of this project was to find a practical and accurate method to determine the parameters of a transmission line by using current and voltage measurements. The term line parameters refer to the inherent series resistance and inductance that is found on transmission lines. The line parameters were determined by using the voltage and current measurements from either side of the transmission line. An accurate reference signal is needed to precisely compare the measured signals. The timing signals from GPS units were used to reference the measurements. In a field implementation data transfer of the measured signals would be a necessity which can be accomplished by GPRS modems. Three methods are proposed for determining line parameters. These methods were thoroughly tested in the following ways: 1. A model was built in SIMULINK with known elements and values. The three methods were then applied to the model and simulations were run. The results from the simulations are compared to the known values. 2. A system was built in the laboratory with known parameters. The results gathered from testing the system on all three methods are compared to known values. 3. Finally, the methods were applied to field data from recorders of a utility. This was done to see how well the methods would perform on a real system. Accuracy was determined from what the utility accepts as the correct values. Another focus of the project was to determine the surge impedance loading (SIL) curve from measured data. This curve can be used to determine the loadability limit of the transmission line as well as to visually show at what point the line is operating at any given time. The curve is also useful as it provides insight into the additional reactive power needed for a certain active power transfer. The concept of drawing a SIL curve from actual measurements was first tested by means of simulation. The drawing of the proposed curve is also tested on actual measurements from a transmission line. This investigation posed many challenges. These challenges are discussed in detail in the dissertation. Some of these challenges have easily implementable solutions while others still leave room for further research. The results and findings are published in this document. / Dissertation (MEng (Electrical))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / MEng / unrestricted

La détection des défauts non francs est un passage obligé dans la gestion de la maintenance des câbles (Wire Health Monitoring) et permet d’anticiper l’apparition de défauts francs engendrés par l'aggravation de défauts non francs. Ces travaux de thèse visent à étudier la problématique de défauts non francs dans les câbles électriques. L'étude proposée consiste à étudier le problème direct : modélisation électromagnétique et compréhension des phénomènes physiques liés à la présence des défauts non francs, et impact des défauts sur leurs signatures obtenues par réflectométrie. Il est proposé dans ce travail de caractériser des défauts non francs représentatifs de situations réelles, ce qui peut servir ultérieurement dans la résolution du problème inverse : déterminer la localisation et la sévérité des défauts à partir du réflectogramme en vue du diagnostic. L'approche proposée se fait en deux temps. Dans un premier temps, une caractérisation électromagnétique d’une zone localisée d’un câble présentant un défaut non franc est réalisée grâce à une modélisation électromagnétique prenant en compte la géométrie tridimensionnelle du défaut. Deux méthodes numériques ont été exploitées : une méthode de différences finies dans le domaine temporel (FDTD) et une méthode de Galerkin discontinu. Les résultats des simulations permettent d'exprimer les perturbations engendrées par le défaut et de déduire leur influence sur la propagation des signaux dans le câble. Des validations expérimentales menées dans le domaine temporel et le domaine fréquentiel permettent de confronter les mesures aux prédictions numériques. Dans un deuxième temps, des modèles électriques de défauts sont exprimés sous forme de paramètres localisés R, L, C, et G qui peuvent être utilisés dans un modèle de ligne de transmission. Une telle analyse des défauts non francs permet de relier une faible variation locale des caractéristiques physiques et électriques de la ligne à une variation des signaux de réflectométrie et des paramètres électriques de la ligne. L’approche permet de fournir des informations utiles pour caractériser des défauts et peut ainsi contribuer à améliorer les performances des systèmes de détection / The soft fault detection feature is certainly a very important aspect of wire health monitoring and an important process required in electrical wiring system operation. It has a great influence on the security and quality of supply. In transmission line networks, this feature is needed to provide a timely identification of the faulted line thus anticipating the appearance of severe faults that are initially caused by soft fault degradation. This work focuses on soft fault problems in electrical fault diagnosis and their weak impact on coaxial transmission lines. The objective of this work is to carry out a soft fault forward model: electromagnetic modeling and investigating the behavior of the line after soft damages and then to analyze its effects on their signatures obtained by reflectometry. It is proposed in this work to characterize the representative soft damages in real situations, which could be used later in solving the inverse problem: determining the position and severity of defects from the reflectometry response for the diagnosis. The proposed approach is based on the following steps: first, an electromagnetic characterization of a faulty region of a cable is carried out by electromagnetic modeling, by taking into account the three-dimensional geometry of defect. For this purpose, two numerical methods have been used: Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) and a Discontinuous Galerkin. The simulation results allow to study the disruption initiated by the fault and to infer their influence on the signal propagation along the cable. The experimental validation provided in frequency- and time-domain allows to confront experimental measurements with simulation predictions. In a second step, electrical fault models are expressed in terms of lumped parameters R, L, C, and G, which can be used in a transmission line model. Such analysis of soft faults allows to relate low local variation of the physical and electrical characteristics of the line to a reflectometry signals variation and electrical parameters changes. The approach can provide useful information to characterize defects and can thus contribute to improve the performance of detection systems

This thesis describes research on Efficient Discrete Modelling of Axisymmetric Radiating Structures . Investigating the possibilities of surmounting the inherent limitation in the Cartesian rectangular Transmission Line Modelling (TLM) method due to staircase approximation by efficiently implementing the 3D cylindrical TLM mesh led to the development of a numerical model for simulating axisymmetric radiating structures such as cylindrical and conical monopole antennas. Following a brief introduction to the TLM method, potential applications of the method are presented. Cubic and cylindrical TLM models have been implemented in MATLAB and the code has been validated against microwave cavity benchmark problems. The results are compared to analytical results and the results obtained from the use of commercial cubic model (CST) in order to highlight the benefit of using a cylindrical model over its cubic counterpart. A cylindrical TLM mesh has not previously been used in the modelling of axisymmetric 3D radiating structures. In this thesis, it has been applied to the modelling of both cylindrical monopole and the conical monopole. The technique can also be applied to any radiating structure with axisymmetric cylindrical shape. The application of the method also led to the development of a novel conical antenna with periodic slot loading. Prototype antennas have been fabricated and measured to validate the simulated results for the antennas.

[pt] A crescente demanda por dispositivos portáveis de tamanho e peso cada vez mais reduzidos vem estimulando a busca por materiais de alta constante dielétrica e baixas perdas na faixa de freqüência de microondas capazes de permitir a integração e miniaturização de circuitos. No presente trabalho foi realizado um estudo teórico e experimental sobre a utilização de filmes de alta constante dielétrica na fabricação de dispositivos passivos de microondas de tamanhos reduzidos. Foi feita uma análise no domínio da freqüência sobre a influência desses filmes nas características de diferentes configurações de linhas de transmissão planares com múltiplas camadas dielétricas. A partir dessa análise, foi escolhida a configuração, denominada aqui de QCPW (Quase-Coplanar Waveguide), que permite a realização prática de estruturas com diversos valores de impedância utilizando dimensões transversais confortáveis. Filmes espessos de compostos de titanato de cálcio e de titanato de magnésio depositados pelo método de screen-printing e filmes finos de titanato de estrôncio por RF Magnetron Sputtering foram fabricados e caracterizados. O método do ressoador linear CPW e da linha de transmissão CPW foram empregados para determinar o valor da constante dielétrica e da tangente de perdas desses filmes na faixa de freqüência de microondas e à temperatura ambiente. O método do ressoador linear CPW foi adaptado e aperfeiçoado para fornecer resultados satisfatórios para o caso dos filmes finos. Finalmente, foram projetados, analisados e fabricados, pela primeira vez, transformadores de impedância em linhas de transmissão (TLT) de tamanho reduzido e com resposta banda larga baseados na configuração QCPW utilizando filmes de alta constante dielétrica. / [en] The growing demand for portable devices with more reduced size and weight has stimulated the search for materials with high dielectric constant and low losses in the microwave frequency range allowing circuit integration and miniaturization. In this work, a theoretical and experimental study of the use of high dielectric constant films in the fabrication of microwave passive devices with reduced sizes has been made. A frequency domain analysis of the influence of these films on the characteristics of different configurations of multilayer transmission lines has been done. From this analysis, a configuration, called here as QCPW (Quasi-Coplanar Waveguide), that allows a practical implementation of structures with several values of impedance using comfortable transversal dimensions was chosen. Composite thick films of calcium titanate and magnesium titanate deposited by screen-printing and thin films of strontium titanate deposited by RF Magnetron Sputtering have been elaborated and characterized. CPW linear resonator method and CPW transmission line have been used to determinate the value of the dielectric constant and loss tangent of these films in the microwave frequency range at room temperature. The CPW linear resonator method was adapted and improved in order to provide satisfactory results for the case of thin films. Finally, for the first time, impedance transmission line transformers (TLT) with reduced size and wide-band response, based on the QCPW configuration using high dielectric constant films have been designed, analyzed, and fabricated.

State-of-the-art Li-ion cathode materials are based on LiMO2 (M=Ni, Mn, Co) layered transition metal oxides (denoted NMC) with Ni-rich composition because of their high specific capacity. Yet, these materials suffer from poor capacity retention due to crack formation during de-/lithiation cycling. Particle cracking leads to exposure of new electrode surface which leads to Li-inventory loss, increased side reactions, and electric disconnection. Quantification of the extent of cracking is therefore desirable, especially during in situ whilst cycling of the Li-ion cell. Herein, we evaluate and improve an analytical methodology based on electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in order to estimate the changes in electrochemically active surface area of both poly- and single-crystalline Ni0.8Mn0.1Co0.1(NMC811) active materials. A transmission-line model (TLM) applied to both non-blocking and blocking electrode condition was utilized in order to deconvolute and interpret the acquired experimental data. Fits of the complex TLM equivalent-circuits to the impedance spectra was facilitated by developing a global stochastic iterative function based on local multivariate optimization. Impedance analysis during short- term cycling showed that the single-crystalline NMC811 suffered from less particle cracking and side reactions compared to polycrystalline NMC811, which was also confirmed from post-mortem gas adsorption analysis. A novel approach to estimate the extent of particle cracking in commercial Li-ion cells by utilizing an empirically strong positive correlation between the charge-transfer capacitance and resistance was proposed. The work presented herein demonstrates the unique prospects of the EIS methodology in the development and research of future rechargeable batteries

This paper presents the mathematical modeling and the design of an optimal pressure tracking controller for an often used setup in pneumatic applications. Two pneumatic chambers are connected with a pneumatic tube. The pressure in the second chamber is to be controlled using two switching valves connected to the first chamber and based on the pressure measurement in the first chamber. The optimal control problem is formulated and solved using the MPC framework. The designed controller shows good tracking quality, while fulfilling hard constraints, like maintaining the pressure below a given upper bound.