Dans le développement logiciel en industrie, les documents de spécification jouent un rôle important pour la communication entre les analystes et les développeurs. Cependant, avec le temps, les changements de personel et les échéances toujours plus courtes, ces documents sont souvent obsolètes ou incohérents avec l'état effectif du système, i.e., son code source. Pourtant, il est nécessaire que les composants du système logiciel soient conservés à jour et cohérents avec leurs documents de spécifications pour faciliter leur développement et maintenance et, ainsi, pour en réduire les coûts. Maintenir la cohérence entre spécification et code source nécessite de pouvoir représenter les changements sur les uns et les autres et de pouvoir appliquer ces changements de manière cohérente et automatique. Nous proposons une solution permettant de décrire une représentation d'un logiciel ainsi qu'un formalisme mathématique permettant de décrire et de manipuler l'évolution des composants de ces représentations. Le formalisme est basé sur les triplets de Hoare pour représenter les transformations et sur la théorie des groupes et des homomorphismes de groupes pour manipuler ces transformations et permettrent leur application sur les différentes représentations du système. Nous illustrons notre formalisme sur deux représentations d'un système logiciel : PADL, une représentation architecturale de haut niveau (semblable à UML), et JCT, un arbre de syntaxe abstrait basé sur Java. Nous définissons également des transformations représentant l'évolution de ces représentations et la transposition permettant de reporter les transformations d'une représentation sur l'autre. Enfin, nous avons développé et décrivons brièvement une implémentation de notre illustration, un plugiciel pour l'IDE Eclipse détectant les transformations effectuées sur le code par les développeurs et un générateur de code pour l'intégration de nouvelles représentations dans l'implémentation. / When developing software system in industry, system specifications are heavily used in communication among analysts and developers. However, system evolution, employee turn-over and shorter deadlines lead those documents either not to be up-to-date or not to be consistent with the actual system source code. Yet, having up-to-date documents would greatly help analysts and developers and reduce development and maintenance costs. Therefore, we need to keep those documents up-to-date and consistent. We propose a novel mathematical formalism to describe and manipulate the evolution of these documents. The mathematical formalism is based on Hoare triple to represent the transformations and group theory and groups homomorphisms to manipulate these transformations and apply them on different representations. We illustrate our formalism using two representation of a same system: PADL, that is an abstract design specification (similar to UML), and JCT, that is an Abstract Syntax Tree for Java. We also define transformations describing their evolutions, and transformations transposition from one representation to another. Finally, we provide an implementation of our illustration, a plugin for the Eclipse IDE detecting source code transformations made by a developer and a source code generator for integrating new representations in the implementation.

Dans le développement logiciel en industrie, les documents de spécification jouent un rôle important pour la communication entre les analystes et les développeurs. Cependant, avec le temps, les changements de personel et les échéances toujours plus courtes, ces documents sont souvent obsolètes ou incohérents avec l'état effectif du système, i.e., son code source. Pourtant, il est nécessaire que les composants du système logiciel soient conservés à jour et cohérents avec leurs documents de spécifications pour faciliter leur développement et maintenance et, ainsi, pour en réduire les coûts. Maintenir la cohérence entre spécification et code source nécessite de pouvoir représenter les changements sur les uns et les autres et de pouvoir appliquer ces changements de manière cohérente et automatique. Nous proposons une solution permettant de décrire une représentation d'un logiciel ainsi qu'un formalisme mathématique permettant de décrire et de manipuler l'évolution des composants de ces représentations. Le formalisme est basé sur les triplets de Hoare pour représenter les transformations et sur la théorie des groupes et des homomorphismes de groupes pour manipuler ces transformations et permettrent leur application sur les différentes représentations du système. Nous illustrons notre formalisme sur deux représentations d'un système logiciel : PADL, une représentation architecturale de haut niveau (semblable à UML), et JCT, un arbre de syntaxe abstrait basé sur Java. Nous définissons également des transformations représentant l'évolution de ces représentations et la transposition permettant de reporter les transformations d'une représentation sur l'autre. Enfin, nous avons développé et décrivons brièvement une implémentation de notre illustration, un plugiciel pour l'IDE Eclipse détectant les transformations effectuées sur le code par les développeurs et un générateur de code pour l'intégration de nouvelles représentations dans l'implémentation. / When developing software system in industry, system specifications are heavily used in communication among analysts and developers. However, system evolution, employee turn-over and shorter deadlines lead those documents either not to be up-to-date or not to be consistent with the actual system source code. Yet, having up-to-date documents would greatly help analysts and developers and reduce development and maintenance costs. Therefore, we need to keep those documents up-to-date and consistent. We propose a novel mathematical formalism to describe and manipulate the evolution of these documents. The mathematical formalism is based on Hoare triple to represent the transformations and group theory and groups homomorphisms to manipulate these transformations and apply them on different representations. We illustrate our formalism using two representation of a same system: PADL, that is an abstract design specification (similar to UML), and JCT, that is an Abstract Syntax Tree for Java. We also define transformations describing their evolutions, and transformations transposition from one representation to another. Finally, we provide an implementation of our illustration, a plugin for the Eclipse IDE detecting source code transformations made by a developer and a source code generator for integrating new representations in the implementation.

Reconstructing the evolutionary history of a set of species is a fundamental problem in biology. This thesis concerns computational problems that arise in different settings and stages of phylogenetic tree reconstruction, but also in other contexts. The contributions include: • A new distance-based tree reconstruction method with optimal reconstruction radius and optimal runtime complexity. Included in the result is a greatly simplified proof that the NJ algorithm also has optimal reconstruction radius. (co-author Jens Lagergren) • NP-hardness results for the most common variations of Multiple Alignment. In particular, it is shown that SP-score, Star Alignment, and Tree Alignment, are NP hard for all metric symbol distances over all binary or larger alphabets. • A 1.375-approximation algorithm for Sorting By Transpositions (SBT). SBT is the problem of sorting a permutation using as few block-transpositions as possible. The complexity of this problem is still open and it was a ten-year-old open problem to improve the best known 1.5-approximation ratio. The 1.375-approximation algorithm is based on a new upper bound on the diameter of 3-permutations. Moreover, a new lower bound on the transposition diameter of the symmetric group is presented and the exact transposition diameter of simple permutations is determined. (co-author Tzvika Hartman) • Approximation, fixed-parameter tractable, and fast heuristic algorithms for two variants of the Ancestral Maximum Likelihood (AML) problem: when the phylogenetic tree is known and when it is unknown. AML is the problem of reconstructing the most likely genetic sequences of extinct ancestors along with the most likely mutation probabilities on the edges, given the phylogenetic tree and sequences at the leafs. (co-author Tamir Tuller) • An algorithm for computing the number of mutational events between aligned DNA sequences which is several hundred times faster than the famous Phylip packages. Since pairwise distance estimation is a bottleneck in distance-based phylogeny reconstruction, the new algorithm improves the overall running time of many distancebased methods by a factor of several hundred. (co-author Jens Lagergren) / QC 20110121

Morita Baylis-Hillman (MBH) reaction a carbon-carbon bond forming reaction between an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl and aldehydes or activated ketones in the presence of a nucleophilic catalyst. The MBH reaction is an atom-economical method of rapid increase of molecular complexity. The development of this process has received considerable attention in recent years. This dissertation presents the development of a new catalytic system for the symmetric and asymmetric MBH reaction. The new system for the racemic version of this reaction was accomplished employing a 1:1:1 ratio of catalytic amounts (10 mol%) of MgI2, TMEDA and DMAP and proved to be highly effective. For the asymmetric version was developed a highly enantio-selective system based on Fu’s planar chiral DMAP derivative (II) with ee´s up to 98%. Abnormal MBH adducts are obtained employing either ethyl 2,3-butadienoate or ethyl propiolate in good yields, in the presence if MgI2 and either a tertiary amine or phosphine as the nucleophile. The α,β-unsaturated carbonyls where prepared by a modified direct α- methylenation using paraformaldehyde, diisopropylammonium trifluoroacetate, and catalytic acid or base with excellent yields for several carbonyls compounds. The Negishi cross-coupling reaction is the Pd or Ni-catalyzed stereoselective cross-coupling or organozincs and aryl-, alkenyl-, or alkynyl halides. Enantioselective Negishi cross-coupling of aryl zincs and α-bromo ketones was accomplished employing a NCN Pincer complex as the catalyst with ee´s up 99%. The required pincer complexes have been prepared by the oxidative addition of pincer ligands with palladium or nickel. Additionally, It has been developed a direct and highly active, (NCN)-Pd catalytic system for the α-arylation of ketones with a variety of aryl bromides using the air and moisture stable [t-BuPheBox-Me2]PdBr (XVI) as the catalyst. The adducts are obtained in excellent yields (92% average for 20 examples) in only 1 hour using 1 mol% of catalyst loading. Perhaps more importantly, the work described here shows that XVI is highly reactive, highly selective, even on substrates bearing challenging functional groups such alkenes.

<p>Reconstructing the evolutionary history of a set of species is a fundamental problem in biology. This thesis concerns computational problems that arise in different settings and stages of phylogenetic tree reconstruction, but also in other contexts. The contributions include:</p><p>• A new distance-based tree reconstruction method with optimal reconstruction radius and optimal runtime complexity. Included in the result is a greatly simplified proof that the NJ algorithm also has optimal reconstruction radius. (co-author Jens Lagergren)</p><p>• NP-hardness results for the most common variations of Multiple Alignment. In particular, it is shown that SP-score, Star Alignment, and Tree Alignment, are NP hard for all metric symbol distances over all binary or larger alphabets.</p><p>• A 1.375-approximation algorithm for Sorting By Transpositions (SBT). SBT is the problem of sorting a permutation using as few block-transpositions as possible. The complexity of this problem is still open and it was a ten-year-old open problem to improve the best known 1.5-approximation ratio. The 1.375-approximation algorithm is based on a new upper bound on the diameter of 3-permutations. Moreover, a new lower bound on the transposition diameter of the symmetric group is presented and the exact transposition diameter of simple permutations is determined. (co-author Tzvika Hartman)</p><p>• Approximation, fixed-parameter tractable, and fast heuristic algorithms for two variants of the Ancestral Maximum Likelihood (AML) problem: when the phylogenetic tree is known and when it is unknown. AML is the problem of reconstructing the most likely genetic sequences of extinct ancestors along with the most likely mutation probabilities on the edges, given the phylogenetic tree and sequences at the leafs. (co-author Tamir Tuller)</p><p>• An algorithm for computing the number of mutational events between aligned DNA sequences which is several hundred times faster than the famous Phylip packages. Since pairwise distance estimation is a bottleneck in distance-based phylogeny reconstruction, the new algorithm improves the overall running time of many distancebased methods by a factor of several hundred. (co-author Jens Lagergren)</p>

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a imagem de Drácula ao longo de seus mais 100 anos de existência em nossa cultura, sobretudo em suas representações nos meios literários e audiovisuais. Buscamos traçar as transformações do personagem e de sua história ao longo de um grande percurso de incursões cinematográficas. Para isso iniciaremos um debate sobre a imagem do vampiro, sua origem e suas diversas evoluções desenvolvendo o que chamamos aqui de Mitologia Vampírica, aproveitando para apresentar o estudo das materialidades como um complemento metodológico às clássicas análises já existentes. Em seguida, traremos o vampiro para a literatura, destacando o livro de Stoker como o mais importante vampiro da história. Drácula, embora seja um produto literário, alcança seu ápice no meio audiovisual como um dos personagens mais representados e uma das histórias mais adaptadas como veremos através de uma pequena arqueologia de suas aparições no cinema. Para finalizar nosso estudo, nos aprofundaremos na análise de 5 filmes, que julgamos ser os mais pertinentes dentro de todas as transposições fílmicas até então feitas sobre o livro de Bram Stoker / This research aims to analyze the image of Dracula throughout its more than 100 years of existence in our culture, especially in its representations in literary and audiovisual media. We seek to trace the transformations of the character and his story along a major route of cinematographic incursions. For this we shall initiate a debate on the image of the vampire, its origin and its various evolutions developing what we call here Vampiric mythology, taking the opportunity to present the study of materiality as a methodological complement to the classical analyzes already existent. Then we will bring the vampire to literature, highlighting Stokers book as the most important vampire in history. Dracula, though a literary product, reaches its climax in the audiovisual medium as one of the most represented characters and one of the most adapted stories as we shall see through a small archeology of its appearances in the movies. To conclude our study, we shall deepen in the analysis of 5 films, which we believe to be most relevant in all the filmic transpositions hitherto made about Bram Stokers novel

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar a imagem de Drácula ao longo de seus mais 100 anos de existência em nossa cultura, sobretudo em suas representações nos meios literários e audiovisuais. Buscamos traçar as transformações do personagem e de sua história ao longo de um grande percurso de incursões cinematográficas. Para isso iniciaremos um debate sobre a imagem do vampiro, sua origem e suas diversas evoluções desenvolvendo o que chamamos aqui de Mitologia Vampírica, aproveitando para apresentar o estudo das materialidades como um complemento metodológico às clássicas análises já existentes. Em seguida, traremos o vampiro para a literatura, destacando o livro de Stoker como o mais importante vampiro da história. Drácula, embora seja um produto literário, alcança seu ápice no meio audiovisual como um dos personagens mais representados e uma das histórias mais adaptadas como veremos através de uma pequena arqueologia de suas aparições no cinema. Para finalizar nosso estudo, nos aprofundaremos na análise de 5 filmes, que julgamos ser os mais pertinentes dentro de todas as transposições fílmicas até então feitas sobre o livro de Bram Stoker / This research aims to analyze the image of Dracula throughout its more than 100 years of existence in our culture, especially in its representations in literary and audiovisual media. We seek to trace the transformations of the character and his story along a major route of cinematographic incursions. For this we shall initiate a debate on the image of the vampire, its origin and its various evolutions developing what we call here Vampiric mythology, taking the opportunity to present the study of materiality as a methodological complement to the classical analyzes already existent. Then we will bring the vampire to literature, highlighting Stokers book as the most important vampire in history. Dracula, though a literary product, reaches its climax in the audiovisual medium as one of the most represented characters and one of the most adapted stories as we shall see through a small archeology of its appearances in the movies. To conclude our study, we shall deepen in the analysis of 5 films, which we believe to be most relevant in all the filmic transpositions hitherto made about Bram Stokers novel

This research has as objective to analyze of which forms the risk communication can contribute for an ethical quarrel in relation to the waters transposition of the San Francisco River. To reach our goal, we list three specific purposes: systemize Environmental Impact Report (RIMA) information related to the risks and social and environmental impacts caused by the Integration project of the San Francisco River with hydrographic basins of the northern northeast; to verify as sergipana press has located itself in relation to the transposition, by means of analysis of the journalistic speeches tied in Correio de Sergipe, Jornal da Cidade and Cinform periodicals, in the period from 2004 to 2007; identify information types and/or distortions presents in the analyzed journalistic speeches. This research itself uses of the structuralist method; it still has had a descriptive character, with primary and secondary document analysis. The study itself consists of bibliographical research on the theoretical beddings concerning the relation of the man with the nature, over all from modern authors, as Hobbes (2002) and Rousseau (1989, 1999), and contemporaries as Jonas (2006). To understand ourselves the environmental problematic in the present time, It became necessary to study the social construction of the risk , while factor that can contribute for the different threat perceptions and, therefore, to modify the exposition probability to the danger conditions. We list works by Habermas (2001, 2003) to think a communication based on the ethics about the speech. As for the documents research the information contained in the RIMA about risks and social and environmental impacts related to the transposition had been systemized. The journalistic speeches had been selected from its statements. In our analysis, we attempt to identify, at first, the study of meanings and the mapping of voices , so that we can employ discourse analysis do get to the discursive forms. We hope that the results obtained from this research can strengthen interdisciplinary academic debates, specially regarding the contributions of risk communication for an ethical discussion concerning the appropriate use of water, whether in the area of the São Francisco or those of other rivers in Sergipe. We may also expect the employ of risk communication in future environmental projects to stimulate the practice of transparency in the access to information, so as to make the dialogue between all concerned parts possible, as well as contributing to effective public participation in decision processes. / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo analisar de que forma a Comunicação de Risco pode contribuir para uma discussão ética em relação à transposição das águas do rio São Francisco. Para atingirmos nossa meta, elencamos três objetivos específicos: sistematizar as informações do Relatório de Impacto Ambiental (RIMA) relacionadas aos riscos e impactos socioambientais ocasionados pelo Projeto de Integração do Rio São Francisco com Bacias Hidrográficas do Nordeste Setentrional; verificar como a imprensa sergipana tem se posicionado em relação à transposição, por meio de análise dos discursos jornalísticos vinculados nos principais jornais sergipanos Correio de Sergipe, Jornal da Cidade e Cinform, no período de 2004 a 2007; e identificar tipos de informações e/ou distorções presentes nos discursos jornalísticos analisados. Esta pesquisa se utiliza do método estruturalista, tendo ainda um caráter descritivo, com análise de documentos primários e secundários. O estudo consiste de pesquisa bibliográfica sobre os fundamentos teóricos acerca da relação do homem com a natureza, sobretudo a partir de autores modernos, como Hobbes (2002) e Rousseau (1989, 1999), e contemporâneos como Jonas (2006). Para compreendermos a problemática ambiental na atualidade, fez-se necessário estudar a construção social do risco , enquanto fator que pode contribuir para as diferentes percepções de ameaça e, por conseguinte, alterar a probabilidade de exposição às condições de perigo. Elencamos as obra de Habermas (2001, 2003) para pensarmos uma comunicação pautada pela ética no discurso. No que se refere à pesquisa de documentos foram sistematizadas as informações contidas no RIMA sobre riscos e impactos socioambientais ligados à transposição. Os discursos jornalísticos foram selecionados a partir de seus enunciados. Em nossa análise, buscamos identificar, num primeiro momento, o estudo dos sentidos e o mapeamento das vozes , para então chegarmos às formações discursivas a partir da Análise do Discurso. Esperamos que o resultado desta pesquisa fortaleça os debates acadêmicos, de modo interdisciplinar, especialmente no que concerne às contribuições da Comunicação de Risco para uma discussão ética sobre o bom uso da água, seja no âmbito do rio São Francisco ou dos demais rios sergipanos. Almejemos ainda que a empregabilidade da Comunicação de Risco em projetos ambientais futuros estimule a prática da transparência no acesso às informações e possibilite o diálogo entre as partes envolvidas, além de uma efetiva participação pública nos processos decisórios.

The present study is a constrative study of a French medical non-fiction text translated into Swedish. The aim of this study is to examine how French participle and noun phrases are translated into Swedish and thus how the two languages differ from each other. After having translated a French medical non-fiction text into Swedish, we have completed an analysis based on previous studies of Olof Eriksson and the translation theory of Vinay &amp; Darbelnet. We have chosen to divid our analyses into types of transpositions which is a term taken from the translation theory of Vinay &amp; Darbelnet. To be able to discuss alternative translation solutions, we have chosen a qualitative approach for our study. The exempels that we have chosen to discuss in our analysis have mainly been selected based on the frequency of the type of transposition in order to show the most frequent types of transpositions. However, we have found a small number of other types of transpositions that we think are interesting, which is why we have chosen to include them in our analysis. We have to a large extent based our study on Olof Eriksson (1993;1997) and his contrastive studies of Swedish and French. The studies of Eriksson have shown that French participle phrases are the most often translated into a Swedish subjunction. But participle phrases into principal phrases have also shown frequent. Eriksson (1997) note that Swedish prefers a verbal structure and actions are expressed in finite verb formes while the French language tend to use nominal structures. For our study, we have also consulted previous studies conducted by students at post-graduate level. These studies have shown that transpositions where frequent when translating from French to Swedish and that french noun phrases where often subject to change in order to make the noun phrase more verbal in the Swedish target text. In our analysis, we saw that the majority of the participle phrases where translated into Swedish subjunctions. Another frequent type of transposition where French participle phrases translated into Swedish principle clauses. In our study we have also chosen to include the gerund phrases into our analysis. However, we have only found two exemples of gerund in the source texte. But these two exemples have been translated into two different structures in the target text. Regarding the noun phrases, a common type of transposition was a French noun phrase into a Swedish subjunction that starts with the Swedish adverbe “hur”. In summary, our results in this study have been similar to those in the previous studies. Our conclusion is that the Swedish language is centered around the verb while the French language is more centerd around the noun.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 coelho_bc_me_sjrp.pdf: 1107740 bytes, checksum: 34a699d75055c4f4a87fc481ee5f280a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-31 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / OBJETIVOS: o objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi investigar transposições de grafemas de suas posições convencionais na escrita de crianças de 1ª a 4ª série do Ensino Fundamental em relação ao registro de palavras do Português Brasileiro (PB), bem como as possíveis relações desses deslocamentos com aspectos fonético-fonológicos da língua. Seus objetivos específicos foram: (1) verificar os tipos das transposições de acordo com sua ocorrência no interior de uma mesma sílaba dentro da palavra (intrassílabas) e em sílabas diferentes (intersílabas); (2) verificar a estrutura fonológica das sílabas em relação à ocorrência de transposições; (3) verificar a direção das transposições em relação à posição silábica; (4) verificar a classe fonológica do fonema correspondente ao grafema transposto; (5) verificar a relação do acento lexical com a ocorrência das transposições; (6) verificar possíveis relações entre a transposição e a sílaba inicial da palavra; (7) verificar possíveis transformações de natureza das transposições em relação às diferentes séries escolares. MÉTODOS: foram analisadas 2972 produções textuais de crianças que, de 2001 a 2004, frequentavam de 1ª a 4ª séries do Ensino Fundamental I, em escolas públicas da cidade de São José do Rio Preto. Nessas produções foram encontradas 135 ocorrências de transposição, tais ocorrências foram categorizadas de acordo com cada objetivo. RESULTADOS: em relação a cada um dos objetivos específicos da pesquisa, os resultados apontaram para as seguintes tendências: (1) ausência de diferença significativa entre ocorrências intra e intersílaba; (2) predomínio de estruturas silábicas CVC e CV nas transposições; (3) predomínio de grafemas que ocupavam a coda simples nas transposições; (4) predomínio da classe fonológica das consoantes vibrantes nas transposições; (5) ausência de diferença estatística entre transposições envolvidas em sílabas não acentuadas e em sílabas acentuadas; (6) maior presença de transposições em direção a (ou na) primeira sílaba da palavra; e (7) predomínio das transposições nas duas primeiras séries do primeiro ciclo escolar. CONCLUSÃO: as tendências mostradas pelos resultados permitem afirmar que as transposições ortográficas não ocorrem ao acaso, mas, sim, motivadas por fatores linguísticos. Permitem, também, afirmar que, além de a escola ter um forte papel na aquisição da escrita, a inserção das crianças em práticas de letramento que se voltam com mais detalhe para a ortografia é um fator que opera positivamente a favor dessa diminuição. / OBJECTIVES: The general objective of this paper was to investigate the transpositions of grapheme in their conventional positions in children´s writing from the 1st to the 4th grade of Elementary School in relation to the Brazilian Portuguese words registration (BP) as well as the possible relationship of these shifts with phonetic-phonological aspects of the language. Its specific objectives were: (1) verify the types of transpositions according to their occurrence within the same syllable in the word (intrassyllables) and in different syllables (intersyllables); (2) verify the phonological structure of syllables in the occurrence of transpositions; (3) verify the direction of transpositions regarding the syllabic position; (4) verify the phonological class of the corresponding phoneme to the transposed grapheme; (5) verify the relationship of lexical stress with the occurrence of transpositions; (6) verify possible relations between the transposition and the initial syllable of the word; (7) verify possible transformations of different school grades transpositions. METHODS: We analyzed 2972 children´s textual productions, from 2001 to 2004, who attended from the 1st to the 4th grades of Elementary School, in public schools in the city of São José do Rio Preto. In these productions were found 135 transposition events, such occurrences were categorized according to each objective. RESULTS: In relation to each one of the research specific objectives, the results showed the following trends: (1) no significant difference between intrassyllable and intersyllable occurrences; (2) predominance of syllabic structure CVC and CV in transpositions; (3) predominance of grapheme occupying the simple coda in transpositions; (4) predominance of phonological class of vibrant consonants in transpositions; (5) no statistical difference between transpositions involved in unstressed syllables and stressed syllables; (6) greater presence of transpositions toward (or in) the first syllable of the word; and (7) predominance of transpositions in the first two years of the first school year. CONCLUSION: the trends shown by the results allow us to affirm that the spelling transpositions do not occur randomly, but rather motivated by linguistic factors. They also allow us to declare that, in addition to the school having a strong role in the acquisition of writing, the inclusion of children in literacy practices more detailed to the spelling, is a factor that works positively in favor of this decreasing.