On se propose d’analyser le régime transitoire de décrochage à l’aide de la simulation numériqueinstationnaire de type DNS. Cette approche permet de reproduire avec fidélité l’écoulementdans la région critique de Bulbe de Décollement Laminaire au bord d’attaque, encoreimpossible à modéliser ou mesurer avec précision. Après une étape de validation, la sensibilitédu BDL au niveau de turbulence extérieure est étudiée et comparée favorablement à celleétablie récemment dans la littérature. La phase d’établissement du décollement massif depuisle BDL est reproduite en réalisant de petites variations d’incidence à travers l’angle critiqued’apparition du décrochage. Ce raisonnement ”aux petites perturbations” permet de reproduirel’éclatement du BDL communément rattaché au décrochage statique. La déstabilisation de larégion de BDL est alors étudiée à l’aide d’une base de données instationnaires et moyennes quipermet pour la première fois de rendre compte des déformations 3D du BDL. Conservant ceprotocole, et faisant varier la vitesse du profil, on est en mesure d’évaluer l’influence de cettedernière sur le régime transitoire. Des mouvements de rotation de plus forte amplitude angulaireont permis de mettre en évidence un mécanisme de décrochage sensiblement différent duprécédent. La couche de mélange surplombant le BDL s’enroule alors pour donner naissance àun tourbillon énergétique (Leading Edge Vortex), communément associé au décrochage dynamique.Enfin, l’analyse du champ de vitesse moyen a permis de valider un critère empiriqued’apparition de l’éclatement du BDL, qui s’est révélé pertinent aussi bien pour les mouvementsde faible amplitude que ceux plus amples. / High fidelity numerical simulation is used to study the transitory flow involved during the staIl ofan airfoil at high angle of attack. The nearly DNS resolution in the Laminar Separation Bubbleprovides the required accuracy to reproduce this complex flow that still represents a challenge forboth experimentation and modeling. The numerical procedure is comprehensively validated withparticular attention to the LSB region. The sensitivity of the LSB to an external disturbance ismonitored on the airfoil and is favorably compared with a recent study on flat plate in the literature.The destabilization of the LSB during staIl is reproduced with a small variation of the angle ofattack through the critical angle. The LSB bursting, typical of a static leading edge staIl, is thusreproduced. A comprehensive study of the unsteady events during the transitory flow is performedby means of a high frequency sampling of spanwise and short time averaged data base. Ofparticular interest is the 3D deformation of the flow captured by using a large spanwisecomputational domain (one chord length). The influence of the motion dynamic is then explored.The transitory is significantly affected by a high angular amplitude motion. The shear-Iayer in theLSB undergoes a roll-up which is found to be responsible for the formation of the Leading EdgeVortex, typical of a dynamic staIl configuration. An empirical criterion for the prediction of burstingis then assessed using the statistical data base. Results are found to surprisingly match the incipientof staIl in both static and dynamicaJ conditions.

Small weight percentages of certain high-molecular weight polymers added to liquids in turbulent flow through conduits can result in dramatic friction reduction. Although many current and potential uses of the drag reduction phenomenon exist, there is a fundamental problem: drag reduction efficacy decreases rapidly with flow time due to the mechanical degradation in flow of the added polymer. In this thesis study, dilute aqueous solutions of polyacrylamide were tested under turbulent flow conditions in an attempt to determine where mechanical degradation in flow occurs.

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With the current development of the computer industry, CFD simulations have become the widespread standard in the industry, forming a baseline tool for numerous designs and safety procedures. This extensive dependence on the CFD codes rather than experiments raises the issue of the reliability of the results obtained from these codes. This thesis is intended to study the dependence of the CFD results on the grid types, numerical schemes and turbulence models. Additionally, comparisons between a general purpose commercial code STAR-CCM+ and a specialized code FDS are presented towards the end of this thesis. To study the numerical errors introduced by the grids and schemes, a laminar flow induced by natural convection inside a square cavity was considered first. Using Richardson’s extrapolation, a grid independent solution was calculated and compared with the results obtained from different grid types and schemes for Rayleigh (Ra) numbers , and . Comparison plots showed a higher dependence of the accuracy of the results on the cell shapes along with the order of the scheme and the cell size. Additionally, with the same cavity a grid dependence study for the and model has been done at .To test the reliability of the Quasi-DNS performed by an Unstructured Finite Volume (FV) CFD code, Turbulent Kinetic Energy (TKE) budgets should be calculated. User subroutines were developed to calculate the budgets of the TKE and to verify the user subroutines, prior to coaxial cylinder test case, a Q-DNS of the channel flow at has been performed using different grid configurations and numerical schemes. Results obtained from the Q-DNS of the channel flow on the polyhedral cells with the bounded central differencing scheme were found to be in good agreement with the reference DNS data. After the validation test case, a Q-DNS of the buoyancy driven turbulent flow inside a horizontal annular cavity at a high Rayleigh number, Ra = 1.18x109 with outer to inner cylinder ratio of 4.85 was carried out using a commercial code. Comparisons of Q-DNS results with low-Re URANS models, and model, showed that the latter models are able to capture the general flow features but fail to predict the large unsteadiness and high turbulence levels in the plume. However, local heat transfer rates along the inner and outer cylinder walls are on average of acceptable accuracy for engineering purposes. Finally, a full scale industrial test case of a fire in a compartment has been simulated. Both URANS ( model) and LES (Smagorinsky model) approaches are applied to model the turbulence with and without incorporating the combustion modelling. A comparison of the CFD results with the experimental data showed that for building fire simulations, accuracy of the results is more sensitive to the correlations used in the combustion modelling rather than the type of the turbulence model.

Orientador: Erick de Moraes Franklin / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T21:46:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Penteado_MarcosRobertoMendes_M.pdf: 9443939 bytes, checksum: ee4e74d0df7e1ec320410dcc330c86e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O transporte de sedimentos por um fluido é frequentemente encontrado em rios, oceanos, escoamentos periglaciais e outros processos naturais. É também encontrado na indústria, tal como em linhas de petróleo que arrastam sedimentos, em sistemas de esgotos e em processos de dragagem, por exemplo. Nessa dissertação, o transporte de grãos em um leito granular cisalhado pelo escoamento de um líquido será investigado experimentalmente. Nos experimentos, um escoamento de água turbulento totalmente desenvolvido foi imposto sobre o leito granular de geometria conhecida. Sob as condições testadas, os grãos foram transportados como leito móvel (\textit{bed load}, em inglês), i.e., sedimentos são transportados rolando ou deslizando sobre o leito. Para diferentes vazões de água, os deslocamentos dos grãos são filmados por uma câmera rápida. Os deslocamentos e campos de velocidade dos grãos foram determinados através do tratamento das imagens. A taxa de transporte dos grãos foi então estimada e correlacionada com o escoamento do fluido / Abstract: Sediment transport by a fluid flow is frequently found in rivers, oceans, periglacial flows and other natural processes. It is also commonly found in industry, such as in petroleum pipelines conveying grains, in sewer systems and in dredging lines, for example. In this thesis, the transport of grains of a granular bed sheared by a liquid flow was experimentally investigated. In the experiments, fully-developed turbulent water flows were imposed over a granular bed of known granulometry. Under the tested conditions, the grains were transported as bed load, i.e., sediment was carried by rolling and sliding over the bed. For different water flow rates, the displacements of grains were filmed by a high-speed camera. The grains displacement and velocity fields were determined by post-processing the images. The bed-load transport rate was estimated and correlated to the water flow conditions / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

The principal objective of this study is to investigate, develop and verify a framework for determining the convective heat transfer co-efficient from a cylindrical model that can easily be adaptable to more complex geometry - more specifically the human body geometry. Analysis of the model under forced convection airflow conditions between the transition velocity of about 1m/s - calculated using the Reynolds number - up until 12m/s were carried out. The boundary condition, however, also included differences in turbulence intensities and cylinder orientation with respect to wind flow (seen as wind direction in some texts). A total of 90 Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) calculations from these variations were analysed for the model under forced convective flow. Similar analysis were carried out for the model under natural convection with air flow velocity of 0.1m/s. Here, the temperature difference between the model and its surrounding environments and the cylinder orientation with respect to wind flow were varied to allow for a total of 15 CFD analysis. From these analysis, for forced convection, strong dependence of the convective heat transfer coefficient on air velocity, cylinder orientation and turbulence intensity was confirmed. For natural convection, a dependence on the cylinder orientation and temperature difference between the model and its environment was confirmed. The results from the CFD simulations were then compared with those found in texts from literature. Formulas for the convective heat transfer coefficient for both forced and natural convection considering the respective dependent variables are also proposed. The resulting formulas and the step by step CFD process described in this thesis provides a framework for the computation of the convective heat transfer coefficient of the human body via computer aided simulations. This framework can easily be adaptable to the convective heat transfer coefficient calculations of the human body with some geometric modelling adjustments, thus resulting in similar representative equations for a human geometric model.

The Master's thesis deals with the flow of fuel mixture in the combustion chamber and the influence of its geometry on squish generation caused by the compression lift. The thesis introduces design proposals of the geometry of the combustion chamber focusing on the shape of the squish area and their comparison based on the amount of kinetic energy and the velocity profile obtained using 2-D Squish programme calculations.

Predicting and inhibiting aerodynamically generated noise for fast moving vehicles such as cars, aircraft and trains is increasingly important. The tonal noise generated by the shear-layer instability of air flowing around the cavity opening is especially one of the most significant and most intense sources of aerodynamically generated noise. Computational aeroacoustics (CAA) based on the CFD simulations of compressible Navier-Stokes equations offers the most general approach to predicting those aerodynamically induced sounds. Aeroacoustics is practically always associated with turbulent flow and turbulence is the major challenge for CFD simulations. Four different turbulence modelling approaches are examined in this work. Three of them belong to the LES method category and one uses the URANS approach. Appropriate numerical discretization and iteration schemes have been identified for each of these approaches and implemented in the OpenFOAM open source CFD platform. The accuracy, computational performance and convergence reliability of those schemes have been subsequently studied during three-dimensional CFD simulations on a model of a suitable real object. The CFD simulation results are validated by a measurement. An organ pipe has been chosen as the object of this CAA research because it uses self-sustained oscillations, commonly referred as shear-layer (Rossiter) modes, as the source of its tone generation. The numerical simulation of the shear layer modes, respectively the noise generated by instability in the shear layer, is the subject of this work.

Several applications, including those in the energy sector that require high thermal efficiency, such as those in the solar energy industry, require a careful thermal analysis of heat exchange components. In this regard, thermal resistance is a major cause of exergy destruction and must be minimised as much as possible, but also adequately designed. In the past, a number of correlations have been developed to predict heat transfer coefficients in compact heat exchangers. The designers of such heat exchangers often exploit the development of thermal boundary layers to achieve higher overall efficiency due to increases in local heat transfer coefficients. However, most of the correlations that have been developed for heat exchangers neglect the specific effect of the thermal boundary layer development in the inlet region, and instead only offer effective average heat transfer coefficients, which most users assume to be constant throughout the heat exchanger. This is often an over-simplification and leads to over-designed heat exchangers. In this study, focus is placed on annular flow passages with uniform heating on the inner wall. This geometry has many applications. This study aims to collect experimental heat transfer data for water at various flow rates and inlet geometries, to process the data and determine local and overall heat transfer coefficients, and to develop an improved local heat transfer coefficient correlation. Experimental tests were performed on a horizontal concentric tube-in-tube heat exchanger with a length of 1.05 m and a diameter ratio of 0.648. The surface of the inner tube was treated with thermochromic liquid crystals (TLCs), which allowed for high-resolution temperature mapping of the heated surface when combined with an automated camera position system in order to determine local heat transfer coefficients. Conventional in-line and out-of-line annular inlet configurations were evaluated for Reynolds numbers from 2 000 to 7 500, as well as the transition from laminar to turbulent flow for a single in-line inlet configuration. It was found that the local heat transfer coefficients were significantly higher at the inlets, and decreased as the boundary layers developed. With the high resolution of the results, the local heat transfer coefficients were investigated in detail. Local maximum and minimum heat transfer coefficients were identified where the thermal boundary layers merged for high turbulent flow cases. The annular inlet geometries only influenced the heat transfer for Reynolds numbers larger than 4 000, for which larger inlets are favoured. Out-of-line inlet geometries are not favoured for heat transfer. A new heat transfer correlation was developed from the experimental data, based on an existing heat transfer correlation for turbulent flow in an annular flow passage, considering the boundary layer development. The new correlation estimated the area-weighted heat transfer coefficients within 10% of the experimental data and closely followed trends for local heat transfer coefficients. / Dissertation (MEng)--University of Pretoria, 2017. / Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering / MEng / Unrestricted