Orientador: Erick de Moraes Franklin / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T21:46:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Penteado_MarcosRobertoMendes_M.pdf: 9443939 bytes, checksum: ee4e74d0df7e1ec320410dcc330c86e3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O transporte de sedimentos por um fluido é frequentemente encontrado em rios, oceanos, escoamentos periglaciais e outros processos naturais. É também encontrado na indústria, tal como em linhas de petróleo que arrastam sedimentos, em sistemas de esgotos e em processos de dragagem, por exemplo. Nessa dissertação, o transporte de grãos em um leito granular cisalhado pelo escoamento de um líquido será investigado experimentalmente. Nos experimentos, um escoamento de água turbulento totalmente desenvolvido foi imposto sobre o leito granular de geometria conhecida. Sob as condições testadas, os grãos foram transportados como leito móvel (\textit{bed load}, em inglês), i.e., sedimentos são transportados rolando ou deslizando sobre o leito. Para diferentes vazões de água, os deslocamentos dos grãos são filmados por uma câmera rápida. Os deslocamentos e campos de velocidade dos grãos foram determinados através do tratamento das imagens. A taxa de transporte dos grãos foi então estimada e correlacionada com o escoamento do fluido / Abstract: Sediment transport by a fluid flow is frequently found in rivers, oceans, periglacial flows and other natural processes. It is also commonly found in industry, such as in petroleum pipelines conveying grains, in sewer systems and in dredging lines, for example. In this thesis, the transport of grains of a granular bed sheared by a liquid flow was experimentally investigated. In the experiments, fully-developed turbulent water flows were imposed over a granular bed of known granulometry. Under the tested conditions, the grains were transported as bed load, i.e., sediment was carried by rolling and sliding over the bed. For different water flow rates, the displacements of grains were filmed by a high-speed camera. The grains displacement and velocity fields were determined by post-processing the images. The bed-load transport rate was estimated and correlated to the water flow conditions / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica

Zařízení k analýze pohybu umožnují zdokonalit chirurgický zákrok, rahebilitaci patologií pohybového systému a jsou také velmi přínosné pro výzkum v oboru biomechaniky. V dešní době existuje mnoho zařízení k analýze pohybu, jejihž cena může dosáhnout až 150 k€ (Vicon, Motion Analysis). Cílem této diplomové práce je vyvinutí levného prototypu zařízení k analýze pohybu založeného na sledování barevných terčíků pomocí dvou jedoduchých digitálních kamer a programu ke zpracování obrazu.

Le tissu adipeux est traditionnellement décrit comme étant constitué de lobules : des entités de formes ovoïdales composées de cellules et de vaisseaux et faiblement connectées entre elles.Récemment, il a été montré qu’un potentiel métabolique spécifique (le browning) co-localise avec cette organisation en lobules au sein d’un même tissu. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous nous intéressons à décrire plus précisément l’organisation structurelle et fonctionnelle du tissu adipeux selon plusieurs aspects. Dans un premier temps, on s’attache à segmenter les lobules du tissu adipeux en utilisant une méthode de traitement d’image originale. Nous mettons en évidence une organisation 3D complexe et suivant plusieurs échelles. En particulier, il semble que le potentiel de browning soit également lié à une organisation structurelle particulière en clusters de lobules. Dans un second temps, à partir d’imagerie 3D, nous reconstruisons le réseau vasculaire entier du tissu adipeux et réalisons une simulation d’écoulements sanguins micro-vasculaires. Plusieurs hétérogénéités structurelles et fonctionnelles sont alors mises en valeurs à l’aide d’une analyse en communautés qui composent le tissu adipeux (par algorithme de clustering). Ces résultats confirment l’existence d’une zone centrale fortement vascularisée et qui se démarque également comme étant le lieu d’une perfusion sanguine d’intensité différente. Dans une dernière partie, nous abordons la question de transferts thermiques entre vaisseaux sanguins suivant des géométries simples mais pertinentes. Nous réalisons une étude systématique des paramètres adimensionnels clés du problème et mettons en évidence un invariant des échanges de chaleur : un optimum à faible nombre de Péclet (convection de même ordre que la diffusion). Nous introduisons également une méthode de calibration de paramètres effectifs dans le contexte des modèles homogénéisés de température à travers des tissus vascularisés. / Adipose tissue is traditionally described as consisting of lobules: ovoid-shaped entities composed of cells and vessels and weakly connected to each other. Recently, it has been shown that a specific metabolic potential (browning) colocalize with this organization in lobules within the same tissue. In this thesis work, we are interested in describing more precisely the structural and functional organization of adipose tissue from several aspects. We first perform a segmentation of adipose tissue lobules using an original image processing method. We highlight a complex 3D organization and relevant on several scales. In particular, it seems that browning potential is also linked to a particular structural organisation in clusters of lobules. In a second step, using 3D imaging, we reconstruct the entire vascular network of adipose tissue and simulate micro-vascular blood flow. Several structural and functional heterogeneities are then highlighted using an analysis in communities among adipose tissue (by clustering algorithm). These results confirm the existence of a highly vascularized central area that also stands out as the site of a more marked blood perfusion. In a last part, we approach the question of heat transfers between blood vessels following simple but relevant geometries. We carry out a systematic study of the key dimensionless parameters of the problem and highlight an invariant of heat exchanges: an optimum at low Péclet number (convection of the same order as diffusion). We also introduce a method of calibrating effective parameters in the context of homogenized temperature models across vascularized tissues.

Les broncho-pneumopathies chroniques obstructives (BPCO) constituent un groupe de maladies des poumons caractérisées par le blocage du passage de l’air, rendant la respiration de plus en plus difficile. L’emphysème et la bronchite chronique sont les deux principales affections parmi les BPCO, mais les BPCO peuvent également être provoquées par les dégâts causés par des bronchites chroniques asthmatiques. L’emphysème pulmonaire est une maladie pulmonaire caractérisée par l’élargissement des espaces aériens distaux en amont des bronchioles terminales non respiratoires, accompagné de la destruction des parois alvéolaires. Ces modifications du parenchyme pulmonaire sont pathognomoniques de l’emphysème. La bronchite chronique est une forme de bronchite caractérisée par une production excessive d’expectoration, entraînant l’apparition d’une toux chronique et l’obstruction des voies respiratoires. Dans toutes ces affections, les dégâts causés aux voies respiratoires finissent par affecter les échanges gazeux dans les poumons. L’emphysème est généralement diagnostiqué de façon indirecte, sur la base d’un examen clinique, d’explorations de la fonction respiratoire (EFR), et d’une évaluation visuelle subjective des scanners des tomodensitogrammes. Ces tests présentent une valeur limitée dans les cas d’emphysème léger ou modéré. La présente étude aborde la possibilité d’appliquer une démarche d’analyse non linéaire à la répartition de la densité de l’air au sein de l’arbre des voies respiratoires des poumons à un quelconque niveau des ramifications. Les images sources de tomodensitométrie (TDM) du poumon sont traitées en deux phases, afin de produire un coefficient fractal de répartition de la densité de l’air. Au cours de la première phase, les valeurs brutes de pixel des images sources correspondant à toutes les densités d’air possibles sont traitées par un outil logiciel, mis au point pour construire une image cible. On y parvient par suppression en cascade des éléments indésirables (SCEI) : une étape de prétraitement dans l’analyse de l’image source. Celle-ci permet d’identifier les valeurs de densité d’air au sein de l’arbre des voies respiratoires, tout en éliminant toutes les valeurs non relatives à la densité de l’air. La seconde phase consiste en une réduction itérative de la résolution (RIR). Chaque réduction de la résolution produit un nouvel histogramme. Chaque histogramme ainsi produit comporte un certain nombre de pics, chacun d’entre eux correspondant à un ensemble de densités d’air. La courbe mettant en relation chaque réduction de la résolution avec le nombre de pics correspondant, obtenus à la résolution concernée, est tracée. Ceci permet de calculer la dimension fractale par une régression linéaire sur un graphique log – log. / Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) refers to a group of lung diseases that block airflow and make it increasingly difficult for you to breathe. Emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the two main conditions that make up COPD, but COPD can also refer to damage caused by chronic asthmatic bronchitis. Pulmonary emphysema is defined as a lung disease characterized by “abnormal enlargement of the air spaces distal to the terminal, non-respiratory bronchiole, accompanied by destructive changes of the alveolar walls”. These lung parenchymal changes are pathognomonic for emphysema. Chronic bronchitis is a form of bronchitis characterized by excess production of sputum leading to a chronic cough and obstruction of air flow. In all cases, damage to your airways eventually interferes with the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in your lungs. Habitual techniques of emphysema’s diagnosis are based on indirect features, such as clinical examination; Pulmonary Function Tests (PFT) and subjective visual evaluation of CT scans. These tests are of limited value in assessing mild to moderate emphysema. The presented work discusses the possibility of applying a nonlinear analysis approach on air density distribution within lung airways tree at any level of branching. Computed Tomography (CT) source images of the lung are subjected to two phases of treatment in order to produce a fractal coefficient of the air density distribution. In the first phase, raw pixel values from source images, corresponding to all possible air densities, are processed by a software tool, developed in order to, construct a product image. This is done through Cascading Elimination of Unwanted Elements (CEUE): a preprocessing analysis step of the source image. It identifies values of air density within the airways tree, while eliminating all non-air-density values. Then, during the second phase, in an iterative manner, a process of Resolution Diminution Iterations (RDI) takes place. Every resolution reduction produces a new resultant histogram. A resultant histogram is composed of a number of peaks, each of which corresponding to a cluster of air densities. A curve is plotted for each resolution reduction versus the number of peaks counted at this particular resolution. It permits the calculation of the fractal dimension from the regression slope of log-log power law plot.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:16:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 4735.pdf: 2871302 bytes, checksum: fb4c7704f88f36de851155116ef6cc3e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-11-26 / The purpose defined for the development of this dissertation is to analyzing a set of six pictures portraying the Brazilian sociologist Florestan Fernandes, taking as a criterion the temporal delimitation, the period of the military dictatorship and, also, the time in which it was exiled of Brazil. The pictures, alongside with several other documents that belonged to Florestan Fernandes, were donated by his family, in 1996, as a result of the acquisition of the Library Florestan Fernandes by UFSCar. The photo collection is one of the assets that make up the collections belonging to the Florestan Fernandes. It was organized according to the operating principles from the field of archival science and is very requested by readers/users. The main purpose of the research is to investigate whether it would be possible to resort to theoretical and methodological procedures arising from information science to support and complement the organizational treatment given to images. The methodological perspective adopted of content analysis, from contexts historicalpartner, allowed developing descriptions that enlarged the signification of the photos of the theme open to question. For such, one opted for the inclusion of biographical data of the characters that were photographed together with Florestan and for the transcription of the published matters made a list to the images, having in mind the language own to the time and the natural difficulty of reading of already aged originals. Such an option gave itself on account of the necessity of contextualize the whole process what the character Florestan was subdued. The documents made feasible the affirmation of such facts as soon as same there became textual proofs of the incidents. The theoretical exploration, the analyses and the descriptions of the pictures allowed noting the existence of many forms of representation of photographic contents, having in mind the senses which are intrinsic and extrinsic, visible or hidden in the images. The analyses of the corpus composed by six pictures, pertaining to series Academic life , revealed imagetic details what can make easy the access and the recuperation of the information for any users of the Bottom Florestan Fernandes. With the pictures and the documentary inquiry carried out to subsidize the analyses of content they allowed the contact to realize that the photographic images have great informative value and that it is important to be adopted the verbal language as the complementary form of the visual language. This study, besides producing information and knowledge on a period of the life of Florestan Fernandes pointed, also, to ways for similar works with other photographic series pertaining to the Bottom Florestan Fernandes. Among several additions originating from this inquiry, we can point out that the accrued apprenticeship provided a new glance on scenes and objects, when other interpretations are making possible and details what up to that time were being paid attention or not valued. / O propósito definido para o desenvolvimento desta dissertação é o de analisar um conjunto de seis fotografias retratando o sociólogo brasileiro Florestan Fernandes, tendo por critério a delimitação temporal, o período da ditadura militar e, também, o tempo em que esteve exilado do Brasil. As fotografias, juntamente com vários outros documentos que pertenceram a Florestan Fernandes, foram doados pela sua família, em 1996, em decorrência da aquisição da Biblioteca Florestan Fernandes pela UFSCar. O acervo fotográfico constitui-se num dos acervos que compõem as coleções pertencentes ao Fundo Florestan Fernandes. Foi organizado segundo os princípios operacionais advindos do campo da Arquivologia e é muito requisitado por leitores/usuários, O principal propósito da pesquisa é o de investigar se seria possível recorrer aos procedimentos teórico-metodológicos advindos da Ciência da Informação para subsidiar e complementar o tratamento organizacional dado às imagens. A perspectiva metodológica adotada de análise de conteúdo, a partir de contextos sócio-históricos, permitiu desenvolver descrições que ampliaram a significação das fotos da temática em questão. Para tal, optou-se pela inclusão de dados biográficos dos personagens que foram fotografados junto com Florestan e pela transcrição das matérias publicadas relacionadas às imagens, tendo em vista a linguagem própria da época e a dificuldade natural de leitura de originais já envelhecidos. Tal opção deu-se em razão da necessidade de contextualizar todo o processo a que foi submetido o personagem Florestan. Os documentos viabilizaram a afirmação de tais fatos uma vez que os mesmos tornaram-se provas textuais das ocorrências. A exploração teórica, as análises e as descrições das fotografias permitiram constatar a existência de muitas formas de representação de conteúdos fotográficos, tendo em vista os sentidos intrínsecos e extrínsecos, visíveis ou ocultados nas imagens. As análises do corpus composto por seis fotografias, pertencentes a série Vida acadêmica , revelaram detalhes imagéticos que podem facilitar o acesso e a recuperação da informação por quaisquer usuários do Fundo Florestan Fernandes. O contato com as fotografias e a pesquisa documental realizada para subsidiar as análises de conteúdo permitiram perceber que as imagens fotográficas têm grande valor informativo e que é importante adotar-se a linguagem verbal como forma complementar da linguagem visual. Este estudo, além de gerar informação e conhecimento sobre um período da vida de Florestan Fernandes apontou, também, caminhos para trabalhos semelhantes com as outras séries fotográficas pertencentes ao Fundo Florestan Fernandes. Dentre as várias somatórias oriundas desta pesquisa, podemos salientar que o aprendizado acumulado proporcionou um novo olhar sobre cenas e objetos, possibilitando outras interpretações e detalhamentos que até então eram despercebidos ou não valorizados.