Taekwondo (TKD), a Korean striking martial art, has become one of the most popular martial arts since its inclusion in 2000 Olympic Games. Having practiced TKD as an athlete and provided care as a health professional for decades, I investigated a series of features of the Olympic TKD athlete including: profile, injury rate and distribution, weight cycling/cutting and each of their relationships to success in terms of gaining a medal. My studies (Kazemi et al. 2006; Kazemi, Perri and Casella, 2009; Kazemi et al. 2010; Kazemi et al. 2013; Kazemi et al. 2014; Kazemi et al. 2015; Kazemi and Pieter 2004; Pieter and Kazemi 2007; Kazemi, Chudolinski et al. 2009; Kazemi 2012; Kazemi et al. 2005; Kazemi and Shearer 2007; and Kazemi et al. 2011) have demonstrated that an athlete who avoids injury during competition (especially severe injury), practices systematic and gradual weight management and utilizes a more aggressive strategy with no fear of receiving Kyong-Gos, whilst avoiding receiving Gam-Jeoms is more likely to win. These investigations were published and presented at various seminars around the world. This portfolio depicts my contributions to these areas of knowledge as well as further critical analysis of my previous works giving birth to new concepts such as utilization of height categories instead of weight categories to eliminate the ill-effects of weight cutting; sparring Injury Report Form; and effect of rule changes on profile and injuries to name a few. Conducting this thesis has helped me to reflect on the shortcomings of my previous investigations and realize the future directions of research in these areas.

Orientador: Mauro Gonçalves / Banca: Adalgiso Coscrato Cardozo / Banca: Ulysses Fernandes Ervilha / Banca: Marco Antonio Cavalcanti Garcia / Banca: Luciano Luporini Manegaldo / Abstract: Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare kinematic and neuromuscular parameters of roundhouse (RK) kick in athletes of two different standards. 7 elite and 7 sub-elite black belt taekwondo athletes performed eighteen RK, directed to two randomized height (9 to the head and 9 to the chest), with their dominant lower limb, combining maximum impact and speed, in a selective reaction time design. Angular and linear velocities of dominant leg and pelvis were recorded through 3D kinemetry. Ground reaction force parameters (GRF) were evaluated by force platform and surface electromyographic (sEMG) signals were recorded through wireless system from the Vastus Lateralis (VL), Biceps Femoris (BF), Rectus Femoris (RF), Tensor Fasciae Lata (TFL), Adductor Magnum (AM), Gluteus Maximum (GM), Gluteus Medium (Gmed) and Gastrocnemius Lateralis (GL) muscles of the kicking leg. EMGs data were rectified, filtered and normalized to the maximal value obtained for each muscle over all trials; cocontraction (CI) indexes of antagonist vs. overall (agonist and antagonist) activity were computed for hip abduction and hip and knee in flexion and extension. Premotor time of each muscle, reaction time and kicking time was assessed as well. Timing parameters and sEMG cocontraction index were significantly lower in elite group, while peak of linear (toe, ankle and knee), angular velocities (knee and hip), and GRF were significantly higher in elite than in sub-elite group. We conclude that reaction time, cocontraction, duration and velocity of kick could be useful in selecting top level taekwondo athletes and monitoring their training status / Doutor

Thesis (M.S.)--Indiana University, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 44-47).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 204-209). Also available online (PDF file) by a subscription to the set or by purchasing the individual file.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 204-209).

Adherence to physical activity has received a great deal of attention in research literature due to the positive effects it has on many health problems and mood. Despite these benefits, adherence in physical activity programs is beset by high attrition rates. The present study focused on a tae kwon do sample in which attrition at the beginning level is high. The purpose of this study was to assess a relationship between selected variables and adherence of the beginning students. Forty-three subjects (27 male: 16 female) participated in the study. The average age was approximately 21, with a range from 18 to 47. The sample was collected from three university sites which were part of the American Moo Duk Kwan Society, a university based, tae kwon do club. Participants voluntarily completed a questionnaire packet that included the following: a demographics form, an assessment of level and strength of self-efficacy, an assessment of intrinsic and extrinsic motivations, and a measure of time, effort, and obstacle barriers. Significant correlations were found between level of self-efficacy and both dependent variables (hours of attendance and participation in the promotional belt test). In addition, strength of self-efficacy was correlated with participation at the promotional belt test; and the time barrier measure was correlated with hours of attendance. These findings suggest that self-efficacy plays a significant part in adherence of participants in tae kwon do. Further research should be conducted to assess the possible causal relationship of these variables.

The purpose of this study was to identify the determinants of expertise and the contributory effect of domains to the Olympic style Taekwondo performance. Eighty-seven Taekwondo athletes with different levels of expertise, namely elite, sub-elite and practitioner were recruited. Subjects' performance in attributes within the physical domain was assessed by Queens College Step Test, running-based anaerobic sprint test, vertical jump test, side-stepping test, and sit-and-reach test. Subjects were also be surveyed with the Athletic Coping Skills Inventory-28 (ACSI-28) (Chinese version) to obtain a profile of their psychological and emotional attributes. Perceptual attributes of subjects was assessed by Stork balance test, Start Excursion Balance Test and Ruler Drop Reaction Time Test. Notational analysis of subjects' performance in the competition was conducted for determining their technical and tactical domain. Descriptive statistics were used to create a profile of attributes of Taekwondo athletes. Two-way ANOVA were used to identify the difference between female and male athletes, and athletes with different levels of expertise in different domains. Discriminant function analysis was used to determine the contributory effect of each domain to the expertise of Olympic style Taekwondo. Elite athletes obtained a significantly higher mean value than the sub-elite athletes and practitioners in the length of upper limbs (F=6.15, p=.00), the length of lower limbs (F=10.21, p=.00), and lateral agility (F=15.71, p=.00). Discriminant function analysis revealed that the contributory effect of physical domain was the highest among the five domains for determining the expertise in Olympic style Taekwondo with Wilk's Lambda as .70 (p<.05).

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-05T18:30:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-10-02. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2016-02-05T18:33:59Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 000857444.pdf: 2079715 bytes, checksum: 40ce0ce70baba1071330eeb4eb0637ed (MD5) / Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare kinematic and neuromuscular parameters of roundhouse (RK) kick in athletes of two different standards. 7 elite and 7 sub-elite black belt taekwondo athletes performed eighteen RK, directed to two randomized height (9 to the head and 9 to the chest), with their dominant lower limb, combining maximum impact and speed, in a selective reaction time design. Angular and linear velocities of dominant leg and pelvis were recorded through 3D kinemetry. Ground reaction force parameters (GRF) were evaluated by force platform and surface electromyographic (sEMG) signals were recorded through wireless system from the Vastus Lateralis (VL), Biceps Femoris (BF), Rectus Femoris (RF), Tensor Fasciae Lata (TFL), Adductor Magnum (AM), Gluteus Maximum (GM), Gluteus Medium (Gmed) and Gastrocnemius Lateralis (GL) muscles of the kicking leg. EMGs data were rectified, filtered and normalized to the maximal value obtained for each muscle over all trials; cocontraction (CI) indexes of antagonist vs. overall (agonist and antagonist) activity were computed for hip abduction and hip and knee in flexion and extension. Premotor time of each muscle, reaction time and kicking time was assessed as well. Timing parameters and sEMG cocontraction index were significantly lower in elite group, while peak of linear (toe, ankle and knee), angular velocities (knee and hip), and GRF were significantly higher in elite than in sub-elite group. We conclude that reaction time, cocontraction, duration and velocity of kick could be useful in selecting top level taekwondo athletes and monitoring their training status

Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Desportos, Programa de Pós-graduação em Educação Física, Florianópolis, 2013 / Made available in DSpace on 2013-12-05T22:57:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 319580.pdf: 1607606 bytes, checksum: 525423f2f626c331923db45d3d816163 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Verificar a validade de um protocolo, cujo objetivo é a avaliação fisiológica e obtenção de marcadores específicos, é considerado pré-requisito para obtenção de medidas precisas e que possam ser utilizadas na prescrição e controle do treinamento do atleta. Recentemente, foi apresentado na literatura o Teste Progressivo Específico para Praticantes de Taekwondo (TET). O TET emprega o chute Bandal Tchagui, principal gesto motor utilizado em competições pelo atleta de Taekwondo. A partir do TET é possível avaliar os indicadores de capacidade e potência aeróbia em atletas de Taekwondo. Porém, não foi constatada a reprodutibilidade e a validade concorrente do TET, de forma que, este possa ser utilizado por pesquisadores e profissionais da área esportiva na avaliação específica de atletas desta modalidade. Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente estudo é investigar a validade do TET como um método para avaliação aeróbia específica em atletas de Taekwondo. Atletas de Taekwondo que se voluntariam para o presente estudo foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo que realizou um teste de reprodutibilidade (G1), composto por 12 atletas e o grupo que realizou um teste de validade concorrente (G2), composto por 18 atletas. Para participar da pesquisa os atletas deveriam ter idade mínima de 18 anos e pelo menos 3,5 anos de experiência com a prática do Taekwondo. Todos os sujeitos do estudo eram do sexo masculino. Em ambos os protocolos os atletas realizaram as avaliações respeitando intervalo de aproximadamente 48 horas entre os testes. O G1 foi submetido a dois testes (teste e reteste). As seguintes variáveis foram analisadas: frequência cardíaca máxima (FCMAX), ponto de deflexão da frequência cardíaca (PDFC), frequência de chute máxima (FCHMAX), frequência de chute de PDFC (FCHPDFC) e o lactato máximo pós-teste (LacMAX). O G2 realizou um TET e um teste incremental em esteira (TI). Durante o TET as mesmas variáveis analisadas no G1, além do VO2max, quociente respiratório (R) e o consumo de oxigênio de PDFC (VO2PDFC) foram mensurados. Durante o TI além da FCMAX, PDFC, R e LacMAX, foram avaliadas também a velocidade máxima (VMAX) e a velocidade de PDFC identificada pelo método DMAX (VDMAX). Para apresentação dos dados foi utilizada estatística descritiva, sendo a normalidade dos mesmos, verificada mediante o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. A correlação linear de Pearson foi aplicada para relacionar as variáveis obtidas no TET e no TI. A relação entre os dois testes para as diferentes intensidade foi verificada por meio da análise de variância two-way (ANOVA) com o coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI) sendo estabelecido para verificar fidedignidade do teste para o reteste e em relação às variáveis do TET e TI. A análise de Bland-Altman foi utilizada para testar a concordância entre os métodos. Para verificar se há diferença entre os valores médios no G1, entre teste e reteste, e no G2, entre o TET e TI, foi utilizado o teste t para amostras dependentes e foi estabelecida a magnitude das diferenças a partir do effect size (g). Foi adotado nível de significância p<0,05. Os resultados do protocolo de reprodutibilidade demonstraram que a FCMAX e o PDFC não diferiram estatisticamente entre o teste e reteste. Também não foram observadas diferenças significativas (p<0,05) para a FCHPDFC e FCHMAX entre teste e reteste. O effect size para estas variáveis foram classificas da seguinte forma: FCMAX e PDFC como trivial (g<0,1); FCHMAX e FCHPDFC como trivial/baixo (g entre 0,1 e 0,3); e LacMAX como baixo/moderado (g entre 0,5 e 0,7). O CCI demonstra que o teste e reteste apresentam correlação muito forte para as variáveis FCHMAX (0,97), FCHPDFC (0,97), FCMAX (0,97) e PDFC (0,92) e moderada correlação para a LacMAX (0,62). Os resultados do G2 demonstram que as médias das variáveis VO2max (49,16 ± 5,26 ml·kg-1·min-1 e 50,49 ± 4,42 ml·kg-1·min-1), VO2PDFC (43,64 ± 5,55 ml·kg·min-1 e 42,85 ± 4,69 ml·kg-1·min-1) e PDFC (172 ± 8 bpm e 169 ± 8 bpm) não apresentaram diferença significativa (p<0,05) quando comparados os valores de TET e TI, respectivamente. A FCMAX (190 ± 8 bpm e 192 ± 10bpm), o R (1,12 ± 0,06 e 1,19 ± 0,11) e a LacMAX (8,91 ± 1,70 mmol·L-1 e 11,10 ± 2,34 mmol·L-1) foram diferentes (p<0,05) entre TET e TI, respectivamente. Ao verificar a magnitude das diferenças obtidas entre TET e TI as variáveis foram classificas da seguinte forma: VO2max e LacMAX como trivial/baixo (g entre 0,1 e 0,3); PDFC e VO2PDFC como baixo (g entre 0,3 e 0,5); R como baixo/moderado (g entre 0,5 e 0,7); e FCMAX como moderado (g entre 0,7 e 1,1). O CCI demonstra que todas as variáveis obtidas no TET e TI apresentam correlação forte. Sendo assim, o TET mostra-se como uma metodologia reprodutível e válida para avaliação aeróbia específica de atletas de Taekwondo <BR> / Abstract: Check the validity of a protocol, which aims to physiological assessment and obtaining specific markers is considered a prerequisite when it aims to obtain accurate measurements and can actually be used in prescribing and control of the athlete's training. Recently it has been shown in the literature Specific Test Progressive for Taekwondo (STT), a test that uses motion characteristic (kick Bandal Tchagui) required by Taekwondo competition and aims to present indicators of aerobic capacity and power in athletes Taekwondo. However, we no found reproducibility and concurrent validity of the STT, so that it can be used by researchers and practitioners in sport specific evaluation of athletes of this sport. The objective of this research is to investigate the validity of the STT as a method for assessing aerobic specific Taekwondo athletes. Taekwondo athletes who volunteer for this study were divided into two groups: one group that conducted a test of reproducibility (G1), composed of 12 athletes and the group that conducted a test of concurrent validity (G2), composed of 18 athletes. To participate in the survey athletes should have minimum age of 18 years and at least 3.5 years of experience with the practice of Taekwondo. All study subjects were male. In both protocols the athletes performed with respect range of evaluations approximately 48 hours between tests. The G1 was tested twice (test-retest). The following variables were analyzed: maximum heart rate (HRMAX), heart rate deflection point (HRDP), frequency kick maximum (FKMAX), frequency kick HRDP (FKHRDP) and the maximum lactate posttest (LacMAX). The G2 conducted a STT and incremental treadmill test (IT). During STT the same variables in G1were obtained, beyond VO2max, respiratory quotient (R) and oxygen consumption of HRDP (VO2DPHR) were measured. During the IT beyond FCMAX, HRDP, R e LacMAX were also evaluated the maximum speed (VMAX) and speed of HRDP identified by the method DMAX (VDMAX). For presentation of the data was used descriptive statistics, normality was verified by the Shapiro-Wilk test. A linear correlation was applied for variables obtained in TET and IT. The relationship between the two tests for the different intensity was verified by the analysis of two-way variance (ANOVA) with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was established to verify the reliability test to retest and the variables of the STT and IT. The Bland-Altman analysis was used to test the agreement between the methods. To check for differences between the mean values in G1 between test and retest, and G2, between STT and IT, t test was used for dependent samples was established and the magnitude of the differences from the effect size (g) .The significance level was p <0.05. The results of protocol reproducibility demonstrated that FCMAX e o HRDP did not differ statistically between test and retest. There were also no significant differences (p <0.05) for FKHRDP and FKMAX between test and retest. The effect size rating for these variables were as follows: FCMAX e HRDP as trivial (g<0.1); ); FKMAX e FKHRDP as trivial/small (g between 0.1 and 0.3) and LacMAX as small/moderate (g between 0.5 and 0.7). The ICC shows that test and retest have very strong correlation for variables FKMAX (0,97), FKHRDP (0,97), FCMAX (0,97) e HRDP (0,92) and a moderate correlation for LacMAX (0,62). The results show that the G2 variables VO2max (49,16 ± 5,26 ml·kg-1·min-1 and 50.49 ± 4.42 ml·kg-1 ·min-1), 50,49 ± 4,42 ml·kg-1·min-1), VO2PDFC (43,64 ± 5,55 ml·kg·min-1 and 42,85 ± 4,69 ml·kg-1·min-1) and HRDP (172 ± 8 bpm e 169 ± 8bpm) showed no significant difference (p<0.05)when comparing the values of STT and IT respectively. FCMAX (190 ± 8 bpm and 192 ± 10bpm), the R (1,12 ± 0,06 e 1,19 ± 0,11) and the LacMAX (8,91 ± 1,70 mmol·l-1 and 11,10 ± 2,34 mmol·l-1) were different (p <0.05) between STT and IT. When checking the magnitude of the differences obtained between STT and IT ranks variables were follows: VO2max, LacMAX as trivial/small (d between 0.1 and 0.3); HRDP and VO2HRDP as small (d between 0.3 and 0.5), R as small/moderate (d between 0.5 and 0.7) and FCMAX as moderate (d between 0.7 and 1.1). The ICC shows that all variables obtained in STT and IT show strong correlation. The STT shows up as a valid and reproducible methodology for evaluation specific aerobic of Taekwondo athletes.

Orientador: José Júlio Gavião de Almeida / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T08:51:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Patatas_JacquelineMartins_M.pdf: 1134548 bytes, checksum: 25bf80645d816fb83f6e457d61f5568c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: O fenômeno Lutas nos remete a um conjunto de modalidades, cada uma com sua história, filosofia e características específicas. Considerando o Taekwondo e suas características como o objeto deste estudo, observamos suas manifestações como esporte para pessoas com deficiência. Então, o presente estudo desenvolve-se sob as bases de uma pesquisa do tipo qualitativa e teve como objetivos gerais apresentar aos profissionais da área da Educação Física conhecimentos sobre o Para-Taekwondo em nível nacional e internacional e tecer considerações sobre os caminhos que ainda necessitam ser percorridos. Este estudo foi organizado na forma de capítulos-artigos, sendo ao todo três capítulos-artigos e um capítulo final com considerações finais do trabalho. Os capítulos-artigos vinculam com o objetivo central desse estudo, porém, cada um possui seu objetivo e desenvolvimento específico. Dessa forma, buscamos com este trabalho apresentar algumas reflexões a respeito do Para-Taekwondo, que surge como a adaptação do Taekwondo convencional para a participação de pessoas com amputação de membros superior. Utilizamos como metodologia para este estudo a entrevista semi-estruturada, coletando dados junto a dezessete professores de Educação Física, também técnicos de Taekwondo convencional que trabalham com a modalidade no Brasil, que fazem parte do Grupo 1 deste trabalho e também, para o Grupo 2, coletamos dados junto a sete professores/técnicos envolvidos com o Para-Taekwondo no Brasil, Canadá, México, Guatemala e Venezuela. Após a transcrição das entrevistas, as mesmas foram analisadas pela Análise de Enunciação, uma das técnicas da Análise de Conteúdo. Percebemos então, que no panorama do continente Americano, o Para-Taekwondo ainda não está totalmente estruturado e os trabalhos realizados na área estão apenas no começo de seu desenvolvimento. Consideramos que para que seja atingido, de fato, um espaço nos desportos Paralímpicos de alto rendimento, deve haver melhor preparação, tanto de professores, quanto dos ambientes que cercam essa prática, e melhor desenvolvimento da modalidade, pois, antes de pensar em Paralimpíadas é necessário pensar no aumento e na expressão de países e pessoas praticando e trabalhando dentro da modalidade / Abstract: The Martial Arts phenomenon brings us to several modalities, each one with its own history, philosophy and special characteristics. Considering the Taekwondo and its characteristics as the object of this study, we are able to observe its manifestations as a sport for people with disabilities. Thus, the present study is developed on the basis of a qualitative study, and it sought to provide the physical education professionals with the general knowledge of Para-Taekwondo, in national and international level, as well to weave considerations of the paths that still need to be traversed. This study was organized in the form of chapter-articles, totalling three chapters-articles and a final chapter with the final considerations. The chapters-articles are linked with the central objective of this study, however, each one has its own purpose and specific development. Therefore, we sought in this study some reflections on the Para-Taekwondo knowledge, which appears as the adaptation of the conventional Taekwondo to the participation of the people with upper limb amputation. For that, we used semi structured interviews as the methodology of the present study, collecting data from seventeen physical education teachers, also Taekwondo coaches that have been working with the conventional Taekwondo in Brazil, which are part of Group 1 in this study and also, for the Group 2, we collected data from seven teachers / coaches involved with the Para-Taekwondo in Brazil, Canada, Mexico, Guatemala and Venezuela. After the transcription, they were analyzed by the Enunciation technique, one of the Contend Analysis techniques. We realized that in the American continent landscape, the Para-Taekwondo is not yet fully structured, and works in the area are only in the beginning of its development. We consider that in order to achieve, in fact, a space in the high-performance Paralympics sports, there must be a better preparation of both teachers and the environments that surround this practice, and also better development of the sport modality, since, before thinking in Paralympics games, it's necessary to consider the increase and the expression of countries and people practicing and working within the sport / Mestrado / Atividade Fisica Adaptada / Mestre em Educação Física