No description available.

This item was digitized as part of the Million Books Project led by Carnegie Mellon University and supported by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF). Cornell University coordinated the participation of land-grant and agricultural libraries in providing historical agricultural information for the digitization project; the University of Arizona Libraries, the College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, and the Office of Arid Lands Studies collaborated in the selection and provision of material for the digitization project.

Thesis (M.S.)--University of Wyoming, School of Renewable Natural Resources, 2005. / Title from screen (viewed on April 18, 2008). Includes bibliographical references. Also available via World Wide Web.

Soybean meal-protected tallow has been commercially available in Canada for use in dairy rations, since 1975. The reported effects of feeding protected tallow to dairy cows have been variable and the prices of protected tallow supplements have been high. In view of the lower cost of canola meal relative to soybean meal in Canada, a study was undertaken to investigate the efficacy of feeding protected tallow made either from soybean meal or canola meal, to dairy cows in early lactation. Secondly, a comparison was made between the soybean meal-protected tallow and the canola meal-protected tallow. Twenty-seven cows from the University herd, comprised of 12 first-calf Holstein heifers, 3 Holsteins in their >2nd lactation, 4 Ayrshire heifers and 8 ≥2nd lactation Ayrshires, were used in a continuous feeding trial which was conducted from day of calving until the end of week 20 of lactation. Cows were randomly assigned within breed and lactation category (9 cows per treatment) to one of 3 isonitrogenous (16 % crude protein) concentrates: a) no protected tallow (control); b) 8 % soybean meal-protected tallow; or c) 8 % canola meal-protected tallow, which they received during weeks 1-15 (inclusive). From the beginning of week 16 until the end of week 20 all cows were fed a 16 % crude protein, post-treatment concentrate (no protected tallow). Throughout the 20-week trial the ratio of concentrates to cubes offered was maintained at 70:30 with feed intakes being ad libitum. Between weeks 13 and 16, 4 cows per treatment were assigned to a digestibility trial involving a 7-day total Collection of faeces and urine. Protected tallow rations produced significant increases over the control ration (P<.05) in the yields of milk, 4 % fat-corrected milk and milk fat, and protected tallow rations increased the efficiencies of conversion of gross energy, digestible energy, crude protein and digestible protein to milk, 4 % fat-corrected milk, solids-corrected milk and milk energy (P<.05). The apparent digestibility of ether extract and the concentration of plasma non-esterified fatty acids were significantly higher on rations with protected tallow (P<.05). Milk protein % was significantly reduced below the control level with rations containing protected tallow and rumen acetate and the acetate:propionate levels were also decreased. Protected tallow rations had no significant effect on the intakes of dry matter, gross energy, digestible energy, crude protein or digestible protein or on the apparent digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, gross energy, nitrogen, acid-detergent fibre, ash, calcium, phosphorus or magnesium (P>.05). Also the yields of solids-corrected milk, milk gross energy and milk protein, the plasma glucose concentration and average daily gain were not significantly different, on rations containing protected tallow, compared with the control ration. There was no significant difference between the soybean meal-protected tallow ration and the canola meal-protected tallow ration for any parameter measured except apparent digestibility of ether extract which was significantly higher for the canola meal-protected tallow ration (P<.01). / Land and Food Systems, Faculty of / Graduate

No description available.

Chinese tallow tree (Triadica sebifera (L.)) has become a threat to Southern United States forestlands because of the rapid colonization. To explore the growth rate of tallow, numerous growth models were constructed with destructive sampling method from oak-gum-cypress (Quercus/Liquidambar styraciflua/Taxodium distichum) and longleaf/slash pine (Pinus taeda/ Pinus echinata) forests in southern Mississippi. Moreover, stem profile was also fitted with segmented profile models: Max and Burkhart (1976), Cao (2009) modified Max and Burkhart, and Clark et al. (1991). Numerous results showed that: 1) diameter at breast height, volume and biomass of tallow grew faster in oak-gum-cypress forest while height grew faster with DBH in Longleaf/Slash pine forest; 2) the stem of tallow was generally sturdy in oak-gum-cypress forest while it was slender in longleaf/slash pine forest; however, there was no significant difference between them. Growth and taper models provide a tool for managers to estimate future stocking of tallow tree.

No / From the Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Conference of the British Association for Biological Anthropology and Osteoarchaeology held in Southampton, England in 2003... (6) - Tallow Hill Cemetery, Worcester: The importance of detailed study of post-mediaeval graveyards (Alan R. Ogden, Anthea Boylston and Tom Vaughan).

Effects of tallow supplementation on dietary nutrient and minimal amino acid utilization in the laying hen were studied in two experiments. In the first experiment diets contained six levels of animal tallow ranging from 0 to 10%. Percent egg production and egg mass were not significantly affected by tallow. Body weight was significantly increased by 2% tallow was maximum at 6%. Addition of up to 6% fat improved feed conversion without adversely affecting other production characteristics. Metabolizable energy (ME) intake increased from 305.1 to 322.4 kcal/hen/d over the range of 0 to 6% tallow with no further improvement at higher tallow levels. Maximum net energetic efficiency was obtained with 2 and 4% tallow. Ability to digest tallow declined significantly with hen age. Higher tallow ME values were obtained from calorimetry data than from digestibility measurements due to beneficial effects of tallow on digestibilities of fat and protein in the basal diet. No improvement in starch retention was observed with tallow supplementation. In the second experiment, diets containing four levels of protein (15.0, 13.6, 15.0 + methionine and 17.0%) without and with 3% tallow were fed to hens housed in an open cage house or an insulated, evaporatively cooled house. Egg production and egg mass were significantly higher in the insulated house. This study indicates that reducing total protein below the National Research Council (NRC, 1984) recommended level significantly reduced egg production by birds housed in an open house. Supplemental methionine to provide .60% TSAA was required for maximum egg production. Egg production was significantly improved with the low protein diet when 3% tallow was added; however, egg production rate supported by this combination was significantly below that obtained with the 17% protein diet either with or without added tallow. For birds housed in the insulated, evaporatively cooled house the diet based on the NRC amino acid recommendations appeared to be optimal for performance, even with a lower protein level. No additional benefits were obtained in egg production with 3% tallow in any of the diets under these housing conditions.

Submitted to School of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa June, 2016 / The main objective of this study is to produce biofuel from waste animal fat (collected from abattoirs) using the pyrolysis (thermal cracking) method. To achieve this goal, the study investigated the effects of temperature and heating rate on the yield and quality of the bio-oil produced. Also investigated was the effect of zeolite nano-catalyst(s) on the quality of the bio-oil produced. Animal waste fat (tallow) was pyrolyzed in a laboratory fixed bed reactor of volume 2200 cm3 at final temperatures (FT), 450oC, 500oC, 530oC and 580oC using heating rates (HR) of 4oC/min, 5oC/min and 6oC/min. The properties of the resultant bio-oils were tested and analyzed. The maximum bio-oil yield of 82.78 % was achieved at 530oC FT and 6oC /min HR while the highest calorific value, 52.41 MJ/kg, was recorded from the bio-oil produced at the FT of 580oC and 6oC/min HR. The molecular components of each of the bio-oil samples was analyzed using the Gas Chromatography – Molecular Spectrograph (GC-MS) which indicated the predominant presence of alkanes, alkenes, carboxylic acids and alkyl esters in the bio-oils produced without a catalyst. The introduction of zeolites in nano-form yielded relatively more cyclo-alkanes and aromatics. A maximum yield of 58% was recorded when 1% of the zeolite nano-catalyst was used to pyrolyse the tallow at 530oC FT and 6oC/min HR but with lots of coking and gas formation. The viscosity improved with a 35% reduction for the samples produced with 1% zeolites (C1 and C2). The viscosity of the bio-oil produced with 2% zeolites improved with a resultant 34% reduction in value. For pyrolysis done at 530oC FT and 6oC/min HR, the bio-oils with 1% (C1) and 2% zeolite (C3) resulted in a reduction in acid value of 32% and 30%, respectively. Acid value is the mass of potassium hydroxide (KOH) in milligrams that is required to neutralize one gram of chemical substance. / MT2016

O objetivo deste projeto foi estabelecer um processo de síntese enzimática de biodiesel empregando sebo bovino como matéria-prima lipídica. Para o desenvolvimento deste projeto de mestrado, o trabalho experimental foi direcionado para as seguintes atividades: 1) Determinação das propriedades físico-químicas da matéria-prima; 2) Testes de seleção do derivado imobilizado mais efetivo para mediar a síntese de biodiesel a partir do sebo bovino; 3) Estabelecimento de metodologias para analisar o produto transesterificado por diferentes técnicas; 4) Otimização da síntese de biodiesel por planejamento experimental; 5) Aumento de escala e comprovação do modelo estatístico e 6) Caracterização do produto formado e comparação com o biodiesel comercial. Os resultados das análises de composição da matéria-prima indicaram que a amostra de sebo bovino atende ao padrão exigido para ser utilizado na reação de transesterificação (baixo teor de água e índice de acidez). Para os testes de triagem do biocatalisador, diferentes fontes de lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) foram imobilizadas no suporte híbrido POS-PVA e utilizadas para mediar a reação de transesterificação do sebo bovino e etanol em meio isento de solventes. Todas as reações foram realizadas nas mesmas condições operacionais (temperatura de 45°C, razão molar de 1:9 (gordura/álcool) e 400 unidades de atividade enzimática por grama de sebo bovino). Os rendimentos de transesterificação, bem como os valores de produtividade, foram os parâmetros relevantes na escolha do biocatalisador mais efetivo. Os produtos transesterificados obtidos com rendimentos superiores a 90% foram ainda submetidos a análises complementares, tais como viscosidade cinemática, espectrometria de absorção na região do infravermelho e termogravimetria. O derivado imobilizado selecionado (Pseudomonas cepacia) foi caracterizado quanto às suas propriedades bioquímicas, cinéticas e de estabilidade térmica. Um planejamento experimental foi adotado para determinar a influência do pH e da temperatura na atividade enzimática. Para o estudo da cinética enzimática foram realizados experimentos com diferentes concentrações de substrato (azeite de oliva) visando determinar os parâmetros Km e Vmax na cinética de Michaelis-Menten. Um estudo da estabilidade térmica da lipase livre e imobilizada foi realizado a 60°C para determinar a constante de desativação térmica. Na seqüência, o derivado imobilizado selecionado foi utilizado para otimizar as variáveis do processo (temperatura e razão molar) empregando a metodologia de superfície de resposta, obtendo o seguinte modelo matemático para o rendimento de transesterificação: Y = 86,89-7,46 x1-2,04 x2 em que x1 e x2 são os valores codificados para as variáveis temperatura e razão molar, respectivamente. Com os resultados obtidos, as condições ótimas de reação foram determinadas por software (T= 48ºC e razão molar 1:7 (sebo:etanol)) e então um experimento de comprovação do modelo foi realizado usando uma massa de 110 gramas de meio reacional. Os valores de rendimento da reação apresentaram uma boa correlação com os resultados preditos pelo modelo (91,62% em 8h de reação). Finalmente o produto obtido foi submetido a uma sequência de testes e análises para verificar o potencial do processo enzimático. Os testes indicaram que o processo enzimático é capaz de produzir biodiesel com boa qualidade, apesar de não atender plenamente as normas estabelecidas pela Agência Nacional de Petróleo para uso de combustíveis no país. / The objective of this project was to establish a process for enzymatic synthesis of biodiesel using beef tallow and ethanol as feedstock. For the development of this project, the experimental work was directed to the following activities: 1) Determination of the physicochemical properties of the raw material; 2) Tests for selection of the most eficiente immobilized derivative to mediate the biodiesel synthesis from beef tallow; 3) Methodology establishment for analyzing the product transesterificated by different techniques; 4) Optimization the synthesis of biodiesel by factorial design; 5) Mathematical model comprovation and increase the reaction mass 6) Characterization of the product formed and comparison with the industrial biodiesel. The results of analysis of composition of the raw materials indicated that the sample of beef tallow meets the standard required to be used in the transesterification reaction (low water content and acidity). For screening tests of biocatalysts, different sources of lipase (EC 3.1.1.3) were immobilized on POS-PVA support and used to mediate the transesterification of beef tallow and ethanol in solvent free medium. All reactions were performed under the same operating conditions (temperature of 45°C, molar ratio of 1:9 (fat/ alcohol) and 400 units of enzyme activity per gram of beef tallow). The transesterification yields and the productivity values were important parameters in choosing the most effective biocatalysts. Transesterificated products obtained with yields higher than 90% were subjected to additional tests, such as kinematic viscosity, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and 1H NMR. The immobilized derivative selected (Pseudomonas cepacia) was characterized according to biochemical and kinetics properties and thermal stability. An experimental design was adopted to determine the influence of pH and temperature on enzyme activity. To study the enzyme kinetics experiments were performed with different concentrations of substrate (olive oil) to determine the parameters Km and Vmax in the Michaelis-Menten kinetics. A study of thermal stability of free and immobilized lipase was performed at 60 °C to determine the constant of thermal deactivation. Following this, the chosen immobilized derivative was used to optimize the transesterification reaction (temperature and molar ratio) via response surface methodology, obtaining the following mathematical model (Y=86.89-7.46x1-2.04x2) for the transesterification yield, where x1 and x2 are the coded values for the variables temperature and molar ratio, respectively. Optima reaction conditions were determined by software (T = 48 ° C and molar ratio of 1:7 (tallow: ethanol)) and then a trial to confirm the mathematical model was performed using 110 g of reaction medium. The yield value showed good correlation with results predicted by the model (91.62% in 8 h reaction). Finally, the product was submitted to a sequence of tests and analysis to verify the potential of the enzymatic process. The tests indicated that the enzymatic process allows producing biodiesel with good quality, although the specifications recommended by the Brazilian Petroleum Agency (ANP) to be used as biofuel were not fully attained.