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La protéine EB2 du virus d'Epstein-Barr (EBV) est une protéine du cycle réplicatif du virus indispensable à la production de particules virales. Elle permet l’accumulation dans le cytoplasme de certains ARNm viraux issus de gènes dépourvus d’intron. Pour mettre en évidence les mécanismes qui permettent à EB2 d’exporter ses ARNm cibles dans le cytoplasme, nous avons identifié différents partenaires cellulaires d’EB2 et nous avons étudié certaines de ces interactions d’un point de vue fonctionnel. Nous avons pu montrer qu’EB2 recrute directement le facteur général d'export des ARNm, TAP/NXF1, ce qui lui permet d’être exportée du noyau vers le cytoplasme. Puis nous avons montré qu’EB2 interagit avec SRp20, une protéine impliquée notamment dans la régulation de l'épissage et l'export des ARNm cellulaires. Cette interaction entre EB2 et SRp20 est indispensable pour l’accumulation dans le cytoplasme de certains ARNm cibles d’EB2, notamment parce que SRp20 semble permettre le recrutement d'EB2 sur ces ARNm. Enfin, nous avons montré qu’EB2 forme un dimère et nous avons caractérisé le domaine de la protéine responsable de cette interaction. La dimérisation d'EB2 semble essentielle pour que la protéine interagisse avec certains de ses partenaires comme SRp20 ou encore REF. / The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) protein EB2 is an early protein essential for the production of infectous virions. EB2 allows the cytoplasmic accumulation of a subset of viral mRNAs derived from intronless genes. To highlight the mecanisms by which EB2 exports his targets mRNA, we identified cellular partners and studied the functional role of some of these interactions. We showed that EB2 recruits directly the cellular mRNA export factor TAP/NXF1 and this interaction allows EB2’s shuttling between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The we showed that EB2 interacts with SRp20, a cellular protein implicated in splicing regulation and mRNA export. This interaction is essential for the efficient cytoplasmic accumulation of some EB2 target mRNAs, partly because SRp20 appears to be able to recruit EB2 on these mRNAs. Then we showed that EB2 dimerises and we characterized the domain necessary for this interaction. This dimerisation appears to be essential for EB2’s interaction with several partners, including SRp20 and REF.

Este trabalho apresenta uma estratégia para realizar o controle de tensão em um sistema de distribuição de energia elétrica dotado de comutadores de tap sob carga. Será investigada a aplicação de sistemas inteligentes para tornar os relés reguladores de tensão mais flexíveis. A inserção de módulos inteligentes em relés reguladores de tensão convencionais irá permitir um melhor aproveitamento das funcionalidades já existentes destes dispositivos. Ainda como foco do estudo, pretende-se atuar apenas na subestação de distribuição, realizando medições no barramento secundário e tomando medidas de controle também neste barramento. A capacidade dos sistemas fuzzy em tratar informações incertas, bem como sua potencial aplicabilidade em problemas tendo comportamentos não previsíveis, permitiram a criação de uma estratégia de controle de tensão que atende todas as regulamentações dos órgãos fiscalizadores e, também, os anseios das concessionárias de distribuição de energia elétrica devido aos resultados promissores obtidos em simulação com dados reais das subestações. / This work presents an approach to voltage control in power distribution systems with load tap changers. Intelligent approaches are studied and applied in voltage regulator relay in order to improve the voltage profiles of the system. The proposal of this work is the addition of fuzzy modules in the conventional voltage regulator relays, which allows the exploration of the main functionalities already implemented in such devices. The adaptive fuzzy voltage regulator relay controls the voltage in the distribution substation, monitoring electrical variables and performing the regulation on secondary bus based on the results provided by the fuzzy modules, which are capable to take into account the voltage profile standards for distribution systems as well as operational interests defined by electrical distribution companies. Simulation results using real data from substations are presented to validate the proposed approach.

The new regulations in the electric sector utilities have have requested greater efficiency and quality both in terms of continuity and in conformity of the energy supplied. Electrical equipments quality, efficiency and useful life depend directly of the power quality supplied. In addition to operation of equipments, supply of energy within the limits must be appropriate for the economic development of regions attended. Considering these factors, to improve quality and ensure conformity of the voltage levels over the distribution networks, the companies are investing in improvements in the system, equipment, voltage regulators and exchange of the conductors and building of new feeders and / or substations. Nowadays due to availability of computational tools and algorithms that allow the estimation of state variables at each point of distribution feeders it is possible to evaluate and plan actions for improvement in the system with more correct. But the improvements planned for the primary network, aiming to reduce the voltage drop and make the system more robust, reflecting the voltage levels in the secondary network and therefore require simultaneous actions to enable the benefits of the study are obtained . In this context, this work objective is to develop a methodology that allows the definition of TAP's appropriate for each distribution transformer, grouping them in TAP zones, together with an algorithm that defines the settings of voltage regulators, taking into consideration not only the primary desired voltage, but also its impact on distribution transformers. This methodology can be used on power utilities for power assisting in the planning and operation of the system. The work is divided into 7 chapters dealing respectively: review, steady state voltage levels and means of control applied in distribution networks, defining the TAP zones of processors, defining the parameters of adjustment of voltage regulators, integrated assessment of the voltage regulators and TAP zones, the author's contributions and considerations on the methodology presented. / As novas regulamentações do setor elétrico têm solicitado das concessionárias uma maior eficiência e qualidade tanto em termos de continuidade como na conformidade da energia fornecida. A qualidade, eficiência e vida útil dos aparelhos elétricos dependem diretamente da qualidade da energia fornecida. Além do funcionamento dos equipamentos, o fornecimento da energia dentro dos limites adequados é necessário para o desenvolvimento econômico das regiões atendidas. Diante desses fatores, a fim de melhorar a qualidade e garantir a conformidade dos níveis de tensão ao longo das redes de distribuição, as empresas distribuidoras investem em melhorias no sistema, equipamentos reguladores de tensão, recondutoramento, construção de novos alimentadores e/ou subestações. Atualmente graças a disponibilidade de ferramentas computacionais e algoritmos que permitem estimar as variáveis de estado em cada ponto dos alimentadores de distribuição torna-se possível avaliar e planejar ações de melhorias no sistema com maior assertividade. Porém as melhorias planejadas para a rede primária, com o objetivo de reduzir a queda de tensão e tornar o sistema mais robusto, refletem nos níveis de tensão da rede secundária e por isso necessitam de ações simultâneas para possibilitar que os benefícios do estudo realizado sejam obtidos. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem a proposta de desenvolver uma metodologia que permita a definição dos TAP s adequados para cada transformador de distribuição, agrupando-os em zonas de TAP, juntamente com um algoritmo que defina os ajustes dos reguladores de tensão levando em consideração não somente a tensão primária desejada, mas também seu impacto nos transformadores de distribuição. Esta metodologia poderá ser aplicada nas empresas distribuidoras de energia elétrica auxiliando nas áreas de planejamento e operação do sistema. O trabalho está divido em 7 capítulos tratando respectivamente de: revisão bibliográfica; níveis de tensão e meios de controle aplicados nas redes de distribuição; definição das zonas de TAP dos transformadores; definição dos parâmetros de ajuste dos reguladores de tensão; avaliação integrada dos reguladores de tensão e zonas de TAP; contribuições e considerações do autor a respeito da metodologia apresentada.

Este trabalho apresenta uma estratégia para realizar o controle de tensão em um sistema de distribuição de energia elétrica dotado de comutadores de tap sob carga. Será investigada a aplicação de sistemas inteligentes para tornar os relés reguladores de tensão mais flexíveis. A inserção de módulos inteligentes em relés reguladores de tensão convencionais irá permitir um melhor aproveitamento das funcionalidades já existentes destes dispositivos. Ainda como foco do estudo, pretende-se atuar apenas na subestação de distribuição, realizando medições no barramento secundário e tomando medidas de controle também neste barramento. A capacidade dos sistemas fuzzy em tratar informações incertas, bem como sua potencial aplicabilidade em problemas tendo comportamentos não previsíveis, permitiram a criação de uma estratégia de controle de tensão que atende todas as regulamentações dos órgãos fiscalizadores e, também, os anseios das concessionárias de distribuição de energia elétrica devido aos resultados promissores obtidos em simulação com dados reais das subestações. / This work presents an approach to voltage control in power distribution systems with load tap changers. Intelligent approaches are studied and applied in voltage regulator relay in order to improve the voltage profiles of the system. The proposal of this work is the addition of fuzzy modules in the conventional voltage regulator relays, which allows the exploration of the main functionalities already implemented in such devices. The adaptive fuzzy voltage regulator relay controls the voltage in the distribution substation, monitoring electrical variables and performing the regulation on secondary bus based on the results provided by the fuzzy modules, which are capable to take into account the voltage profile standards for distribution systems as well as operational interests defined by electrical distribution companies. Simulation results using real data from substations are presented to validate the proposed approach.

The goal of this master thesis is a to establish basic characteristics of events produced by non-profit organizations in cooperation with profit organizations, to assess their management, production and funding problems and to provide solutions to these problems. This will be achieved through detailed analysis of the "Koncert proti konci světa" concert. Another goal is to assess, if the model of cooperation of non-profit and profit sector can generally work. The analysis of the event is carried out with access to internal information sources of the subjects and with guided interviews with the key people of the project. Another part of the thesis is a theoretical definition of non-profit organizations with focus on their classification, marketing and funding.

Les protéines sont les macromolécules les plus polyvalentes de la cellule. Elles jouent un rôle fondamental dans la majorité des processus biologiques à travers la formation de complexes multi-protéiques. Durant la transcription, une multitude de facteurs sont impliquées dans le contrôle de l’activité des complexes ARN polymérases. Notre laboratoire s’est intéressé au réseau d’interaction de la machinerie de transcription des ARN polymérases nucléaires, dans le but de mieux comprendre leurs mécanismes de régulation. Pour ce faire, une procédure protéomique comprenant la purification de complexes protéiques par affinité couplée à la spectrométrie de masse et à l’analyse bioinformatique a été développée. La méthode de purification TAP (Tandem Affinity Purification) a été adaptée pour permettre la purification de complexes protéiques solubles assemblés in vivo à partir de cellules humaines. L’objectif de mon projet de maîtrise était de purifier le complexe de l’ARN Pol I ainsi que de poursuivre l’expansion du réseau d’interactions protéine-protéine de la machinerie de transcription de l’ARN Pol II humaine. À l’aide des protéines POLR1E, TWISTNB, POLR2E, PFDN4, MBD2, XPA, CAND1 et PDCD5 étiquetées (TAP-tag) exprimées dans des lignées cellulaires ECR-293, plusieurs complexes protéiques solubles ont été purifiés et analysés par spectrométrie de masse. Les interactions protéiques ont été triées et validées bioinformatiquement pour donner en final une liste d’interactions ayant un haut degré de confiance à partir de laquelle des réseaux d’interactions protéine-protéine ont été créés. Le réseau créé au cours de ce projet connecte plusieurs composantes de la machinerie transcriptionnelle tels que les ARN Pol I, II et III, les complexes RPAP3/R2TP/prefoldin-like, TRiC/CCT, Mi-2/NuRD et des facteurs de transcription et de réparation de l’ADN. Ce type d’analyse nous a permis d’identifier et de caractériser de nouveaux régulateurs de la machinerie de transcription de l’ARN Pol I et II et de mieux comprendre son fonctionnement. / Proteins are the most versatile macromolecules of the cell. They play a fundamental role in the majority of biological processes through the formation of multiprotein complexes. During transcription, a multitude of factors are involved in the control of activity of RNA polymerases. Our laboratory was interested in defining the nuclear RNA polymerases transcription machinery interaction network to better understand their regulatory mechanisms. To do so, a proteomic procedure that allows affinity purification of protein complexes coupled to mass spectrometry and computational data analysis was developed. The tandem affinity purification procedure has been adapted for the purification of soluble protein complexes as they likely exist in live mammalian cells. The aim of my master project was to purify the RNA Pol I complex as well as to further pursue the expansion of the protein-protein interaction network of the human RNA Pol II transcription machinery. By using POLR1E, TWISTNB, POLR2E, PFDN4, MBD2, XPA, CAND1 and PDCD5 TAP – tagged proteins expressed in EcR-293 cell lines, multiple soluble protein complexes were purified and analyzed by mass spectrometry. Protein interactions have been sorted and validated computationally. High-confidence dataset of interactions were used to build the protein-protein interaction networks. The network created for this project connects several components of the transcriptional machinery such as RNA Pol I, II and III, RPAP3/R2TP/prefoldin-like, TRiC/CTC, Mi-2/NuRD complexes and DNA repair and transcription factors. This type of analysis allowed us to identify and characterize new regulators of RNA Pol I and II transcription machinery and to better understand its functioning.