Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Texas at Austin, 2008. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Text in Afrikaans / Hierdie verhandeling handel oor die belastingimplikasies wat uit die aankoop en verkoop van ondernemings in Suid-Afrika voortspruit. Aandag word gegee aan die bree belastingraamwerk van die transaksie en die verskillende maniere waarop 'n onderneming aangekoop of verkoop kan word. Vervolgens word die belastingimplikasies met betrekking tot die aankoop en die verkoop van 'n onderneming bespreek, deur die twee maniere waarop 1 n onderneming oorgeneem kan word, naamlik bateverkryging en belangverkryging, te ontleed. Belastingbeplanningsaspekte wat vir die koper en die verkoper van 'n onderneming van belang is, word ook geidentifiseer. 'n Metode word daarna ontwikkel om die belastingimplikasies te kwantifiseer sodat die belastingimplikasies deur die koper en die verkoper geevalueer kan word. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat 'n koper en verkoper van 'n onderneming groot belastingvoordele kan bewerkstellig deur die transaksie deeglik te beplan en noukeurig deur middel van 'n koopkontrak te struktureer. / This dissertation deals with the tax implications arising from the purchase and sale of enterprises in South Africa. Attention is given to the broad tax framework of the transaction and the different manners in which an enterprise can be purchased or sold. Next, the tax implications in relation to the purchase and sale of an enterprise are discussed by analysing the two manners in which an enterprise can be acquired, namely asset acquisition and share acquisition. Tax planning aspects of importance to the buyer and seller of an enterprise are also identified. Thereafter, a method is developed to quantify the tax implications in order that they can be evaluated by the buyer and seller. The conclusion is made that a buyer and seller of an enterprise can secure major tax benefits by planning the transaction properly and by structuring it carefully by means of a contract of sale. / Financial Accounting / M.Com. (Accounting)

Monografia (especialização em Direito Financeiro e Tributário) - Universidade Federal Fluminense, Niterói, RJ, 2010. / O presente trabalho retoma o estudo da questão dos limites do planejamento tributário no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro. Em particular, o objetivo é examinar a oponibilidade fiscal da situação concreta na qual uma sociedade deficitária incorpora outra lucrativa do mesmo grupo econômico, com a finalidade exclusiva de contornar a regra que veda à sucessora a compensação dos prejuízos fiscais acumulados pela incorporada. O primeiro capítulo contextualiza as duas principais correntes no debate sobre o planejamento tributário: o positivismo e o pós-positivismo. No segundo capítulo, o estudo recai sobre os princípios da legalidade e da tipicidade, a interpretação na norma tributária e a liberdade contratual. Em seguida, são analisadas as visões das correntes positivista e pós-positivista sobre os limites do planejamento tributário, passando do sentido e alcance do parágrafo único do art. 116 do Código Tributário, introduzido pela Lei Complementar nº 104, de 2001, ao cabimento da analogia e do combate à fraude à lei no Direito Tributário. A conclusão do trabalho não ignora a evolução da metodologia do direito e a necessidade de combater-se a elisão abusiva na sociedade atual, admitindo a aplicação, também no Direito Tributário, de institutos da teoria geral do direito, como fraude à lei, para restabelecer eficácia do ordenamento jurídico. / El presente estudio retoma el tema de los límites del planteamiento tributario en el ordenamiento jurídico brasileño. En particular, en él se objetiva examinar la eficacia fiscal de situación concreta en la que una sociedad deficitaria incorpora a otra lucrativa del mismo grupo económico, con la finalidad exclusiva de rodear la prohibición legal a la sucesora de compensar perjuicios fiscales acumulados por la que ha sido incorporada. El primer capítulo contextualiza las principales doctrinas del debate sobre el planteamiento: el positivismo y el post-positivismo. En el segundo capítulo, el estudio discurre sobre los princípios de la reserva de ley y de la tipicidad, la interpretación de la norma tributaria y la liberdad contratual. En seguida, en el tercer capítulo, se examinan las perspectivas de las doctrinas positivistas y post-positivistas sobre los límites del planteamiento, desde el sentido e extensión del párrafo único del art. 166 del CTN, introducido por la LC nº 104, de 2001. Hasta la aplicación de la analogía y del combate al fraude de ley en el Derecho Tributario. La conclusión no ignora la evolución de la metodologia jurídica ni la necesidad de combatir la elusión abusiva en la sociedad actual, admitiéndose la aplicación en el ámbito fiscal de categorías de la teoría general del derecho, como el fraude de ley, para restablecer la eficacia del ordenamiento.

O presente estudo analisa os contornos da estruturação elusiva de atos e negócios jurídicos no Direito Tributário brasileiro. Inicialmente, busca-se definir o conceito de planejamento tributário, abordando as diferentes noções de elisão fiscal, elusão fiscal e evasão fiscal, bem como os critérios contemplados pela doutrina brasileira de Direito Tributário para distinguir as condutas oponíveis e inoponíveis ao Fisco. Para melhor compreensão dos limites da conduta elusiva, examinam-se os princípios constitucionais pertinentes à interpretação da lei tributária e à qualificação da materialidade tributável, as quais são estudadas com vistas à percepção da relação entre Direito Tributário e Direito Privado. Nessa seara, destacam-se os esforços para compreensão da importância dos artigos 109, 116, incisos I e I, e 118 do Código Tributário Nacional em matéria de aplicação da lei tributária, principalmente para entender as consequências da caracterização de determinados vícios ou defeitos, do ponto de vista formal e material, nos atos e negócios jurídicos realizados pelos contribuintes com objetivo de economia fiscal. Nesse particular, examinam-se as figuras da simulação, abuso do direito, fraude à lei e abuso de formas à luz da doutrina brasileira, a fim de verificar sua aplicabilidade em matéria de qualificação da materialidade tributável, bem como com a intenção de identificar pontos em comum entre elas. Analisa-se a pertinência da utilização do postulado da proporcionalidade como parâmetro de interpretação das regras e princípios aplicáveis à estruturação elusiva de atos e negócios realizados pelos contribuintes. Uma vez compreendido o cenário da doutrina brasileira, parte-se para o estudo das figuras do propósito negocial, abuso de formas, fraude à lei e abuso do direito, de acordo com as experiências do Direito estrangeiro, respectivamente, nos Estados Unidos, Alemanha, Espanha e França, igualmente, com o objetivo de encontrar pontos em comum entre tais figuras. Assim, testa-se o postulado da proporcionalidade como ferramenta de compreensão das referidas figuras de acordo com os ordenamentos jurídicos dos respectivos países maternos. Feito esse estudo, busca-se refletir sobre a importação dos conceitos estrangeiros para fins de tratamento da elusão no Brasil, bem como sobre a necessidade da edição de uma norma geral antielusiva no Brasil. Por fim, são examinados os critérios e conceitos adotados pelo Conselho Administrativo de Recursos Fiscais do Ministério da Fazenda para avaliar as condutas elusivas praticadas pelos contribuintes, à luz dos parâmetros selecionados ao longo do trabalho. / This study examines the contours of the elusive structuring of acts and transactions according to the Brazilian Tax Law. Initially, it seeks to define the concept of tax planning, covering the different notions of tax avoidance, tax elusion and tax evasion, besides the criteria used by the Brazilian Tax Law doctrine to distinguish between conducts that may be or may be not enforceable against the Brazilian tax authorities. For a better understanding of the limits of an elusive conduct, this study examines the constitutional principles that are relevant to the interpretation of Tax Law and to the identification of taxable material facts, which are also analyzed in view of the relationship between Tax Law and Private Law. Regarding this subject, we highlight the efforts made to understand the importance of articles 109, 116, sections I and I, and 118 of the National Tax Code in regard to the enforcement of the Tax Law and, mainly, efforts made to understand the consequences of the characterization of certain formal or material defects or flaws in acts and transactions undertaken by taxpayers for the purpose of tax saving. In particular, we examine the discussions held by the Brazilian legal doctrine concerning simulation, abuse of law, fraus legis and abuse of forms in order to verify the applicability of those concepts to qualify taxable material facts and in order to identify similarities among them. This study also analyzes the appropriateness of using the postulate of proportionality as a parameter of interpretation of rules and principles applicable to the elusive structuring of acts and transactions conducted by taxpayers. Once the Brazilian doctrine is understood, we proceed to the study of the business purpose test, abuse of forms, fraus legis and abuse of law, respectively, according to the experiences in the United States, Germany, Spain and France. This analysis aims to find common ground between the referred figures. Thus, we test the postulate of proportionality as a tool to understand these figures pursuant to the legal systems of their respective countries of origin. Once this analysis is concluded, we try to reflect on the adoption of foreign concepts for treating tax elusion in Brazil, as well as on the need of editing a national general rule to avoid tax elusion. Finally, we examine the criteria and concepts adopted by the Administrative Board of Tax Appeals of the Ministry of Finance for assessing the elusive behaviors practiced by taxpayers in the light of the parameters selected throughout this study.

Tax avoidance through interest deductions has been highlighted internationally as a concern with the effect of eroding tax revenues of countries, including South Africa (SA). The evident cause of this concern is what is termed base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) mainly orchestrated by multinational companies using aggressive tax planning schemes. Although the concern continues to exist, comprehensive measures are in place in SA such as the anti-avoidance rules and exchange control regulations to mitigate the concern. The study was undertaken to analyse the legislation on interest deductions in terms of the Income Tax Act No 58 of 1962 (‘the Act’) with particular focus on anti-avoidance. A number of issues pertaining to the operation of the provisions in the Act; administrative challenges as well the possible exploitation of loopholes within the provisions were identified. Furthermore, a comparative analysis conducted against Australia and the United Kingdom indicated that the measures adopted in SA are relatively similar, if not ahead. The effect the anti-avoidance measures have on the economic growth was considered. The results were positive in that the measures do not counteract the pursuit of economic growth. Lastly, the study assessed the position of SA against the internationally recommended best practice on the subject matter and it became evident that opportunities exist to improve the current measures applied in SA to mitigate the BEPS risks through interest deductions.

The aim of this treatise is to provide an analysis of the tax implications of making use of limited real rights in tax planning. In order to understand the tax implications of making use of limited real rights it is necessary to understand the nature and legal form of these rights. The importance of this understanding lies in the determination of the tax legislation applicable to the right in question, and the subsequent tax implications. The next step in working through an analysis of the tax implications of making use of limited real rights is therefore to define the scope of applicable legislation. This required an analysis of the scoping provisions of our tax legislation. Once the scope of applicable legislation had been defined, it was then possible to move onto an analysis of the application of the legislation identified to the various “stages” of limited real rights. The conclusion from this analysis is that the tax implications of making use of limited real rights are spread fairly broadly across several different pieces of legislation, and need to be carefully and fully considered when making a decision to make use of limited real rights in a tax planning strategy. The conclusion on the analysis of certain selected tax planning strategies that make use of limited real rights is that it is possible to make fairly substantial cash flow savings when deciding to implement a particular strategy which makes use of limited real rights. But, that use of these strategies is not without risk. For example, SARS may examine a particular strategy in terms of the “new” GAAR. The financial implications of the successful application of the GAAR may be disastrous to the taxpayer, and the tax planner will need to have considered and advised on the possibility of such a challenge from SARS. In addition, in some of the strategies, there are risks associated with the anticipated life expectancy of parties to the tax plan being shorter than anticipated. The conclusion is that the use of limited real rights in tax planning can be effective and provide savings, but that the use of such a strategy requires, inter alia, a very careful consideration of the interaction and application of our tax legislation to the strategy.

Tax evasion and avoidance costs South Africa billions of rand each year. This treatise examines the judiciary’s view and/or attitude to the dividing line between legitimate and illegitimate tax avoidance. It seeks to find out how South African courts have ultimately dealt with the old GAAR section 103(1). The treatise seeks to establish the role that the judiciary plays in tax avoidance and whether it has been pro-fiscus or pro-taxpayer in its deliberations of tax avoidance cases. The treatise focuses specifically on the judicial responses to the General Anti-avoidance Rule Section 103 of the Income Tax Act No. 58 of 1962. In order to show the judicial approaches and/or responses to tax avoidance in South Africa, a selection of income tax cases have been used to illustrate how the judges have interpreted the GAAR and whether they have been sympathetic to the tax payer or to the fiscus. The cases used in this study stem from the old GAAR section 103. There have not been important cases dealing with the new GAAR section 80A to 80L of the Income Tax Act. In the final analysis of this research it would seem that the effectiveness and scope of the GAAR depends ultimately on its interpretation by the courts. Many of the cases that have been decided under section 103 (1) have provided disappointing outcomes for SARS. However it is noteworthy that the courts which were previously taking a restrictive approach and were pro-taxpayer in their deliberations are beginning to take a different approach and are gallant in their interpretation of the GAAR. Judges are slowly abandoning the long standing judicial approach which was that taxpayers are entitled to arrange their affairs in any legal way in order to minimize their tax and are going further and examining the real substance and purpose of the transactions entered into by taxpayers as opposed to the form of the transactions. The Supreme Court of Appeal has now set a precedent which goes deeper and examines the true intention of parties in entering into transactions and does not tie itself to labels that parties have attached to their transactions. This recent judicial attitude and zeal exhibited by the courts will without a doubt hinder tax avoidance activity and strengthen the effectiveness and scope of the new GAAR sections 80A to 80L.

No description available.

Originally presented as the author's dissertation--Universität Osnabrück, 2004. / Includes bibliographical references and index.

Выпускная квалификационная работа (магистерская диссертация) посвящена изучению налогового планирования на предприятии. Предметом исследования выступают экономические отношения по поводу формирования налоговых планов и оптимизации мероприятий на уровне хозяйствующего субъекта. Основной целью магистерской диссертации является на основе изучения теории по сущности и методам налогового планирования, проведения анализа финансовой деятельности, структуры налогов и налоговых платежей разработать мероприятия по устранению пробелов в налоговом планирования на предприятии. / The final qualifying work (master's thesis) is devoted to the study of tax planning in the enterprise. The subject of the research is economic relations regarding the formation of tax plans and the optimization of measures at the level of a business entity. The main purpose of the master's work is based on the study of the theory of the essence and methods of tax planning, analysis of financial activities, tax structure and tax payments in order to develop measures to eliminate gaps in tax planning in the enterprise.