Tax Havens Abstract The issue of tax havens is a frequently discussed topic of recent years, both by taxpayers and tax advisors and by the financial administration. This is due to EU and OECD activity in this area and increased legislative activity regulating harmful practices of tax havens The aim of this work is to summarize tax havens. Therefore, will I focus on states in Europe, multinationals and direct corporate taxation. The main initiatives are the OECD initiative against BEPS and the EU tax avoidance package (ATAD, CCCTB, CCTB, DAC). Tax havens can be simply defined as states in which the taxpayer is less taxed than the in the state of source of income. In a broader sense, it is not only lower taxation but also mediation of the lack of transparency of beneficial owners towards the tax authorities in the state of the source of income. In the first part of this thesis I deal with the basic terms that are connected to tax havens. These are the elements of the tax, the definition of tax havens, tax evasion, tax avoidance, tax optimization, tax planning. The second part deals with the symptoms of tax havens, where I show examples of harmful practices. In this section, I focus on Double Irish with Dutch Sandwich, transfer pricing, abuse of double tax treaties, harmful tax practices in relationship to tax...

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by Mo Wai-bun. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaf 52. / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.v / Chapter I . --- INTRODUCTION & METHODOLOGY --- p.1 / The Scope of Inland Revenue Ordinance --- p.1 / Lialility to Profits Tax --- p.2 / "Carrying on Trade, Profession, or Business" --- p.2 / Profits Arising in or Derived from Hong Kong --- p.4 / A Conceptual Perspective of Tax Planning --- p.5 / Purpose of the Research --- p.7 / Methodology --- p.8 / Structure of the Research Report --- p.9 / Chapter II. --- THE USE OF SERVICE COMPANY FOR A PARTNERSHIP --- p.10 / Introduction --- p.10 / Purpose --- p.10 / Structure --- p.11 / Taxation --- p.13 / Operation of Banking Arrangements --- p.14 / Accounting Treatment of the Scheme --- p.15 / Determination of the Director's Salary --- p.16 / Tax Savings --- p.18 / Summary --- p.19 / Chapter III. --- REINVOICING AND THE TAXATION OF SALES PROFITS --- p.21 / Introduction --- p.21 / Background --- p.21 / The Uncertainty from Sinolink --- p.23 / The Reinvoicing Paradox --- p.24 / Tax Planning Structure of Reinvoicing Companies --- p.26 / Chapter IV. --- THE USE OF OFF-SHORE COMPANIES TO ELIMINATE PROFITS TAX ON SALES --- p.29 / Introduction --- p.29 / Background --- p.29 / Hong Kong Profits Tax Implications of Current Operations --- p.30 / A Tax Efficient Structure --- p.31 / Operation Procedures under the Proposed Structure --- p.32 / Place of Incorporation of Offshore Company --- p.35 / Jersey --- p.35 / Background --- p.35 / Incorporation --- p.36 / Taxation --- p.36 / Isle of Man --- p.36 / Background --- p.36 / Incorporation --- p.37 / Taxation --- p.37 / Implementation --- p.37 / Costs --- p.38 / Hong Kong Tax Implications of the Activities of Off-Shore Companies --- p.38 / Honf Kong Tax Implications of the Activities of HK Cos --- p.40 / PRC Implications --- p.40 / Summary --- p.41 / Chapter V. --- CONCLUSION --- p.42 / APPENDICES --- p.43 / Chapter 1 . --- Contract for Services --- p.44 / Chapter 2. --- Employment Agreement --- p.46 / Chapter 3. --- Expense Report Format --- p.51 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.52

by Ko Kwok-Wai & Wong Man-Fai. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1992. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 110-113). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.iv / ABBREVIATIONS --- p.vi / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Objectives of the Study --- p.2 / Limitations of the Study --- p.3 / Methodology of the Study --- p.4 / Chapter II. --- A REVIEW OF TAX PLANNING TECHNIQUES USED IN HONG KONG COPORATIONS --- p.6 / Sourcing Profits of Hong Kong Corporation offshore --- p.7 / Structuring Receipts to be of Capital Nature --- p.17 / Increasing allowable deduction --- p.19 / Deferring the Payment of Tax --- p.25 / Diversion and Extraction of Income --- p.26 / Treaty Shopping --- p.29 / Chapter III. --- HONG KONG TAX AUTHORITY'S POLICY TOWARDS TAX PLANNING --- p.33 / Anti-avoidance Legislation --- p.33 / Tax Authorities General Attitude and Policy towards Tax Planning Activities --- p.43 / Chapter IV. --- CORPORATE MANAGEMENT'S ATTITUDE TOWARDS TAX PLANNING ACTIVITIES --- p.45 / Tax Planning in 1970's --- p.45 / Tax Planning in early 1980's --- p.46 / Tax Planning in late 1980's to 1990's --- p.47 / Chapter V. --- DEVELOPMENT OF TAX ADVISORY SERVICES IN HONG KONG --- p.50 / Tax Advisory Services in 1970's - Infant stage --- p.50 / Tax Advisory Services in early 1980's - Growth Stage --- p.51 / Tax Advisory Services in late 1980to1990's - Mature Stage --- p.52 / Chapter VI. --- SOME EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS --- p.55 / Objectives --- p.55 / Methodology --- p.55 / Limitations --- p.57 / Findings and Conclusions --- p.57 / Chapter VII. --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.70 / Future Orientation of Tax Planning Activities in Hong Kong --- p.70 / Further Comments --- p.72 / APPENDIX --- p.74 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.110

Text in Afrikaans / Hierdie verhandeling handel oor die belastingimplikasies wat uit die aankoop en verkoop van ondernemings in Suid-Afrika voortspruit. Aandag word gegee aan die bree belastingraamwerk van die transaksie en die verskillende maniere waarop 'n onderneming aangekoop of verkoop kan word. Vervolgens word die belastingimplikasies met betrekking tot die aankoop en die verkoop van 'n onderneming bespreek, deur die twee maniere waarop 1 n onderneming oorgeneem kan word, naamlik bateverkryging en belangverkryging, te ontleed. Belastingbeplanningsaspekte wat vir die koper en die verkoper van 'n onderneming van belang is, word ook geidentifiseer. 'n Metode word daarna ontwikkel om die belastingimplikasies te kwantifiseer sodat die belastingimplikasies deur die koper en die verkoper geevalueer kan word. Die gevolgtrekking word gemaak dat 'n koper en verkoper van 'n onderneming groot belastingvoordele kan bewerkstellig deur die transaksie deeglik te beplan en noukeurig deur middel van 'n koopkontrak te struktureer. / This dissertation deals with the tax implications arising from the purchase and sale of enterprises in South Africa. Attention is given to the broad tax framework of the transaction and the different manners in which an enterprise can be purchased or sold. Next, the tax implications in relation to the purchase and sale of an enterprise are discussed by analysing the two manners in which an enterprise can be acquired, namely asset acquisition and share acquisition. Tax planning aspects of importance to the buyer and seller of an enterprise are also identified. Thereafter, a method is developed to quantify the tax implications in order that they can be evaluated by the buyer and seller. The conclusion is made that a buyer and seller of an enterprise can secure major tax benefits by planning the transaction properly and by structuring it carefully by means of a contract of sale. / Financial Accounting / M.Com. (Accounting)

published_or_final_version / Business Administration / Master / Master of Business Administration

O presente estudo analisa os contornos da estruturação elusiva de atos e negócios jurídicos no Direito Tributário brasileiro. Inicialmente, busca-se definir o conceito de planejamento tributário, abordando as diferentes noções de elisão fiscal, elusão fiscal e evasão fiscal, bem como os critérios contemplados pela doutrina brasileira de Direito Tributário para distinguir as condutas oponíveis e inoponíveis ao Fisco. Para melhor compreensão dos limites da conduta elusiva, examinam-se os princípios constitucionais pertinentes à interpretação da lei tributária e à qualificação da materialidade tributável, as quais são estudadas com vistas à percepção da relação entre Direito Tributário e Direito Privado. Nessa seara, destacam-se os esforços para compreensão da importância dos artigos 109, 116, incisos I e I, e 118 do Código Tributário Nacional em matéria de aplicação da lei tributária, principalmente para entender as consequências da caracterização de determinados vícios ou defeitos, do ponto de vista formal e material, nos atos e negócios jurídicos realizados pelos contribuintes com objetivo de economia fiscal. Nesse particular, examinam-se as figuras da simulação, abuso do direito, fraude à lei e abuso de formas à luz da doutrina brasileira, a fim de verificar sua aplicabilidade em matéria de qualificação da materialidade tributável, bem como com a intenção de identificar pontos em comum entre elas. Analisa-se a pertinência da utilização do postulado da proporcionalidade como parâmetro de interpretação das regras e princípios aplicáveis à estruturação elusiva de atos e negócios realizados pelos contribuintes. Uma vez compreendido o cenário da doutrina brasileira, parte-se para o estudo das figuras do propósito negocial, abuso de formas, fraude à lei e abuso do direito, de acordo com as experiências do Direito estrangeiro, respectivamente, nos Estados Unidos, Alemanha, Espanha e França, igualmente, com o objetivo de encontrar pontos em comum entre tais figuras. Assim, testa-se o postulado da proporcionalidade como ferramenta de compreensão das referidas figuras de acordo com os ordenamentos jurídicos dos respectivos países maternos. Feito esse estudo, busca-se refletir sobre a importação dos conceitos estrangeiros para fins de tratamento da elusão no Brasil, bem como sobre a necessidade da edição de uma norma geral antielusiva no Brasil. Por fim, são examinados os critérios e conceitos adotados pelo Conselho Administrativo de Recursos Fiscais do Ministério da Fazenda para avaliar as condutas elusivas praticadas pelos contribuintes, à luz dos parâmetros selecionados ao longo do trabalho. / This study examines the contours of the elusive structuring of acts and transactions according to the Brazilian Tax Law. Initially, it seeks to define the concept of tax planning, covering the different notions of tax avoidance, tax elusion and tax evasion, besides the criteria used by the Brazilian Tax Law doctrine to distinguish between conducts that may be or may be not enforceable against the Brazilian tax authorities. For a better understanding of the limits of an elusive conduct, this study examines the constitutional principles that are relevant to the interpretation of Tax Law and to the identification of taxable material facts, which are also analyzed in view of the relationship between Tax Law and Private Law. Regarding this subject, we highlight the efforts made to understand the importance of articles 109, 116, sections I and I, and 118 of the National Tax Code in regard to the enforcement of the Tax Law and, mainly, efforts made to understand the consequences of the characterization of certain formal or material defects or flaws in acts and transactions undertaken by taxpayers for the purpose of tax saving. In particular, we examine the discussions held by the Brazilian legal doctrine concerning simulation, abuse of law, fraus legis and abuse of forms in order to verify the applicability of those concepts to qualify taxable material facts and in order to identify similarities among them. This study also analyzes the appropriateness of using the postulate of proportionality as a parameter of interpretation of rules and principles applicable to the elusive structuring of acts and transactions conducted by taxpayers. Once the Brazilian doctrine is understood, we proceed to the study of the business purpose test, abuse of forms, fraus legis and abuse of law, respectively, according to the experiences in the United States, Germany, Spain and France. This analysis aims to find common ground between the referred figures. Thus, we test the postulate of proportionality as a tool to understand these figures pursuant to the legal systems of their respective countries of origin. Once this analysis is concluded, we try to reflect on the adoption of foreign concepts for treating tax elusion in Brazil, as well as on the need of editing a national general rule to avoid tax elusion. Finally, we examine the criteria and concepts adopted by the Administrative Board of Tax Appeals of the Ministry of Finance for assessing the elusive behaviors practiced by taxpayers in the light of the parameters selected throughout this study.

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Habilitation - Universität, Köln, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 815-879) and index.

Issues and problems associated with the seriousness of tax non-compliance have increased dramatically over the years due to the widening tax gaps experienced by governments worldwide as a result of sophisticated transactions. To add to the severity of the situation are the concerns surrounding the difficulties associated with our abilities in defining what is meant by tax compliance, non-compliance and their relevant sub-categories. This study reviews both the international existing literature and New Zealand case law to examine how the concepts have (or have not) been defined over the years within particular studies and case law. The results are presented in the form of a critical literature review where the definitions (or descriptions) for the concepts are organized into tables, in order to compare how the definitions have (or have not) been ‘improved’ over the years. Lastly, this study discusses the implications regarding whether ‘universal’ definitions can or should be developed and attributed to each of the concepts in order to clear the murkiness between our understanding of the various concepts of tax compliance, non-compliance, and their sub-categories.