Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1942. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 334-343).

Thèse--Paris. / At head of title: Faculté de Droit de l'Université de Paris.

Thesis (M.A.)--Guo li Zheng zhi da xue, Si li Zhongguo di zheng yan jiu suo. / Cover title. Mimeo, copy. Includes bibliographical references.

Diss. Stockholm : Handelshögskolan, 2009.

published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Objectives: To investigate the association between tobacco taxation and changes in tobacco consumption among adults. To synthesis the evidence regarding differential effect of tax on smoking in adults. From this review, some policy suggestions would be obtained to enhance the effectiveness of tobacco control. Methods and Results: Relevant studies published between 2008 and 2013 were searched and identified through PubMed, ISI web of knowledge and economics databases of IDEAS with combination of key words. Studies regarding the association between tobacco taxation and changes of smoking prevalence were included in this review. 162 articles were identified, 8 studies were found to be relevant with in this systematic review. All the studies were conducted in different areas with different sample size, study design, and outcome measurements. The results from these studies presented the negative association between tobacco taxation and smoking prevalence among adults. Based on the previous studies analyzed above, the reduction of tobacco use was varied by different prices increase according to the observational studies using the statistic analyze or modeling. Conclusion: Tobacco taxation has been proved to the most effectiveness approach to lower the prevalence of tobacco consumption among populations, which could reduce the adverse health outcome to relieve disease burden and increase government revenues as well. The tobacco tax policy should based on their national conditions, otherwise, the effectiveness of reduction tobacco consumption would decrease due to unsuitable implementation. / published_or_final_version / Medicine / Master / Master of Public Health

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This research aims to examine planning obligations, by answering if and how they affect property development and who pays for them. Planning obligations require developers to make in-kind or cash cont~butions p~or to the granting of planning consent. Uniquely in the UK, developers negotiate with local authoritie~ over the extent and scope of these contributions. The foci of this research relate to questions of who pays for planning obligations; what are the economic impacts of planning obligations on development;· and do local authoIjties and . developers have conflicting views during their negotiations? Planning obligations are a topical policy issue, as the Government is proposing to change the way they are implemented. The theoretical framework has two themes relating to the principles of land value taxation and development charges (a generic term for planning obligations), and to negotiation theories that explore the conditions under which satisfactory agreements can be reached. This research contributes to a significant gap in the UK literature when compared to the more economic approaches common in United States and elsewhere. The approach is also innovative because it introduces negotiation theories to the understanding of the current framework of planning obligations. Theories are discussed and elaborated within the context of case studies of recent practice in the Southern England borough councils of Basingstoke and Deane, Bracknell Forest, Fareham, Medway, Rushmoor and Test Valley. ii The thesis consists of four parts. The first part introduces the concept of developer charges and the specific British context of planning obligations. The second part investigates the economics of land taxation and development charges, and it identifies the applicable negotiation theories within an institutional framework. The third part sets out the methodology and the findings of the case study analysis. That analysis is based on detailed questionnaire results and interview findings aimed at revealing planners' and developers' views with regard to planning obligations and their negotiation strategies. Finally, the implications of the findings are discussed. It is argued that planning obligations do affect property development. Many planners think that developers alone bear the burden of this tax, rather than other agents. As a result of this and other factors, it is concluded that the present local institutional arrangements for negotiating planning obligations are unlikely to achieve optimum results.

published_or_final_version / abstract / toc / Public Administration / Master / Master of Public Administration

No description available.