Le trouble déficitaire de l’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité (TDA/H) est une condition qui touche un nombre important d’enfants d’âge scolaire. Plusieurs d’entre eux sont également atteints d’un trouble concomitant, qu’il soit de nature anxieuse ou agressive. Les manifestations comportementales qui en découlent, ainsi que les conséquences qui y sont associées, ont une influence sur l’enfant, mais également sur son parent. Certaines études suggèrent que ces conditions sont associées chez les parents à un niveau de stress élevé, à un sentiment d’auto-efficacité (SAE) plus faible, à plus de symptômes dépressifs et à une satisfaction conjugale plus faible. D’autres résultats rapportent le contraire. Pourquoi ces résultats sont-il divergents? Cette étude a pour but, en premier lieu, d’examiner, dans un échantillon québécois de 110 parents d’enfants atteints de TDA/H, si les caractéristiques du TDA/H des enfants (sous-type de TDA/H et présence d’un trouble concomitant) influencent les caractéristiques personnelles de leur parent (stress parental, SAE, symptômes dépressifs et satisfaction conjugale). En deuxième lieu, nous examinerons si l’attachement adulte est lié à ces quatre caractéristiques personnelles parentales et s’il modère le lien entre les caractéristiques du TDA/H de l’enfant et celles du parent. Les résultats indiquent que le profil diagnostique de l’enfant est lié aux symptômes dépressifs des parents et que la présence d’un trouble concomitant chez l’enfant est liée à la satisfaction conjugale parentale. De plus, un effet d’interaction est observé entre le profil diagnostique et la présence d’un trouble concomitant chez l’enfant sur le niveau de stress du parent. Les résultats démontrent également un effet significatif du style d’attachement adulte sur le sentiment d’auto-efficacité des parents, les parents avec un attachement sécure-autonome ayant un sentiment d’auto-efficacité plus élevé que ceux avec un attachement de type insécure-ambivalent. Aucun effet modérateur de l’attachement adulte sur la relation entre les caractéristiques du TDA/H de l’enfant et les caractéristiques personnelles de son parent n’est observé. / Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (AD/HD) is present in a large number of school-aged children. Many of them are also suffering from comorbid agressive or anxious disorders. Behavioral manifestations and the consequences that arise, have not only an influence on the child, but also on the parent. Some studies suggest that, for those parents, these conditions are associated with a higher level of stress, a lower sense of self-efficacy, more depressive symptoms and lower marital satisfaction. Other findings relate the opposite. Why are these results in conflict? This study aims, firstly, to examine, in a Quebec sample of 110 parents of children with AD/HD, if the children’s characteristics of AD/HD (diagnostic profile and the presence of a comorbid disorder) are related to their parent’s personal characteristics (parental stress, sense of self-efficacy, depressive symptoms and marital satisfaction). Second, we examine whether adult attachment is linked with those four parental characteristics and if it moderates the relationship between children’s AD/HD characteristics and parent’s personal characteristics. Results indicate that the child’s diagnostic profile is related to parent’s depressive symptoms and that the presence of comorbid disorders is related with parent’s marital satisfaction. Also, an interaction effect between child’s diagnostic profile and presence of comorbid disorders is observed on parental stress level. In addition, results showed a significant relation between adult attachment style and parent’s sense of self-efficacy only, confirming that parents with a secure-autonomous attachment style have a higher sense of self-efficacy than those with an insecure-ambivalent attachment style. No moderating effect of adult attachment on the relationship between child’s AD/HD characteristics and parent’s personal characteristics is observed.

Les parents d’enfants aux prises avec un trouble déficitaire de l’attention avec ou sans hyperactivité (TDA/H) sont à risque de dépression. Ces parents rapportent aussi des relations familiales plus problématiques, des expériences plus stressantes, un sentiment d’auto-efficacité plus faible à l’égard de leur rôle parental et des pratiques parentales plus coercitives ou inadéquates en comparaison aux parents d’enfants sans ce diagnostic. Plusieurs recherches ont relevé que les parents d’enfants ayant un TDA/H qui ont participé à un programme d’entraînement aux habiletés parentales (PEHP) rapportent une amélioration générale des difficultés énumérées précédemment. Le changement d’attitude et de pratiques parentales est souvent relié à une diminution des symptômes du TDA/H chez les enfants. L’intervention peut donc contribuer à améliorer la condition du parent et par le fait même celle de son enfant. Toutefois, le TDA/H est un trouble chronique qui peut affecter certaines caractéristiques personnelles du parent pouvant interférer avec la capacité de ce dernier à bénéficier d’une intervention. Peu d’études s’attardent aux caractéristiques du parent pouvant affecter l’efficacité de l’intervention. Le but de la présente étude est d’étudier le lien bidirectionnel entre certaines caractéristiques personnelles (dépression, stress, sentiment d’auto-efficacité) et les pratiques parentales dans un contexte d’intervention qui s’adresse aux parents d’enfants ayant un TDA/H. Les résultats démontrent que le sentiment d’auto-efficacité initial du parent est prédicteur d’une discipline inconstante, et ce, indépendamment de la condition expérimentale. De plus, les pratiques positives initiales sont prédicteurs d’un sentiment d’auto-efficacité élevé au post-test et ce, indépendamment de la condition expérimentale. / When compared to parents of non-diagnosed children, parents of children with ADHD face a higher risk of experiencing parenting stress, depression, and family functioning problems. They also report lower levels of parental self-efficacy, and use more coercive or inadequate parental practices. Some evidence suggests that parental abilities training programs can help offset some of the risks associated with raising a child with ADHD. Changes in attitudes and parental practices are also associated with reductions in child ADHD symptoms. Parent training interventions therefore represent promising strategies for improving both parent and child outcomes. Nevertheless, the personal characteristics of parents can intervene with their ability to benefit from parental training. Few studies have examined how parental characteristics can influence program efficacy. The objective of the present study is to examine the bidirectional link between parental characteristics (depression, stress, self-efficacy) and parental practices within the context of a parent training program. Baseline parent self-efficacy predicted use of inconsistent discipline regardless of whether parents had followed the training program. Furthermore, baseline positive parental practices predicted parent self-efficacy, regardless of experimental condition.

SILVA, Marilete Geralda da. As expectativas e a participação dos pais no processo de desenvolvimento e escolarização do filho diagnosticado com Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade - TDA/H. 2007. 247f. Tese (Doutorado em Educação) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Faculdade de Educação, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação Brasileira, Fortaleza-CE, 2007. / Submitted by Raul Oliveira (raulcmo@hotmail.com) on 2012-08-06T14:36:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_TESE_MGSILVA.pdf: 2245027 bytes, checksum: 2e7f0c8bf7fc5ae997419fcf20cf563a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Josineide Góis(josineide@ufc.br) on 2012-08-09T11:15:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_TESE_MGSILVA.pdf: 2245027 bytes, checksum: 2e7f0c8bf7fc5ae997419fcf20cf563a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-08-09T11:15:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007_TESE_MGSILVA.pdf: 2245027 bytes, checksum: 2e7f0c8bf7fc5ae997419fcf20cf563a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / The present study aimed to understand the relations between the expectations and the forms of participation of the parents in the development and the schooling of the children diagnosed with the Attention Deficit Disorder/ Hyperactivity - ADD/H based on the fact that parents are privileged partners in the education of the children. So for such objective to be reached, a study of four cases of children diagnosed with this disorder (three boys and a girl) and its respective parents was done in the age-group from seven to ten years old when the beginning of the study during the first semester of 2005. For the research of the data collection, guided interviews and participant observations were carried out. The interviews had been carried through with the parents, the children, the professors and pedagogical coordinator of the schools where these children studied at the beginning and in the end of the period of the terms during the semester of each institute. The participant observations happened in the contexts of the house and the school of each child and also in other environments (the sports court, the private teacher´s house, in the course of Mathematics, in the Resource Center, in the presentations of bumba-meu-boi and in the street). The collected data had been organized and categorized from the technique of the content analysis. To the written registers of the participant observations, gathered data of the photographic and phonographic registers were added. These registers were transformed into descriptive texts of the interactions between the citizens of the research. The gathered and organized data were mainly analyzed and interpreted from the psychoanalytical perspective and authors who argue the participation of the parents at school and also the process of pertaining to school inclusion of children with educative special necessities. Taking into consideration the limits of the methodology of this case study, some conclusive inferences related to the applied work were pointed out. They are as follows: the parents have expectations concerning to the development, the schooling and the professionalization of the children, such as the other parents, but they hope the children develop principally good attitudes; the expectations nor always were positive and evidenced to be influenced by the context of the difficulties and easinesses of the children. The participation of the parents has mainly characterized for the search of some professionals to help them in the accompaniment of the children; for the guilt they have concerning to the difficulties of the child; for the monitoring, for the attachment and devotion of the mothers and for the apart participation of the father; and the difficulty in understanding the behavior of the child because of the effects of the medicine regarding the symptoms of the ADD/H. The school attendance is pointed out by the parents as the main factor that helps and makes it difficult the participation in the development and the schooling of the children. The relation between expectations and participation showed: that there is no linearity between them; that not always the participation form is favorable to the reach of the expectations; that expectations and forms of participation point the place that the children occupy in the desire of their parents; that the feelings of the parents related to the children are ambivalent; that a high investment in the participation and the no return of what is waited can generate negative expectations and that not always all participation of the parents is synonymous of help for the child, the school and the proper family. The children perceive that the parents yearn they learn good attitudes and change their behavior; they behave themselves (verbally) in a passive and childish way ahead of the aids that receive; they show good feelings concerning to the classmates and teachers; they also show motivation and independent behavior to carry out their activities at some moments of the study, but they also demonstrate to mobilize some people of the family with their tasks; they have consciousness of the symptoms of the ADD/H that are attributed and show some mistrust of being discriminated for that. Expectations and forms of participation also evidence that the symbolic statute of this disturb is being a great fact, so that the course of the development of these children has already been traced, and it prevents them to make enigmas to their parents. The study also revealed that the attendance excused to the children with ADD/H and their parents at school was not a reflection of inclusion. / Partindo da constatação de que os pais são parceiros privilegiados na educação das crianças, o presente estudo teve como propósito compreender as relações entre as expectativas e as formas de participação dos pais no desenvolvimento e escolarização das crianças diagnosticadas com o Transtorno de Déficit de Atenção/Hiperatividade – TDA/H. Para que tal objetivo fosse alcançado, realizei estudo de quatro casos de crianças diagnosticadas com este transtorno (três meninos e uma menina) e seus respectivos pais, na faixa etária de sete a dez anos quando do início do estudo, durante o primeiro semestre de 2005. Para a coleta dos dados da pesquisa, realizei entrevistas orientadas e observações participantes. As entrevistas foram realizadas com os pais, com as crianças, com as professoras e coordenador pedagógico das escolas onde estas crianças estudavam, no início e no final do semestre letivo de cada estabelecimento. As observações participantes aconteceram nos contextos da casa e da escola de cada uma e noutros ambientes (na quadra de esportes, na casa da professora particular, no curso de Matemática, na Sala de Recurso, em apresentações de bumba-meu-boi e na rua). Os dados coletados foram organizados e categorizados a partir da técnica da análise de conteúdo. Aos registros escritos das observações participantes, acrescentei dados coletados do registro fotográfico e fonográfico. Estes registros foram transformados em textos descritivos das interações entre os sujeitos da pesquisa. Os dados colhidos e organizados foram analisados e interpretados, principalmente, a partir da perspectiva psicanalítica e de autores que discutem a participação dos pais na escola e o processo de inclusão escolar de crianças com necessidades educativas especiais (NEE). Levando em consideração os limites da metodologia do estudo de caso, apontei algumas inferências conclusivas em relação ao trabalho realizado. São elas: os pais têm expectativas em relação ao desenvolvimento, escolarização e profissionalização dos filhos, como os outros pais, mas esperam, principalmente, que desenvolvam boas atitudes; as expectativas nem sempre foram positivas e evidenciaram ser influenciadas pelo contexto das dificuldades e facilidades das crianças. A participação dos pais se caracterizou, principalmente, pela procura de vários profissionais para ajudá-los no acompanhamento dos filhos; pela culpa que nutrem em relação às dificuldades da criança; pela vigilância, pelo apego e dedicação das mães e pela participação marginal do pai; e pela dificuldade em entender a conduta da criança por causa dos efeitos da medicação para os sintomas do TDA/H. O atendimento escolar é apontado pelos pais como o principal fator que facilita e que dificulta a participação no desenvolvimento e escolarização dos filhos. A relação entre expectativas e participação mostrou: que não há linearidade entre elas; que nem sempre a forma de participação é favorável ao alcance das expectativas; que expectativas e formas de participação apontam o lugar que as crianças ocupam no desejo de seus pais; que os sentimentos dos pais em relação aos filhos são ambivalentes; que o alto investimento na participação e o não retorno do que é esperado pode gerar expectativas negativas e que nem toda forma de participação dos pais é sinônimo de ajuda para a criança, para a escola e para a própria família. As crianças percebem que os pais anseiam que formem boas atitudes e que mudem de comportamento; quando indagadas, posicionam-se (verbalmente) de forma passiva e infantilizada diante das ajudas que recebem; revelam bons sentimentos em relação à escola e ensaiam algumas críticas em relação aos colegas e professoras; também demonstraram motivação e conduta autônoma para realizarem suas atividades em vários momentos do estudo, mas evidenciaram mobilizar várias pessoas da família com os seus afazeres; têm consciência dos sintomas do TDA/H que lhes são atribuídos e revelam o receio de serem discriminados por isso. Expectativas e formas de participação também demonstraram que o estatuto simbólico deste transtorno está sendo um fator de peso para que o curso do desenvolvimento destas crianças já esteja traçado, impedindo-as de se fazerem enigmas aos seus pais. O estudo também revelou que o atendimento dispensado às crianças com TDA/H e seus pais na escola não foi fruto de uma proposta refletida de inclusão.