D.Ed. / During the past few years the teaching of mathematics has been characterized by a move away from the traditional teaching methods. With a view to improving the effectiveness of teaching and learning mathematics, the emphasis has shifted from the product to the process. The mathematical skills that need to be developed in pupils include strategies for the solving of real problems. This represents a shift from the application of mathematics to solve problems to problem solving as a teaching method. The application of a problemcentred approach in the teaching of mathematics has given rise to a need for instruments that will facilitate multidimensional assessment. This requires the revision, adaptation and expansion of the structure of existing assessment techniques. A need was identified for the formulation of clear guidelines for the assessment of pupils' mathematical competericies. Data obtained from relevant literature and from questionnaires designed for the purpose of this study were used to compile guidelines for the assessment and evaluation of mathematics pupils. New assessment methods make new demands on the designers and users of assessment instruments, and the assessment of pupils' problem solving skills make high demands on mathematics teachers. It requires a thorough knowledge of, and insight into how pupils learn mathematics. The teacher is a facilitator, a catalyst and a provider of information who teaches pupils the language of mathematics by teaching them the necessary terminology and symbolism. Because of the diversity that is present in the way pupils respond, the assessment of their problem-solving ability is a complex process. It is therefore very important that mathematics teachers be equipped with extensive assessment skills. Assessment is a complete reporting on the knowledge of the pupils; it is the tool employed to measure progress. It describes the present situation by collecting the data required for evaluation. Evaluation can be defined as the awarding of a value to progress made and conclusions arrived at on the basis of the total body of information collected. Every single facet that influences the pupils' achievement in mathematics must be assessed in order to form a complete image of their mathematical abilities. It is therefore essential to assess both cognitive and the affective facets. To ensure the reliability of the data collected with a view to assessment, a variety of assessment techniques need to be employed. Any report on the pupils' demonstration of the achievement of the desired outcomes must be more comprehensive than a single mark or symbol. Separate reports must be compiled in respect of cognitive progress and affective aspects. Pupils should receive clear guidelines on what the expected outcomes are, and on how and when assessment will be conducted. Criteria for monitoring the standard of assess .- ment must be formulated by the teacher, whose duty it is to inform the pupils fully on these. Validity and reliability are important considerations in testing. Assessment serves to emphasize the most important mathematics to be learned. The choice of assessment techniques is extremely important. A policy of continuous assessment ensures that the final decision is not based on the result of a single examination. However, promotion or the awarding of credits must be based on more than the result of a continuous formative assessment. Summative final examination assessment place the final stamp on knowledge, without which it would have been impossible to conduct an evaluation.

M.Ed. (Psychology of Education) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.Ed. (Teaching Studies) / Hierdie navorsing is gebaseer op die onderrigvaardighede wat tydens lesvoorbereiding en lesbeplanning benodig word. Onderwysers benodig sekere toepaslike en relevante onderrigvaardighede binne die onderwys professie. Daar word gepoog om die basiese onderrigvaardighede te identifiseer wat benodig word tydens lesvoorbereiding en -beplanning, hoe 'n onderwysstudent hierdie vaardighede kan bemeester en om te bepaal of die vaardighede deur die onderwysers aangewend word in die werklike onderrigsituasie. Die doeI van hierdie studie word volledig in hoofstuk 1 uiteengesit. Die doelstellings is as volg: * om 'n verskeidenheid van vaardighede wat tydens lesvoorbereiding en beplanning benodig word, te identifiseer; om ondersoek in te stel of hierdie vaardighede aan onderwyskolleges en universiteite wei onderrig word; om te bepaal of onderwyskolleges en universiteite (volgens die respondente) die nodige aandag, prakties sowel as teoreties, aan die onderrig van genoemde vaardighede bestee, en om te bepaal of die vaardighede, indien wei onderrig is, in die klaskamersituasie aangewend word. 'n Vraelys is saamgestel wat op die basiese onderrigvaardighede gebaseer is en wat onder andere die volgende insluit: besluitnemingsvaardighede; onderrigvaardighede betreffende die leerling se beginsituasie; vaardighede om die doel, doelstellings, lesinhoud, leerling-onderwyseraktiwiteite, leerinhoud, organisasie, evaluasie en terugvoer korrek te selekteer. Die vraelys is deur onderwysers van verskillende jaargroepe in verskillende skole voltooi om sodoende data van onderwysvaardighede tydens lesbeplanning en -voorbereiding in te same!. Die bevinding van die vraelys weerspieel die opinie dat aile jaargroepe van onderwysers saamstem dat die teoretiese aspek van hul opleiding genoegsame aandag geniet, maar dat die praktiese opleiding van onderwysers nie dieselfde aandag geniet nie. Die bevindings dui daarop dat 'n ongebalanseerdheid bestaan tussen die teorie en die praktyk. In die lig hiervan het die navorser dit nodig geag om sekere aanbevelings aan kolleges en universiteite te maak, ter bevordering van die status quo. Daar word onder andere voorgestel dat tersiere inrigtings hul huidige onder-wysersopleiding kurrikula en opleidingsprogramme hersien, ten einde meer effektiewe praktiese ondervinding aan onderwysstudente te bied, en hulle sodoende beter toerus met die vereiste onderrigvaardighede wat hulle in staat sal stel om hulle taak met beter bevoegdheid, meer effektiwiteit en sukses te verrig.

M.Cur. / In line with the requirements of the National Plan for Higher education, The Skills Development Act (Act 97 of 1998), The eight Batho Pele Principles 1997, The South African Qualifications Authority Act (Act 58 of 1995), The National Qualifications Framework, Outcomes Based Education and The South African Nursing Council, it is clear that there is a need for critical thinking in clinical nursing education in general and in professional nurses as preceptors in particular. The researcher has observed that the preceptors of a clinic in Region 7 Gauteng Province, use the traditional method of teaching (lecture method) during accompaniment of learners allocated to the clinic for their practica which hinders the facilitation of critical thinking. There is a need for preceptors to re-visit their teaching strategies and methods in order to facilitate critical thinking in clinical nursing education. Central to facilitation of critical thinking is the learner, and preceptors should create a climate where interactive facilitation takes place through dialogue and discourse. The aim of the study is to develop a programme to facilitate critical thinking of preceptors in clinical nursing education. For this aim to be realised the following objectives were met: To conceptualise in order to develop a programme to facilitate critical thinking of preceptors in clinical nursing education To implement and evaluate a programme to facilitate critical thinking of preceptors in clinical nursing education. A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive research design that is contextual in nature was followed according to two phases. In phase one of the study, conceptualisation of the main concepts namely critical thinking, interactive facilitation, clinical nursing education, preceptor, nursing process and the programme was done to ensure theoretical validity (Gift, 1997: 76).ii Organisation of South Africa (DENOSA, 1998: 3-6). Evaluation, limitations and conclusion of the study was described. Recommendations were discussed as they apply to nursing education, nursing research.

The assessment of learning in school science is important to the students, educators, policy makers, and the general public. Changes in curriculum and instruction in science have led to greater emphasis upon alternative modes of assessment. Most significant of these newer approaches is “performance assessment”, where students manipulate materials in experimental situations. Only recently has the development of performance assessment procedures, and the appropriate strategies for interpreting their results, received substantial research attention. In this study, educational measurement and science education perspectives are synthesized into an integrated analysis of the validity of procedures, inferences and consequences arising from the use of performance assessment. The Student Performance Component of the 1991 B.C. Science Assessment is offered as an example. A framework for the design, implementation, and interpretation of hands-on assessment in school science is presented, with validity and feasibility considered at every stage. Particular attention is given to a discussion of the influence of construct labels upon assessment design. A model for the description of performance assessment tasks is proposed. This model has the advantage of including both the science content and the science skill demands for each task. The model is then expanded to show how simultaneous representation of multiple tasks enhances the ability to ensure adequate sampling from appropriate content domains. The main conclusion of this validation inquiry is that every aspect of performance assessment in science is influenced by the perspective towards learning in science that permeates the assessment, and that this influence must be considered at all times. Recommendations are made for those carrying out practical assessments, as well as suggestions of areas that invite further research. / Education, Faculty of / Curriculum and Pedagogy (EDCP), Department of / Graduate

In 2017, the College of Public Health implemented a “teaching incentive” by which faculty would receive extra pay if the composite score of teaching effectiveness on the student assessment of instruction (SAI) was in the top third for all scores in the college in that same semester, and at least 40% of the students in the class completed the SAI. In the first 4 years, 53 incentives were awarded to 25 different members of the faculty, for a total of $206,772. The college documented an increase in the composite score of teaching effectiveness and in percent of students completing the SAI. Significant increases in the composite score were seen for all faculty (3.47 to 3.59 out of 4.00, p =.02) and for those faculty in the college for the entire period (3.47 to 3.57, p =.0189). Over the 4 years, the percent of classes that had at least a 40% response rate increased for all faculty (41.2% to 55.7%, p =.0447) and for faculty who were in the college for the entire 4 years (39.6% to 51.9%, p =.1373). A teaching incentive that includes a significant salary supplementation appears to be associated with an increase in both student response rates and overall assessment of teaching effectiveness.

Bibliography: pages 102-115. / The purpose of the study was to explore the feasibility of training conservation skills to a group of Black 7 - 8 year old children enrolled in a primary school in the Gugulethu township, a Black residential area in the Cape. From a group of 100 children, 60 subjects were selected on the basis of failure to conserve as measured by Piagetian conservation tasks. One of the conservation tasks was employed for training the subject to be able to conserve. A pre-test/post-test experimental design was used in a six phase experiment; assessment of possession of conservation concepts through the aid of Piagetian tasks of conservation of substance, weight, number and length; assessment of intelligence with the aid of the New South African Individual Scale; assessment of mental ability using the Draw-a-person test; group training with different methods of teaching on length conservation; immediate post test to determine effectiveness of training and transfer to other tasks and a delayed post-test to four weeks after training to assess retention of training effects.

本研究旨在瞭解目前我國公立大學教師教學評鑑作法及實施上的優缺點，進而發展一套大學教師教學評鑑項目與指標及評鑑實施方式，最後提出有效提升我國當前大學教師教學評鑑作法之建議。文獻探討方面，主要瞭解「大學教學評鑑基本理論」、「大學教學評鑑相關研究」和「國外大學教學評鑑之設計與執行情形」。研究方法方面，本研究採用文件分析法、訪談法和德懷術專家問卷調查法蒐集本研究所需資料。透過文件分析法分析41所公立大學所訂定之教學評鑑辦法、教師評鑑辦法、教師升等辦法、教師教學服務成績考核辦法、優良教學教師評選辦法、教學意見調查表等內容，以瞭解目前公立大學教師之教學評鑑作法。並訪談15位分別於15所公立大學任教之教授，專長含括文、理、商、醫、農、工、社科、藝術、傳播、資電、運管、教育、生命科學、體育等領域，以及3所公立大學學生會會長，以瞭解目前公立大學教學評鑑實施方式之優缺點，及採用同儕評鑑、校友評鑑和公開教學評鑑結果的適切性。更邀請10位專精高等教育教學評鑑之專家學者組成德懷術專家小組，進行3回合德懷術專家問卷調查，以發展大學教師教學評鑑項目與指標及評鑑實施方式。茲將本研究之結論羅列於下，並依據結論提供有效提升大學教師教學評鑑設計之建議。 壹、結論 一、我國公立大學教學評鑑作法之特色和優點 （一）目前我國公立大學定期於學期末舉行教學意見調查，升等和教師評鑑時尚採用授課大綱、論文指導情形、授課時數、課程內容、教材研發、優良教師獲獎和他類課程支援等評鑑項目。 （二）目前我國公立大學教學評鑑之比重，於升等時教學績效比重較低，教師評鑑時教學績效比重較高且調整空間較大。 （三）國內半數以上公立大學設有教學優良教師遴選辦法，由特定委員會負責遴選作業，以鼓勵教學優良教師。 （四）目前國內公立大學最重視亦最普遍之教學評鑑方式為教學意見調查。調查內容主要著重「教師教學情形」、「學生學習成效」、和「課程綜合評述」，並輔以「學生背景資料」調查。 （五）目前國內公立大學教學評鑑作法具有形式上之提醒和警惕作用，可砥礪教師更用心於教學，提升個人教學品質。並藉以了解本身教學和學生學習情形，可作為規劃課程及調整教學方法之依據。 二、我國公立大學教學評鑑執行上之問題 （一）目前公立大學對於教學評鑑結果並無明確之獎懲和追蹤機制，教學評鑑結果對於教學品質之影響並不明顯。 （二）目前公立大學過於強調教師研究績效，間接抑制教師對於教學之熱情和付出。輕忽大學身為教育機構必須擔負之學生教學責任，可能導致未來教學績效每況愈下之隱憂。 （三）多數公立大學採用同一版本教學意見調查問卷評鑑多類課程，無法真實反應各類課程教學情形。 （四）目前公立大學教學意見調查之學生樣本無法掌握，認真填寫之學生亦未必能完整反應真正意見，開放意見填寫人數過少，調查結果並非完整且具代表性，評鑑結果之正確性和助益性有待評估。 （五）目前公立大學所執行之教學意見調查，學生之評分標準易受課程難易、給分情形、教師要求和本身能力所影響，不一定客觀呈現實際教學良窳，應避免作為教學評鑑唯一參考。 三、採用同儕評鑑、校友評鑑和公開評鑑結果之適切性 （一）同儕評鑑雖可借重教師專業以提供教學評鑑重要資訊，但因涉及教師間之相處問題，彼此人際關係良窳、資歷深淺、身分尊卑等原因可能影響評鑑標準之公正性，無法真實反應教學情形。 （二）同儕評鑑之時間、人員和標準難以規劃，教師教學可能因同儕評鑑而受到干擾，或因此調整教學方式以配合評鑑，最後淪為單堂課程教學演示，徒增教師工作負擔，無法深入且完整瞭解教學情形。 （三）全面公開教師教學評鑑結果，雖可做為學生選課參考並惕勵教師提升教學品質。但可能導致教師為提高評鑑成績而改變教學內容或評分方式，僅迎合學生喜惡而非改善教學品質，讓學生以教學評鑑分數評斷教師教學良窳並不妥適。 （四）畢業校友之意見具實用性，但教師每年教學方式持續調整進步，校友對學校事務關切度和瞭解度未必正確，因此，畢業校友之教學評鑑應著重於課程內容規劃是否有助於工作職場需求，而非評鑑教師個人教學優劣。 四、大學教師教學績效評鑑項目與指標及實施方式之規劃 （一）採用單一教學評鑑項目與指標作為升等、教師評鑑、教學評鑑之共同參考依據，並針對不同指標給予不同權重計分。 （二）包括三大教學評鑑面向、十項教學評鑑項目和三十四項教學評鑑指標，其中「教學歷程」最受重視，其次為「教學成果」，再其次為「教學投入」。 （三）採用教師資料提供、同儕教師專業審查、學生意見調查和系所資料審查之多元評鑑人員和評鑑方式。其中學生意見調查應可作為最基礎之評鑑方式，並輔以同儕評鑑以兼顧其專業性。 （四）規劃配合每學年定期舉行之教師評鑑，具備教學成長、人事決策、後續追縱輔導和獎懲機制之教學評鑑流程。 貳、建議 一、對大學教學評鑑制度規劃之建議 （一）應正視當前重研究輕教學之情形，建議設立教學型和研究型教師之制度，減輕教師研究負擔，並提升教學之重要性。 （二）建議設立教學評鑑結果之追蹤輔導和獎懲機制，促使教學評鑑確實發揮提升教學品質之功能。 （三）教學評鑑應和教學專業發展結合，形塑教學專業成長乃教師生涯重要任務之概念，使教師有意願於教學專業之提升和教學評鑑工作之協助。 （四）於學校中建立常設性教學專業成長和教學評鑑單位，提供教師專業相關協助，使其從教學評鑑的被動者轉化為主動者。並規劃評鑑能力培訓課程，以培育評鑑人員定期進行深入且連貫之教學評鑑工作。 二、對大學教學評鑑內容及方式之建議 （一）目前國內公立大學教學評鑑作法以教學意見調查結果為基礎，教學優良教師遴選為鼓勵，兼具全面和拔尖之優點，應繼續維持。 （二）教學評鑑應採多元且客觀之評鑑標準，以提升教學評鑑之公正性。建議參考本研究所研發之「大學教師教學評鑑項目與指標及實施方式」規劃教學評鑑制度。 （三）建議採用焦點團體、評鑑者和受評者討論機制，以使評鑑結果發揮最大效果，並彌補教學意見調查不足之處。 （四）借重同儕教師之專業，協助評鑑教材內容選用之專業性，以避開同儕進行教學評鑑可能面臨之問題，作為推動同儕評鑑之初步作法。 （五）校友評鑑著重於課程內容之實用性，可作為系所課程規劃或教師課程設計之參考資料。 （六）建議由即將畢業的學生票選系所教學最優良之教師，歷年統計下來將可獲得學生心目中教師教學情形之數據資料。 三、大學教學意見調查實施之建議 （一）教學意見調查問卷題目之設計應更具體，並設計可配合不同性質課程進行調整之彈性機制。 （二）設法提高學生填寫教學意見調查表以及開放意見之意願和誘因，以提高樣本之充足性，並設立問卷篩選機制，促使調查結果更具正確性，確實發揮協助教學品質提升之功能。 （三）僅公布教學意見調查結果優良之課程，以取代全面公布教學評鑑結果，應可提升教學品質、提供學生選課參考，並避免增加教師教學壓力之效果。 四、大學教學評鑑未來研究相關建議 （一）「大學教學成果評鑑項目與指標」之研發。 （二）「同儕評鑑專業審查可行性」之調查。 （三）「我國私立大學教師教學評鑑」之研究。 （四）本研究「大學教學評鑑項目與指標及實施方式」可行性調查。 / The purpose of the research is to explore the teaching evaluation system in public universities in Taiwan and to develop a model for teaching evaluation criteria and process. The research adopts documentary analysis, interview and Delhi questionnaire survey to achieve the purpose of the study. First, the researcher analyzed the prescripts and documents about teaching evaluation in 41 public universities to explore the teaching evaluation system now executed in schools. Then, the researcher interviewed university students and teachers who major in Liberal Arts, Science, Social Science, Medicine, Engineering, Bio-Resources and Agriculture, Management, Public Health, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Law and Life Science to find the difficulties and problems of the evaluation system. At the same time, the researcher tried to develop a model of teaching evaluation criteria and process with Delhi questionnaire survey, and adopt AHP to analyze the data to get the indicators’ weights. The major findings were summarized as follows: 1. The characteristics of the teaching evaluation in public universities in Taiwan: (1)All public universities hold student ratings of instruction in the end of each semester; it’s the most prevalent way to evaluate teaching. (2)The universities will evaluate the syllabus, essay instruction, teaching hours, curriculum materials, excellent teaching rewards and curriculum support when promotion and teacher evaluation in process. (3)Most universities ask better instruction accountability in teacher evaluation than in promotion. (4)Half of the public universities have selection systems for excellent teaching teachers. 2. The problems in carrying out the teaching evaluation system: (1) We need to establish the feedback and punishment mechanism for the teaching evaluation. (2) Both instruction and research ability of college teachers should be equally emphasized, not just emphasize the research accountability. (3)Most universities use the same content questionnaires to evaluate different kinds of curriculum, and also can’t control the sample of student rating; this will reduce the accuracy of evaluation result. (4)The instruction rating from students may be influenced by the material, grades, instructional styles and student’s ability; we should try to use multiple evaluation data to make the evaluation results more correct. 3.The practicability of peer review, alumni ratings of instruction and teaching evaluation results publication: (1)The relationship between teachers may affect the objectivity and fairness of peer review. (2)The time, people, and criteria of peer review are difficult to arrange, and teachers may change the teaching way to match the evaluator’s favor, this may only increase the burden of teachers but can’t help evaluators catch the whole picture of teaching. (3)Publication of teaching evaluation result may make teachers change the material and grading to match the students favor to have better rating score; this may not improve the qualities of teaching but increase the pressure of teachers. (4)The opinions of alumni can give suggestion to teachers to adjust the content of material but can work as the criteria of instruction. 4.The characters of the teaching evaluation criteria and process developed by this research: (1)Adopting an assortment of evaluation indicators with different weights for promotion, teacher evaluation and teaching evaluation. (2)Adopting documentary audition, peer review, students rating for multiple evaluation methods. (3)Developing a teaching evaluation process for teaching progression, promotion decision , evaluation feedback and punishment mechanism. Finally, several suggestions have been made for developing and improving the teaching evaluation system in universities.

A pre- and postexperimental design with a control group was used to evaluate the effectiveness of a management development program. Subjects were 48 first line staff supervisors employed by a major manufacturing company. The training group subjects (n = 24) attended the company's 1-week training program. Subjects in the control group (n= 24) were similar with respect to plant location, job assignment, etc. A 42-item employee-opinion questionnaire was constructed to measure supervisory style and work.-group climate. The subjects' subordinates (n = 313) completed the questionnaire before and after training. Eleven items identified by content analysis as most relevant to the training content comprised the measure of training effectiveness. An analysis of covariance was performed using the pretest as the covariate. Results indicated no significant training effects.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1985 Y87 / Master of Science