Abstract This is the first part of our three part comparative study of Technology Business Incubators (TBIs) in China and India. For this we employ the integrative framework developed by Mian (1997) and its adaptation to analyzing the performance of TBI, which uses three sets of variables for analysis: management and operational policies, services, and performance outcomes of TBI. The determinants we introduce into Mians‟s model highlight the financial, networking and organizational aspects of the incubation system. We present an overview comparison of TBIs in China and India which provides an overall understanding of TBI environment in these two emerging economies. We mainly focus on: objectives, structure and governance of incubators, selection of tenants/incubatees, funding for incubators and tenants, services provided by incubators, performance and outcomes. By analyzing the contexts for their emergence in both countries, we identify similarities and differences between the two systems and explore the reasons for performance differences. This paper prepares the ground for the next stages of the research which involves national surveys of TBIs and tenants to explore the strength and weaknesses of the TBIs in these two countries and compare the success or failures of incubatees/ tenants of incubators in China and India which will help to identify policy learning for both countries in particular and also for other developing countries in general. The contribution of our paper is twofold: first, the adaptation of the integrative framework developed by Mian (1997) and the second, the comparative study of two major emerging economies which fills an important gap in the TBI literature.

It is widely accepted that small and new firms are important in creating income and employment. Their flexible structure enables them to adapt quickly to changes in economic environment and technology. The main purpose of this thesis is to evaluate whether the Technology Development Centers (TEKMERs) established by the Small and Medium Size Industry Development Organization (KOSGEB) in Turkey encourage new firm creation in high-technology sectors and boost the performance of small and new firms both in terms of economic and technological aspects. Information on 48 on- and 41 off-incubator firms is gathered through face-to-face interviews to compare and contrast those that benefit from incubators with those that do not. The data set also covers information on 79 on- and 61 off-incubator founders. Our findings indicate that TEKMERs are important in supporting start-ups in their vulnerable stages and help them to survive. There are profound differences between on- and off-incubator firms regarding their economic performance, highly in favor of on-incubator firms, but the same cannot be put forward concerning technological performance. The claim that the founders of on-incubator firms are more educated is not supported by the data.

As mudanças advindas da globalização estão mudando a forma das empresas atuarem. As empresas lançam-se para o mercado externo atendendo a uma série de premissas tais como a busca por recursos, a busca por racionalização na produção, a busca por novos mercados e a aquisição de novas competências. Na literatura, encontram-se diferentes concepções para as formas de entrada nos mercados externos, ao mesmo tempo, em que novas teorias surgem, como a teoria metanacional e a teoria de born global. Esta literatura relata oportunidades às empresas de base tecnológica (EBTs), empresas que podem ser definidas como aquelas que realizam esforços tecnológicos significativos e concentram suas operações na fabricação de novos produtos.. Neste trabalho, a caracterização da internacionalização de empresas de base tecnológica incubadas considerou 3 dimensões: o perfil empreendedor e o empreendedorismo organizacional, o financiamento e mecanismos complementares de apoio e desenvolvimento tecnológico e cooperação. Os dados coletados atingiram o objetivo de caracterizar estas empresas, tendo elas atuação internacional ou não. As proposições P1 de que as empresas de base tecnológica não se preocupam com uma atuação internacional e P4 de que As empresas que possuem financiamento e mecanismos complementares de apoio contam com a internacionalização de suas atividades não foram comprovadas. As proposições P2 de que O empreendedor que possui experiências internacionais, aprendizado e redes de contatos no exterior possui empresas com atividades internacionais e P3 de que As empresas com preocupações quanto ao desenvolvimento tecnológica e cooperação no exterior possuem disposição à internacionalização de suas operações foram comprovadas. / The globalization are changing the way companies act. Companies throw themselves to the foreign market given a series of assumptions such as the search for resources, the quest for rationalization in production, the search for new markets and the acquisition of new skills. In literature, there are different approaches to the ways of entry into foreign markets at the same time, in which new theories arise as the theory metanational and the theory of born global. This literature describes opportunities for technology-based firms (NTBFs). NTBFs can be defined as those that \"carry significant technological efforts and concentrate their operations in the manufacture of new products\". In this work, the characterization of the internationalization of technology-based companies incubated considered three dimensions: the entrepreneurial profile and organizational entrepreneurship, funding, and additional mechanisms to support technological development and cooperation. The collected data to reach the goal of characterizing these companies, being them internationalized or not. The propositions P1 that technology-based companies do not bother with an international performance and P4 that Companies that have complementary mechanisms of funding and support have the internationalization of their activities were not proven. Propositions P2 that The entrepreneur who has international experience, learning and networking with overseas companies have international activities and P3 that Companies with concerns about the technological development and cooperation abroad are available to the internationalization of their operations were proved.

As mudanças advindas da globalização estão mudando a forma das empresas atuarem. As empresas lançam-se para o mercado externo atendendo a uma série de premissas tais como a busca por recursos, a busca por racionalização na produção, a busca por novos mercados e a aquisição de novas competências. Na literatura, encontram-se diferentes concepções para as formas de entrada nos mercados externos, ao mesmo tempo, em que novas teorias surgem, como a teoria metanacional e a teoria de born global. Esta literatura relata oportunidades às empresas de base tecnológica (EBTs), empresas que podem ser definidas como aquelas que realizam esforços tecnológicos significativos e concentram suas operações na fabricação de novos produtos.. Neste trabalho, a caracterização da internacionalização de empresas de base tecnológica incubadas considerou 3 dimensões: o perfil empreendedor e o empreendedorismo organizacional, o financiamento e mecanismos complementares de apoio e desenvolvimento tecnológico e cooperação. Os dados coletados atingiram o objetivo de caracterizar estas empresas, tendo elas atuação internacional ou não. As proposições P1 de que as empresas de base tecnológica não se preocupam com uma atuação internacional e P4 de que As empresas que possuem financiamento e mecanismos complementares de apoio contam com a internacionalização de suas atividades não foram comprovadas. As proposições P2 de que O empreendedor que possui experiências internacionais, aprendizado e redes de contatos no exterior possui empresas com atividades internacionais e P3 de que As empresas com preocupações quanto ao desenvolvimento tecnológica e cooperação no exterior possuem disposição à internacionalização de suas operações foram comprovadas. / The globalization are changing the way companies act. Companies throw themselves to the foreign market given a series of assumptions such as the search for resources, the quest for rationalization in production, the search for new markets and the acquisition of new skills. In literature, there are different approaches to the ways of entry into foreign markets at the same time, in which new theories arise as the theory metanational and the theory of born global. This literature describes opportunities for technology-based firms (NTBFs). NTBFs can be defined as those that \"carry significant technological efforts and concentrate their operations in the manufacture of new products\". In this work, the characterization of the internationalization of technology-based companies incubated considered three dimensions: the entrepreneurial profile and organizational entrepreneurship, funding, and additional mechanisms to support technological development and cooperation. The collected data to reach the goal of characterizing these companies, being them internationalized or not. The propositions P1 that technology-based companies do not bother with an international performance and P4 that Companies that have complementary mechanisms of funding and support have the internationalization of their activities were not proven. Propositions P2 that The entrepreneur who has international experience, learning and networking with overseas companies have international activities and P3 that Companies with concerns about the technological development and cooperation abroad are available to the internationalization of their operations were proved.

創新及創業被認為是現代社會緩解經濟遲緩、促進經濟增長、引領自主創新的一帖良藥。在中國，以培育科技型中小型企業、促進區域經濟發展的「科技企業孵化器」被視為中國落實「大眾創業，萬眾創新」政策的載體，更被用以促進中國經濟穩定增長的重要舉措之一。本研究試圖透過相關重要文獻及次級數據，輔以極具代表性的深圳及武漢地區之孵化器為案例，再透過財務政策及法律改革等相關數據，系統性地分析科技企業孵化器在中國經濟成長下所扮演的角色，以及中國政府在引領並推進此一創新載體所發揮之作用。研究發現，中國科技企業孵化器可做為促進科技創新與經濟增長之媒介－催化劑，為新創企業匹配早期所需之資源(包含知識移轉、社區實體及關係網絡對接)，直接與間接地促進區域經濟轉型升級，證明了科技企業孵化器有能力促進國家創新能力與經濟可持續增長，並成為推進中國經濟轉型的助力之一。同時，中國政府扮演主導推進孵化體系發展的政策指導者，通過一系列資源及政策支持，指導科技企業孵化器的發展路徑及進程，同時促進了政府職能的轉變。總結本研究結果，科技企業孵化器是中國創新體系的一部分，其與政府之間存在著不可分割的關係。政府對科技企業孵化器的支持參與度越大，科技企業孵化器與政府的相互依賴度就越大。作為中國創新和科技發展政策框架的重要組成部分，科技企業孵化器正推動經濟可持續增長並建立一個技術創業的生態系統，同時重塑政府、市場、社會之間的關係。本研究結果可提供未來相關研究探討科技企業孵化器的可持續發展之創新能力。在中國經濟新常態下，探就可持續性的科技企業孵化器有助於全面了解中國科技與經濟成長之關係，相關研究值得後續進一步分析實證。 / Innovation and entrepreneurship are regarded as an economic tool to promote independent innovation and economic growth in the sluggish economy. In China, the Technology-based Business Incubators (BIs) focusing on promoting technology-based small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and regional development are viewed as the innovative carriers under the initiative of “Mass Entrepreneurship and Innovation”. This study attempts to systematically analyze the role of BIs in Chinese economic growth and the role of government play in advancing BIs development through the important literatures and secondary resources, complemented in part with incubation case studies in Wuhan and Shenzhen, and the implementing results of the financial policies and legal reforms. Findings demonstrate that Chinese BIs serves as the catalyst to accelerate S&T development and to provide matching service at technopreneurial functions on the resources of knowledge (high-tech research to patents), communities (high-tech SMEs, universities, and relevant entities), and networks (accessing government, investors, and entrepreneurs), which have promoted regional economic transformation. Meanwhile, the role of Chinese government plays a policy guidance in incubation system, while promoting the transformation of government functions. To conclude this research, BIs are part of the Chinese innovation systems. There is an inseparable relationship between Chinese BIs and the government. The greater the government involvement in BIs support, the greater the interdependence of the BIs and the government. BIs are one of the important factors to facilitate the self-reform of the government, remodeling relations among the government, market and society. In the background of China's “new normal”, the findings of this study provides a future direction to investigate the innovation capability of BIs sustainability. To understand the overall picture of China's rapid growth economic development, the innovation capability of BIs sustainability is worthy of further investigation and discussion.