A rápida mudança do ambiente industrial está forçando as indústrias a aumentarem sua competitividade através do investimento nas tecnologias e inovação. Ao mesmo tempo, o desenvolvimento acelerado da tecnologia de ponta acha-se relacionado fortemente à cooperação universidade-empresa. A transferência de tecnologia tem sido considerada, em vários estudos sobre o assunto, como uma das mais eficazes modalidades para reverter o presente atraso tecnológico da indústria. Entretanto, existem muitos fatores inibindo a transferência de tecnologia. Na verdade, em poucas ocasiões as universidades tem estabelecido mecanismos e instrumentos capazes de gerar na economia os impactos esperados a partir da pesquisa. Este trabalho, tem a intenção de mostrar alguns aspectos sobre a transferência de tecnologia universidade-empresa. Contribuindo, deste modo, para o entendimento das barreiras e dos fatores de sucesso inerentes à transferência de tecnologia e propõe ações e mecanismos para tornar mais eficiente e dinâmica essa relação. / The rapidly changing global industrial environment is forcing companies the improve their competitiveness through investment in technologies and in innovation. On of the ways to accelerate the development of high technologies begins with the cooperations university-industry. The technology transfer, have been considered, in severaI studies on the subject, as one of the most effective modalities to revert the present backward technological state of industry. However, there are many factors inhibiting the technology transfer. In fact, in a few occasions have the universities established mechanisms and instruments to generate the economic impacts expected from the research. This paper intend showing some aspects about the technology transfer university-industry. Thus contributing to the understand of the barriers and of the successful factors inherent in technology transfer and propose actions and mechanisms more dynamic and efficient this relationship.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:29:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aparecida Gomes dos Santos Lousa.pdf: 1684532 bytes, checksum: 5b759ab83fb04f2b65d7ae33ff7799cc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-19 / This dissertation discusses about strategy of innovation to the Chemical Industry of the State of Goiás (IQUEGO) and suggests an improvement proposal through Research, Development and Innovation (RD&I) in Molecular Biotechnology. The creation of Government/Company/University partnership is included in the viability proposal of RD&I. The Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory implantation strategy is presented based on the concepts of interdependent collaborative departments of an organizational structure, which will focus on new and/or innovator drug research. The innovation law, standards and resolutions, innovation related scientific papers, pharmaceutical and administrative literature were used as theoretical references. As it concerns a professional master degree, this dissertation tries to find a solution for IQUEGO´s professional environment. The process of research could be identified in seven stages, ranging from the evolution of administrative theories though organizational innovation to the identification of an opportunity to improve through RD&I in Molecular Biotechnology. The research ends structuring a Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory. The proposed model intends to inspire managing toward implantation process of RD&I through Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory at the IQUEGO. / Esta dissertação coloca em pauta a estratégia de inovação na Indústria Química do Estado de Goiás (IQUEGO) e faz uma proposta de crescimento por meio da Pesquisa, Desenvolvimento e Inovação (PD&I) em Biotecnologia Molecular. A criação de parcerias do tipo Empresa/Governo/Universidade está inclusa na proposta de viabilidade do laboratório de PD&I em Biotecnologia Molecular na indústria farmacêutica. Tendo como preceitos a relação de interdependência das áreas dentro de uma estrutura organizacional, é apresentada uma estratégia para implantação do laboratório de PD&I em Biotecnologia Molecular, contemplando a pesquisa para medicamentos novos e/ou inovadores. Utiliza-se como referencial teórico a lei da inovação, normas e resoluções e literaturas envolvidas, artigos científicos relacionados ao cenário da inovação no mundo e literaturas farmacêuticas e administrativas. Por se tratar de um mestrado profissional, esta dissertação buscou a oportunidade de propor uma solução para um problema encontrado no ambiente profissional da IQUEGO, objetivando torná-la adaptável à realidade da empresa. A partir de uma estrutura de desmembramento do trabalho foi possível modelar o processo de pesquisa em sete macroetapas, abrangendo desde a evolução das Teorias administrativas pela inovação organizacional até a identificação de uma oportunidade de crescimento através da PD&I em Biotecnologia Molecular. O trabalho finaliza com a estruturação de um Laboratório de PD&I em Biotecnologia Molecular. O modelo proposto busca servir de inspiração para a gestão do processo e implantação do Laboratório de PD&I em Biotecnologia Molecular na IQUEGO.

- j - Legal Design Abstract Legal world found itself in a situation when it is forced by rising demand and new tech- nologies to seek new ways to practice law. It is not sufficient anymore to simply provide bare legal services without acknowledging context and users' actual needs. Some degree of automatization and cost cutting of basic legal work has found its way into the legal practice. In accordance with trends about transparency and publicity of state administration, raises also demand to make law more affordable. Legal world was able to resist changes for a long time due to the lawyers' lack of motivation to do so and clients' ignorance of possibilities base on their lack of legal understanding. However, the situation is starting to change as can be seen on rising numbers of legal innovation start-ups. There are many possible solutions to these new challenges, and one of them is Legal De- sign. This discipline tries to implement design methodology into legal services with the goal of creating valuable innovations. Fundamental is human or user-centered approach in order to provide solutions that better suites them. For example, it aims to develop contract from ex post problem solving tool, into relationship building tool. Also for judicial system to not only decide disputes, but also strengthen sense of...

Background and Aim: Markets are getting increasingly complex, competitive and changing. A firm’s ability to respond to environmental challenges is a significant factor for its survival and success. To establish itself in the market, a company needs to adjust the product in a way that meets the expectations and required quality of the target market in other words, make relevant product adaptations. Many aspects of product adaptation have been discussed in the literature ranging from small changes in the product such as specification or design to modifying a company’s market strategy depending on which stage the product is in its life cycle. Technology innovation can enable a firm keep the market share and retain customers especially in a mature and technology driven industry where the market is saturated and consumers diffuse to competitors who easily copy the product. However, the role of technology innovation to adapt a product in the growth stage to mature markets is missing from the present literature. This present thesis will investigate the role of technology innovation in product adaptation and the factors to consider thereof the Swedish high tech company Saab will be used as the case study. Methodology: Research method for the present thesis includes the qualitative approach with the case study design. For the purposes of this thesis the Swedish high-tech company Saab will be studied to explore the practices of adapting product (field hospital) to different markets. Completion and results: Result of the study showed that there are similarities and differences between what literature provides and Saab does to adapt a product in markets. Analyzing the theory and practice recommendations for Saab were concluded. Suggestions drown for Saab can be useful for other high technology companies as well.

Abstract In general, plastic materials can be classified into two categories: "thermoplastic" and "thermosetting plastic", the former is usually recyclable, when the latter isn¡¦t, and which results the solid waste problem. In the same way in thermoplastic divided into: generic plastic, generic engineering plastic, high-performance engineering plastic three categories. As technology advances, a variety of industries flourish as the world trend, various products are gradually moves forward. To improve performance, high-performance engineering plastic is more widely used and occupied part of the product cost. However, all the using of high-performance engineering plastic in Taiwan relies on imports, as any discarded after use like bury or burn in the landfill and incinerator results waste of resources and pollution problems. Therefore, recycling has become an important tool to make full use of limited resources. In literature review, we discuss the theory of technological innovation, according to the data of high-performance engineering plastic scrap recovery industry, using the AHP model to identify key success factors, as a supplementary tool for corporate decision-making to reduce costs and increase product competitiveness. After the AHP analysis, this study found that high-performance engineering plastic scrap recovery industry in the technology innovation process should emphasize the principles according to the order of (1) Technology Innovation Strategy (2) Technology Innovation Investment (3) Sources of Technology Innovation (4) Organization Design and Culture, and found the indicators to access each of these four principles. Which allows us to create higher value, to maximize corporate profits, and lower raw material costs of manufacturing, to achieve great competitive in the market share when countries around the world are now confronted with the rising pressure of increasing oil prices and actively promoting the environmental protection, energy conservation, and carbon reduction.

This dissertation attempts to contribute to extant discussions on how one utilizes knowledge for economic gain. The first essay is a response to the controversy on whether the interactions divert academic scientists research agenda toward industry interests at the expense of fundamental science. This essay considers how an academic scientist chooses the level of difficulty of a research project and its level of relevance to industry interests. A simple game-theoretic model between research sponsors, a government agency and a firm, and an academic scientist is constructed. The shows that the funding decisions of research sponsors are strategic substitutes. It also shows that the academic scientists choices of project characteristics are strategic complements. The second essay provides insights on scientific entrepreneurs. It is argued that the nature of scientists research, specifically the level of its commercial applicability, is an important predictor of entrepreneurial actions of academic scientists. Using data from 395 academic scientists at five top US research universities, it is observed that there is a non-linear relationship between the nature of research and entrepreneurial actions. The third essay offers insights on entrepreneurial teams. This essay investigates mechanisms that give rise to entrepreneurial teams. The model shows that an entrepreneur obtains less expected value from a project if the entrepreneur chooses to work solo at latter stage than working in a team. It is also explained how asymmetry of importance between tasks in a commercialization project influences the decision of team formation and its optimal size. An extended model is constructed to analyze two benefits of team work: specialization and diversity.

Despite the global progress made in improving health of people and increasing the life expectancy, Sub-Saharan Africa continues to be plagued by many health problems. Commercialization of health products from Sub-Saharan Africa presents opportunities to solve some of these health problems as well as generate economic returns. This thesis explored science based health product commercialization in sub-Saharan Africa through three studies. The objective was to identify opportunities and challenges facing health product commercialization in Sub-Saharan Africa. A qualitative case study approach was used and data collected using interviews. The first study involved looking at science based health product commercialization at a national level. Rwanda was chosen for this study. Thirty eight key informants selected from various institutions that form the health innovation system in Rwanda were interviewed. The results of the study show that opportunities exist in Rwanda for health product commercialization mainly because of the strong political will to support health innovation. However the main challenge is that there are no linkages between the actors involved in health innovation in Rwanda. The second study looked at health innovation at the level of a research institution. The Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) was studied where eight key informants were interviewed. The results show that KEMRI faced many challenges in its attempt at health product development, including shifting markets, lack of infrastructure, inadequate financing, and weak human capital with respect to innovation. However, it overcame them through diversification, partnerships and changes in culture. The third study looked at health technologies that are being developed in sub-Saharan Africa but have stagnated in laboratories. Thirty nine key informants were interviewed. A total of 25 technologies were identified, the majority being traditional plant medicines; other technologies identified included diagnostic tests and medical devices. Many of these technologies require further validation. Other key challenges to commercialization of these technologies that were identified included a lack of innovative culture amoung scientists and policy makers and lack of proof of concept funds including venture capital. Overall, this thesis identified opportunities for science based health commercialization in Africa, and also provides recommendations on how to overcome major challenges.

Despite the global progress made in improving health of people and increasing the life expectancy, Sub-Saharan Africa continues to be plagued by many health problems. Commercialization of health products from Sub-Saharan Africa presents opportunities to solve some of these health problems as well as generate economic returns. This thesis explored science based health product commercialization in sub-Saharan Africa through three studies. The objective was to identify opportunities and challenges facing health product commercialization in Sub-Saharan Africa. A qualitative case study approach was used and data collected using interviews. The first study involved looking at science based health product commercialization at a national level. Rwanda was chosen for this study. Thirty eight key informants selected from various institutions that form the health innovation system in Rwanda were interviewed. The results of the study show that opportunities exist in Rwanda for health product commercialization mainly because of the strong political will to support health innovation. However the main challenge is that there are no linkages between the actors involved in health innovation in Rwanda. The second study looked at health innovation at the level of a research institution. The Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) was studied where eight key informants were interviewed. The results show that KEMRI faced many challenges in its attempt at health product development, including shifting markets, lack of infrastructure, inadequate financing, and weak human capital with respect to innovation. However, it overcame them through diversification, partnerships and changes in culture. The third study looked at health technologies that are being developed in sub-Saharan Africa but have stagnated in laboratories. Thirty nine key informants were interviewed. A total of 25 technologies were identified, the majority being traditional plant medicines; other technologies identified included diagnostic tests and medical devices. Many of these technologies require further validation. Other key challenges to commercialization of these technologies that were identified included a lack of innovative culture amoung scientists and policy makers and lack of proof of concept funds including venture capital. Overall, this thesis identified opportunities for science based health commercialization in Africa, and also provides recommendations on how to overcome major challenges.

The ‘localist turn’ in technology studies, exemplified by Actor-Network Theory (ANT) and Social Construction of Technology (SCOT), emphasises the agency of actors in innovation processes while, arguably, neglecting structural influences. They provide rather little guidance regarding methodological choices apart from encouraging rich description and offer only limited capacity to explain the dynamics of technological change. This thesis addresses the need to articulate a more nuanced and comprehensive understanding of the contextually-shaped, often highly contingent processes of technological innovation. For this purpose a single, in-depth longitudinal case study was conducted of the development, implementation and use of a strategic information system - a strategic network planning tool - in a German car company. It was analysed applying a biographical perspective which argues for extended analytical foci across multiple sites, moments and time frames in technology studies to account for the complexities and uncertainties inherent in technological change processes. A mixed repository of historical and ethnographic data has been collected, drawing on public and internal corporate documents as well as 44 interviews and extended periods of participant observation at multiple sites. The data was coded and analysed aided by simultaneously building an extensive data-rich timeline of the innovation journey. As a result, our empirically detailed focus on a twelve-year period is contextualised by a historical narrative considering corporate historical developments over three decades. An ecology metaphor is articulated to appreciate multiple episodes and moments of innovation dispersed in space and time - a view neglected by common metaphors of systems and networks. The metaphor underpins a loose framework, tentatively entitled the Ecological Shaping of Technology, that draws on concepts from science and technology studies and cognate discussions in the sociology of professions to engage with the intricacies of space and scales of time in studying the ‘Biographies of Artefacts and Practices’ (Pollock and Williams, 2009; Hyysalo, 2010). The framework pursues a dynamic, longitudinal understanding of the evolution of a protracted technology development project which went through significant changes in conception and in the players involved and their configuration. This is conceptualised in terms of the development of a ‘kernel’ (Ribes & Polk, 2015) of resources and services managed by, and made available to, an alliance of players. While alliances can shift, the kernel persists and evolves over time as players try to attract more resources by entering into negotiations in promising ‘arenas of expectation’ (Bakker et al., 2011) or navigating around those that are less amenable. Technology is portrayed as an element of a package of instrumentalities (de Solla Price, 1983) comprising theories, methods and instruments that are spread across a wider ecology of distributed boundary objects (Star & Griesemer, 1989). Technologies crystallise from efforts of adopting, testing and developing packages to solve specific problems (Fujimura, 1995). A specific technology is co-developed, according to the set of local constrains and specifications delineated by a kernel's alliance of ecologies. These are understood in terms of Abbott’s (2005) conception of linked ecologies. The historically shaped and contingent ecological topography of an innovation project is highlighted as a major influence in the social shaping of technological artefacts.

A presente pesquisa enfeixa o exame das relações existentes entre crescimento econômico e inovação tecnológica, empreendedorismo e o papel das políticas públicas direcionadas para o fomento da inovação tecnológica no âmbito das microempresas (ME) e empresas de pequeno porte (EPP). O ponto de partida do trabalho explica que o crescimento econômico constitui objeto de grande relevância para a teoria econômica, considerando que enquanto aumento sustentável do Produto Interno Bruto real per capita revela-se essencial para a elevação do padrão de bem estar da sociedade e que a inovação é amplamente aceita como vetor decisivo para o crescimento do produto e da produtividade total dos fatores. Tanto o modelo exógeno (Solow) quanto o endógeno mostram que o “choque tecnológico” é condição central para o crescimento. A diferença é que o segundo vai além, diz que políticas públicas contam sim como fator de crescimento, pois este requer sistema de Ciência e Tecnologia eficiente, formação de capital humano, regras de jogo e incentivos adequados. Considera também o papel estratégico do empreendedor como agente de inovação, agregador de valor, organizador da produção, responsável por novos processos de produção e de produtos, criador de empregos, de novos mercados, de lucro e de riquezas. No caso do Brasil, ao mesmo tempo em que é confirmado o perfil empreendedor do povo brasileiro, aponta-se, porém, fortes características de não-inovadores. As ME e EPP possuem papel significativo na geração de empregos, mas insignificante participação como agentes de inovação. É que de maneira geral, as empresas brasileiras manifestam clara opção pela compra de tecnologias, ao invés de promover projetos estratégicos de geração de inovações. A dificuldade em produzir conhecimentos que possam ser incorporados como inovação é que no Brasil o mercado tem falhado sistematicamente na realização de investimentos em Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação – CT&I e em Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento - P&D, questões tratadas predominantemente na esfera pública. Por sua vez, a maioria dos programas de CT&I tem diretrizes de natureza setorial. É certo que a detenção do conhecimento científico é condição necessária, mas não suficiente para o processo de inovação. Neste sentido, iniciativas governamentais recentes demonstram que dentre os mecanismos de financiamento em vigor, os Fundos Setoriais são as ferramentas principais para o alcance da inovação tecnológica nos setores produtivos e áreas estratégicas. Ao lado disso, constatamos que Roraima também carece de implantação de políticas de desenvolvimento de Ciência e Tecnologia e de mecanismos próprios de financiamento das atividades de P&D. No entanto, quando se percebe a inovação e o empreendedorismo como elementos essenciais do crescimento econômico, pode-se argumentar que o Estado brasileiro vem buscando derivar políticas públicas de metodologias e enfoques teóricos que só têm sentido para o desenvolvimento de tecnologias nas empresas, com a ilusão que existem sistemas nacionais de inovação científico-tecnológicos. Fica evidente que o Brasil muito terá que fazer para criar um ambiente de negócios mais amplo, em que as empresas privadas queiram investir em inovação, assumam riscos e expandam suas atividades produtivas para se tornarem mais competitivas. / This gathers together research examining the relationship between economic growth and technological innovation, entrepreneurship and the role of public policies towards the promotion of technological innovation within the enterprises (ME) and small businesses (EPP). The starting point of the work explains that economic growth is the object of great importance to economic theory, considering that as a sustainable increase in real gross domestic product per capita it is essential to raising the standard of wealth in society and that the innovation is widely accepted as critical to vector output growth and total factor productivity. Both, exogenous (Solow) and the endogenous show that the "shock art" is central condition for growth. The difference is that the second goes further to say that public policies have rather as a growth factor, as this requires system of science and technology effectively, human capital formation, game rules and incentives. It also considers the strategic role of the entrepreneur as an agent of innovation, aggregator value, the organizer of production, responsible for new production processes and products, create jobs, new markets, profit and wealth. In the case of Brazil, while it confirmed the entrepreneurial profile of the Brazilian people, it is noted, however, strong features of non-innovative. The ME and EPP have significant role in generating jobs, but insignificant participation as agents of innovation. Is that in general, Brazilian companies express clear option for the purchase of technologies, rather than promote strategic projects to generate innovations. The difficulty in producing knowledge that can be incorporated as an innovation in Brazil is that the market has consistently failed to engage in investment in Science, Technology and Innovation - ST & I and the Research and Development - R & D issues addressed predominantly in the public sphere. In turn, most programs, T & I has guidelines for sectoral nature. It is true that the detention of scientific knowledge is necessary but not sufficient for the innovation process. In this sense, government initiatives have demonstrated that among funding mechanisms in place, the Sector Funds are the main tools for achieving technological innovation in the productive sectors and policy areas. Besides, we found that Roraima also requires implementation of development policies of Science and Technology and the mechanisms to finance the activities of R & D. However, when one perceives the innovation and entrepreneurship as key elements of economic growth, one can argue that Brazil has tried to derive public policy methodologies and theoretical approaches that make sense only for the development of technologies in enterprises, with the illusion that there are national systems of scientific and technological innovation. It is evident that Brazil has much to do to create a larger business in which private companies want to invest in innovation, take risks and expand their productive activities to become more competitive.