Thesis. 1978. M.S.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Alfred P. Sloan School of Management. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND DEWEY. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Joseph M. Gutwein and Earl J. Montoya. / M.S.

Biotechnological innovation is simultaneously globalizing and localizing. While ambitious scientists and thriving companies operate in a transnational environment, national leaders perceive domestic innovation as a source of international power and of domestic regime legitimacy. My work leverages these tensions between nationalism and globalism to identify mechanisms by which the micro-level dynamics of Chinese state capitalism co-produce scientific expertise, political power, and social critique in China’s agrobiotechnology industry. By examining how this happens in an authoritarian, technocratic, post-socialist nation, I show that exclusively focusing on biotech development in advanced liberal-democracies has reified particular institutional arrangements as “essential” to biotech innovation. This myopia limits our understanding of how such innovation can occur under other state and market organizing principles. Since the birth of the American biotechnology industry, scholars have tried to elucidate the institutional conditions catalyzing biotech growth and decipher the new organizational forms, scientific identities, and governance dilemmas accompanying its rise. Debates rage, for example, over whether “free market” forces or government policies kindled the biotech boom. Others examine how biotech firms translate between the logics of the market and science, how universities normalize academic entrepreneurship, and what configurations of capital, research organizations, and commercial firms boost the emergence of vibrant clusters. Ultimately, however, biotechnological development is not “simply a matter of advances in science and technology, but a product of complex entanglements among knowledge, technical capability, politics, and culture.” My dissertation explores these entanglements in China. Employing in-depth interviews with key actors, observational field research, and textual analysis of Chinese media, I show how the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) deployment of nationalist ideologies reshapes and runs up against a science-driven industry of national importance. I contend that China’s approach to developing biotechnology centers on the principle of “technological domestication”, whereby fears of technologically-induced pollution and natural/artificial transgression surrounding genetically modified (GM) technology are recast into an opposition to foreign aggressors, be they countries, companies, or individual actors. Centrally, I argue this nationalist frame is not merely ideological rhetoric, but a principle of institution building that uniquely mixes science, business and the state. As in a chemical reaction, the bonds and boundaries among these entities are restructured and a new compound synthesized, distinct from the sum of its parts. This nationalist “technology” permeates and structures each level of the agrobiotech project: how this nationalist frame fundamentally shapes the nature of business alliances within the agrobiotech sector, the chimeric organizational forms taken by commercial enterprises and academic laboratories, career trajectories spanning science, the market, and the state, professional identities embodied in the industry, and ultimately, even the contours of social criticism leveled against the technology. I aver that while the technological domestication frame enables Chinese firms and entrepreneurs to dominate Chinese technology markets and create novel—and often transgressive—organizational forms, career trajectories and professional identities, it also facilitates the party-state’s “taming” of these actors and the technologies they produce, as the system rewards the development of technologies that reinforce state power and requires ritualistic performances from the firms and academic entrepreneurs operating within it. Overall, while showing the construction of “biotechnology with Chinese characteristics” to be a socio-technical imaginary with meaningful technical, organizational, and moral consequences, I identify an alternative trajectory of knowledge economy development, reveal logics of state capitalism, and determine limits of expert co-option within a single party authoritarian regime.

A sophisticated and high tech form of state-to-foreign population diplomacy based on the use of the latest communication technologies has developed rapidly in recent years and has acquired an increasingly important position within a significant number of foreign affairs systems. Pioneered by the heavyweights of the international stage, the phenomenon has spread rapidly to secondary powers and is progressively extending itself to varying degrees to all states around the globe. This thesis grapples with the enigma raised by the brisk re-emergence of this foreign policy concentration by attempting to understand the reasons behind both the quantitative increase in public diplomacy activities and the qualitative evolution of these activities in terms of planning, organisation and implementation. The first argument that this thesis broaches is that the sudden growth of public diplomacy is the result of the shift to a new phase of the information revolution (necessary enabling force) which has been amplified by contingent factors: the explosion of global terrorism (accelerator) and the perception of leaders and foreign policy makers of this new environment (prism). The second argument is that, beyond quantitative growth, the new operational context born of the advent of the global information society provoked a qualitative evolution of the public diplomacy inherited from the Cold War towards what is today mass diplomacy. The result is the appearance of a market driven diplomacy employing persuasive techniques borrowed from the world of public relations and marketing. The new diplomacy is an entrepreneurial diplomacy that limits governmental leadership to a necessary minimum and encourages the participation of private and foreign sub-contractors. It is also a cyber-space diplomacy equipped with new diplomatic instruments such as high-resolution satellite imagery, high-speed networks, digital broadcasting and other marvels of the late twentieth cen

This thesis is the first detailed study of the way in which science and technology were portrayed in propaganda and popular culture during the Khrushchëv period, a time when the Soviet leadership invested significant resources, both at home and abroad, in order to capitalise on its scientific achievements. It draws upon a wide range of previously unseen materials from the archives of the RSFSR Ministry of Education, the Soviet Academy of Sciences, the State Committee on Radio and Television and the Central Committee of the CPSU. It provides the first archive-based analysis of the lecturing organisation 'Znanie', which was crucial to the dissemination of Soviet propaganda in the post-war period. The thesis also makes use of a variety of published sources, such as popular science publications and journals, as well as a number of Soviet films from the Khrushchëv period. The thesis examines the manner in which scientific information was disseminated to the Soviet public and the ways in which public scientific opinion was able to participate in, and influence, this process. It is shown that a general lack of institutionalised control enabled members of the scientific intelligentsia to exercise a degree of control over the content of scientific propaganda, often in a very idiosyncratic fashion. The way in which the rhetorical and ideological presentation of science changed during the Khrushchëv period (often identified as 'the Thaw') is analysed, and it is shown that while Soviet popular science did become increasingly open to foreign influence it became preoccupied with new threats, such as generational and personal conflict. The thesis also uses the available sources to consider popular responses to scientific propaganda and, in particular, whether attempts to use scientific-atheistic propaganda to create a 'materialist' worldview amongst Soviet citizens met with any success. The thesis provides detailed case studies of the use of science in Khrushchëv's atheistic campaigns, of propaganda surrounding early Soviet achievements in the space race and of the portrayal of the Lysenko controversy in the popular media.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Harvard University, 1999. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 179-185).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Cornell University, 2000. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 376-406).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2005. / Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center; full text release delayed at author's request until 2006 Aug 15.

Submitted to the Office and Energy R & D Policy, National Science Foundation

Division of Policy Research and Analysis, National Science Foundation under Grant no. EN-44166

Orientador: Wilson Suzigan / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T23:07:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DieguesJunior_AntonioCarlos_M.pdf: 22413923 bytes, checksum: 4835a97de03f3e8bcfba545385162399 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Este trabalho procura descrever e analisar a dinâmica concorrencial e inovativa dos principais segmentos que compõem as Tecnologias de Informação (TI) quais sejam, as indústrias de equipamentos de informática e de software. Para tal, procura compreender de que maneira o atual paradigma tecnológico baseado na modularização representa o principal elemento estrutural para o estabelecimento de plataformas tecnológicas dominantes, as quais se configuram como as responsáveis pela determinação da dinâmica concorrencial e inovativa destas atividades. Em relação à indústria de equipamentos de informática, concluiu-se que o estabelecimento de parcerias tecnológicas, os ganhos de escala e a agilidade na introdução de inovações apresentam-se como as principais fontes de assimetrias competitivas. Destacou-se também que a dinâmica inovativa neste segmento é condicionada pelos processos de design modularizados na indústria de semicondutores. O avanço tecnológico destes, por sua vez, decorre da compatibilização entre a evolução I) no número de transistores disponíveis em um único circuito e ÍI) na capacidade de se gerar padrões de design aptos a integrá-los neste único chip. Em relação à indústria de software, concluiu-se que, dado sua organização em torno de plataformas tecnológicas, a geração de externalidades de rede, o alto dinamismo tecnológico e os retornos de escala são os principais determinantes de sua dinâmica concorrencial e inovativa. Além disso, destacou-se que as capacitações fundamentais para o processo inovativo do software estão relacionadas com as atividades de concepção e design / Abstract: This master thesis aims to describe and analyse the competitive and innovative patterns of Information Technology (IT) industries, mainly computer equipments and software. It intends to analyse how the technological paradigm characterized by modularity configures itself as the major element to the creation of leading technological platforms, which influence and coordinate the competitive and innovative dynamics in IT industries. By analysing the computer equipments industry, it concludes that technological cooperation, scale effects and the time-tomarket are the main sources of competitive advantages. It also stresses that the innovation in computer equipment industry is a function of the evolution of the process of design modularization in semiconductors industry. By the other side, the technological upgrading derives from evolution (i) in the number of transistors avaiable in a circuit and (ii) in the capacity of creating design standards enabled to integrate more circuits in a single chip. By analysing the software industry, this document concludes that due to the industry organization in technological platforms, the network externalities, the high tecnological dynamism and the scale effects are the main forces that determines its competitive and innovative dynamics. Moreover, this document also shows that the main capabilities to the innovative process in software industry originate from the activities of conception and design / Mestrado / Mestre em Ciências Econômicas