The environmental and human health benefits of urban forests have been well documented. In the United States, volunteers conduct 5% of municipal tree care-related activities in urban forests. A literature review related to urban forestry volunteers in the United States was conducted and it was concluded that urban forestry volunteers are often organized via a committee or non-governmental organization (NGO) and that there is limited understanding around many of these entities. Following Dillman’s methods, an electronic qualitative survey with a primary objective of better understanding their characteristics was disseminated to urban forestry NGOs throughout the temperate forest region of the United States. Private citizens are significant partners that are essential in forming and funding urban forestry NGOs. More than 40% of organizations were established to extend limited municipal resources and improve urban tree canopy cover. Nearly 80% of responding NGOs had helped develop, shape, or implement local urban forestry-related policy in their community.

In this dissertation I describe how coupled internal cycling and external forcing from the atmosphere and climate can regulate the dynamics of nitrogen (N) loss from forest watersheds. I address three major gaps in our understanding of the global N cycle: 1) the role of dissolved organic N (DON) in internal N cycling in low-N ecosystems; 2) The influence of atmospheric pollution on DON production and loss from forests; and 3) the inherent climate sensitivity of forest N cycling and loss. In chapter 2, I present the results of a study of DON spiraling that showed enormous capacity for stream microorganisms to immobilize and transform organic nutrients. Although most DON in surface waters is highly refractory products of SOM dissolution, this study revealed very tight internal cycling of DON at the sediment interface and suggested significant production of DON in the hyporheic zone. Most remarkably, this DON was not expressed in stream waters, supporting the idea that watershed DON losses would have been higher in the absence of pronounced benthic demand. The experiments also suggested that coupled dynamics between DOC and DON spiraling may be altered under conditions of elevated N supply. Chapter 3 challenges the idea that soil organic matter (SOM) and its dissolved products are stoichiometrically static as N pools accumulate. Using a broad geographic survey of forest streams, I show that DON losses increase as a consequence of N pollution and that this occurs through a disproportionate enrichment of N on dissolved organic matter rather than alteration of soil and dissolved carbon dynamics. These results have implications for N limitation in forests and aquatic systems. In particular, DOC: DON ratios of DOM draining N-saturated forests were strikingly low suggesting possible increases in DOM bioavailability with increasing N supply. Chapter 4 provides insight into how local forest nutrient cycles may be organized by synchronous global-scale climate-atmosphere dynamics. This study of long term (30 yr) hydro-chemistry from reference forest watersheds provides an integrated example of the overall climate sensitivity of N cycling and underscores the importance of complex synergies between simultaneous vectors of global change. Results from this study argue that the combined influence of N pollution and warming are likely to have pronounced long-term effects on ecosystems globally. / Ph. D.

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The variation in community composition among sites is often used to gain insight into the processes of plant community assembly. In this study, we looked for evidence of environmentally and spatially mediated community assembly mechanisms in a temperate forest in eastern North America. To test this, we measured, identified and mapped all woody stems ≥1 cm in diameter at breast height (DBH) in 12 ha of a 20 ha forest plot. We used principal coordinates of neighbor matrices (PCNM) to obtain variables that modelled spatial processes (eg. dispersal, drift) at the community level. Topographic variables (slope, elevation, convexity, aspect) were used to model environmental conditions. Variation partitioning was used to isolate the unique and shared effects of topographic and spatial variables on community composition. We were also interested in studying how associations with the environment change with tree size. For this we assessed the abundance of a subset of focal species in response to topography as well as human disturbance. Species abundance were divided into three stem size classes: small (< 5 cm), medium (≥5 cm and < 15), and big (≥15 cm). We found that topography and space jointly explained 63% of the variation in community composition. This variation was almost entirely spatially structured with the component of pure topography only contributing 1% to the total explained variation. A redundancy analysis showed that slope and elevation were the most important topographic variables structuring the distribution of trees. The focal species had largely independent distributions across the environmental gradients and three of the five species showed within-species differences associated with size class effects on the relationship with topography and human disturbance. The implications of these results are relevant to conservation efforts and suggest that large contiguous areas of heterogeneous environments are essential in maintaining biodiversity. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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En Europe, le bois est la première source d’énergie renouvelable. La transition énergétique se traduit par une intensification de l’exploitation des forêts. L’effet de ces pratiques sylvicoles sur les communautés microbiennes du sol est encore peu étudié. Au cours de ma thèse, j’ai évalué les conséquences d’une manipulation artificielle de matière organique en forêt tempérée sur la diversité fonctionnelle et taxonomique des communautés bactériennes et fongiques telluriques dans six sites expérimentaux (réseau expérimental MOS). Parallèlement, une caractérisation fonctionnelle des communautés microbiennes a également été réalisée dans un contexte proche des réalités de l’intensification des pratiques sylvicoles sous climat tropical en plantation d’Eucalyptus. Si certains descripteurs fonctionnels de la dégradation de la matière organique sont particulièrement informatifs, les activités microbiennes de dégradation de la chitine, polymère azoté des arthropodes et champignons, sont apparues très sensibles au retrait de matière organique. C’est pourquoi, par des approches de génomiques comparatives, nous avons cherché à estimer le potentiel chitinolytique des différentes guildes fongiques des sols. En conditions contrôlées, nous avons ensuite quantifié les capacités potentielles de mobilisation et de transfert du carbone et de l’azote, à partir d’une matière organique microbienne riche en chitine, par un champignon ectomycorhizien en symbiose avec son hôte. Enfin, la généricité des fonctions chitinolytiques d’un plus large spectre d’espèces fongiques ectomycorhiziennes a été évaluée par le couplage d’approches enzymatiques et isotopiques. L’ensemble de nos résultats met en lumière le rôle significatif des champignons ectomycorhiziens dans la mobilisation du carbone et de l’azote à partir de certaines formes de matière organique, et la nécessité de prendre en compte le compartiment microbien dans les études d’impact des pratiques sylvicoles / One of the main usages of wood in Europe is renewable energy supply that implies intensification of forest management to respond to this increasing demand. However, the impact of intense forestry practices on soil microbial communities remains poorly investigated. In the frame of my PhD thesis, I evaluated effects of artificial organic matter removal on functional and taxonomical diversity of soil bacterial and fungal communities in temperate forest, using six experimental sites across France (INRA MOS experimental network). In parallel, I also characterised impact of intensified forest management practices on functional microbial communities in tropical plantation of Eucalyptus trees. This work permitted to identify several sensitive functional indicators of organic matter degradation. Notably, the degradation of chitin – a nitrogen polymer main component of arthropods and fungal cell walls – was revealed to be particularly sensitive to organic matter removal. Genomics and enzymatic approaches were then used to estimate chitinolytic potentials of the different genera of soil fungi. In controlled conditions, we were able to quantify ectomycorrhizal fungus carbon and nitrogen mobilisation and transfer capacities from chitin enriched organic matter to its host during symbiotic interaction. Finally, we evaluated chitinolytic functions of ectomycorrhizal fungi at large scale by combining enzymatic and isotopic approaches. Taken together, the results acquired in the frame of my PhD thesis, illustrate the significant role of ectomycorrhizal fungi in carbon and nitrogen mobilisation from organic matter. We particularly highlight that microbial compartment in soil must be considered in studies of forest management practices

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第19032号 / 農博第2110号 / 新制||農||1031(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H27||N4914(農学部図書室) / 31983 / 京都大学大学院農学研究科地域環境科学専攻 / (主査)教授 谷 誠, 教授 北山 兼弘, 教授 本田 与一 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

La respiration du sol (Rs) en milieu forestier est influencée par les conditions hydroclimatiques du sol ainsi que par la composition en espèces et la qualité de la litière. La hausse des températures et les changements dans les patrons de précipitation, attendus en contexte de changements climatiques, ont donc un fort potentiel de modifier Rs et ainsi, la concentration de CO2 atmosphérique. En ce sens, ce projet de recherche visait tout d’abord à étudier l’effet d’un réchauffement et d’un assèchement artificiels des sols sur Rs, puis à évaluer si la réponse des sols au chauffage allait varier selon le type de couvert forestier. Nous avons échantillonné le flux gazeux des sols sur deux ans dans trois peuplements d'une forêt tempérée décidue à sa limite nordique. Les résultats ont démontré une faible accentuation de Rs en réponse au chauffage, mais seulement jusqu’à un seuil de température du sol d’environ 15°C à partir duquel l’effet positif du chauffage s’estompe, voire s’inverse. Cependant, cette tendance n’était pas systématique puisque les trois peuplements ont démontré une sensibilité différente au chauffage, l’érablière à hêtre étant beaucoup plus sensible que la forêt mixte et l’érablière à bouleau. Ce qui était toutefois commun aux trois peuplements, c’est l’affaiblissement de l’influence de la température sur Rs passé le seuil de 15°C. Outre la température du sol, l’intégration d’autres variables, comme la teneur en eau, l’activité ionique en N, P et Ca de la solution de sol et la présence de conifères au modèle cherchant à expliquer la variabilité de Rs, n’a pas augmenté la puissance explicative du modèle, et ce pour aucun des traitements ou des peuplements. Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent néanmoins un élément intéressant, soit le plafonnement potentiel de Rs malgré la hausse des températures. Ceci apporte un questionnement quant à la magnitude de la rétroaction positive entre le cycle du carbone terrestre et le système climatique. / Forest soil respiration (Rs) is driven by soil hydroclimatic conditions as well as species composition and litter quality. Rising temperatures and changes in precipitation patterns, expected in the context of climate change, therefore have a strong potential to modify Rs and thus the concentration of atmospheric CO2. This research aimed to study the effect of artificial heating and drying of soils on Rs, and to assess whether the response of soils to heating would vary according to the type of forest cover. We sampled soil gas flux over two years in three stands of a temperate deciduous forest at its northern edge. The results demonstrated a weak accentuation of Rs in response to heating, but only up to a soil temperature threshold of about 15°C, where the positive heating effect decreases or is even reversed. However, this trend was not systematic since the three stands demonstrated a different sensitivity to heating, the maple-beech forest being much more sensitive than the mixed forest and the maple-birch forest. Yet, what was common to the three stands was the decrease of the influence of temperature on Rs above the threshold of 15°C. In addition to soil temperature, the integration of other variables, such as water content, ionic activity in N, P and Ca of the soil solution and the presence of conifers in the model seeking to explain the variability of Rs, did not increase the explanatory power of the model for any of the treatments or stands. The results of this study highlight a potential capping of Rs despite the increase in temperatures. They bring questions regarding the magnitude of the positive feedback between the terrestrial carbon cycle and the climate system.

<p>We evaluated 3-D imaging of coarse root structure and biomass using ground-penetrating radar (GPR). GPR surveys were conducted in a white pine forest in southern Ontario, Canada. GPR profiles were obtained across two test plots (6 and 17 m² area), using 1-GHz GPR and a MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical systems) accelerometer. Test plot surveys evaluated the effects of micro-topography, soil moisture content, and root diameter and spacing. In addition, with the aid of the outcome of the control test plots two other plots (25 and 400 m²area) were surveyed with varying line sample spacing to investigate the restraints on resolution brought about by line sampling density.</p> <p>Accounting for antenna tilt is necessary to determine an accurate and more precise position of root mass. The antenna tilt was >45^o pitch, >28^o roll and up to 10^o yaw due to surface micro-topography of the forest floor. Vector 3-D imaging enhanced the diffraction amplitude (15.5% increase) and centralized the position of the root. Radial surveys provided root continuity and produced better root imaging.</p> <p>GPR largely underestimates coarse root biomass when a line spacing of 25 cm is used. However similar results are found with smaller line spacing (12.5 cm). A maximum line spacing of 10 cm provided continuous root structure and differentiation of roots spaced 10 cm apart and greater. A sampling line spacing of 5 cm and an inline sampling interval of 0.5 cm in low soil moisture conditions provided the detection of roots that were a minimum of 1.4 cm in diameter.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)