The thermomechanical properties of monolayer graphene and the interfacial interactions between graphene and an SiO₂ substrate are investigated in this dissertation using a multiscale approach. The temperature dependent mechanical behavior of graphene with thermal fluctuations is studied by statistical mechanics analysis under harmonic approximation, which is then compared to molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that the amplitude of thermal fluctuation depends nonlinearly on the graphene size due to anharmonic interactions between bending and stretching modes, but a small positive pre-strain could suppress fluctuation amplitude considerably and results in very different scaling behavior. The thermal expansion of graphene depends on two competing effects: positive expansion due to in-plane modes and negative expansion due to out-of-plane fluctuations. The in-plane stress-strain relation of graphene becomes nonlinear even at infinitesimal strain due to the entropic contribution. Consequently, the modulus of graphene depends on strain non-monotonically, with strain stiffening followed by intrinsic softening. Moreover, it is found that the thermomechnical behavior of graphene is dependent on its interactions with environment such as supporting substrate. The interfacial interactions between graphene and SiO₂ substrate is investigated in terms of three perspectives. Firstly, the interaction mechanisms between graphene and SiO₂ substrate are studied by density functional theory (DFT). The dispersion interaction is found to be the predominant mechanism, and the interaction strength is strongly influenced by changes of SiO₂ surface structures due to surface reactions with water. The adhesion energy is reduced when the reconstructed SiO₂ surface is hydroxylated, and further reduced when covered by a monolayer of adsorbed water molecules. Next, we study the interfacial interactions between graphene and a wet substrate that is covered by a liquid-like water film. During the separation of graphene from the wet substrate, MD simulations show evolution of the water from a continuous film to discrete islands. The water bridging effects are further described by continuum models. Finally, a continuum model is developed to predict how the surface roughness may affect the adhesion between graphene membranes and their substrate. / text

No description available.

Vibration structural health monitoring (VHM) uses the vibration properties to evaluate many civil structures during the design steps, building steps and service life.The whole function, expressed by stiffness and frequencies of tensegrity structures are primarily related to the level of pre-stress. The present work investigates the possibilities to use this relation in designing, constructing and evaluating the tensegrity structures.One of the aims of the thesis was to improve the current models for resonance frequency simulation of tensegrities. This has been achieved by introducing the bending behaviour of all components, and by a one-way coupling between the axial force and the stiffness.The environmental temperature effects on vibration properties of tensegrity structures have been also  investigated. Changes in dynamic characteristics due to temperature variations were compared with the changes due to decreasing pre-tension in one of the cables. In general, it is shown that the change in structural frequencies coming from temperature changes could of several magnitude as those from damage.Coinciding natural frequencies and low stiffness are known issues of tensegrity structures. The former can be an obstacle in VHM, while the later normally limits their uses in real engineering applications. It has been shown that the optimum self-stress vector of tensegrity structures can be chosen such that their lowest natural frequency is high, and separated from others.The environmental temperature effects on vibration properties of tensegrity structures were revisited to find a solution such that the natural frequencies of the tensegrity structures are not strongly affected by the changes in the environmental temperature. An asymmetric self-stress vector can be chosen so that the criterion is fulfilled as well as possible. The level of pre-stress can also be regulated to achieve the solution. The last part of this thesis, services as a summary of the work. / <p>QC 20160429</p>

Du fait de leurs nombreux avantages, à savoir notamment leur faible coût, leurs meilleures possibilités de recyclage et de réparation, leur légèreté et leur bonne tenue en fatigue, les résines polymères thermoplastiques sont de plus en plus employées dans l’industrie des matériaux composites. Cependant, du fait de leur nature chimique, leur réponse mécanique dépend de la température, et ce, même dans un intervalle éloigné de leur température de transition vitreuse. Cette dépendance se répercute, dans une proportion moindre mais qui reste significative, sur la réponse mécanique des composites à matrice thermoplastique. Du fait des distributions locales des contraintes dans ces derniers et des micro- et méso- structures qui les composent, cette dépendance peut aussi se répercuter sur le scénario d’endommagement de ces derniers. Or, des structures telles que des pales d’éolienne sont amenées à fonctionner dans une plage de température allant de -20°C à 60°C. Il devient donc nécessaire d’étudier l’impact de la température sur le comportement mécanique et sur le scénario d’endommagement des composites à matrice thermoplastique, pour permettre notamment de mieux prévoir l’évolution de l’endommagement en fatigue des pales d’éolienne, dans leur intervalle de température de service. En effet, les pales d’éolienne sont généralement dimensionnées via une approche normative, qui requiert soit des campagnes expérimentales conséquentes pour obtenir le comportement en fatigue de tous les stratifiés constituant une structure telle qu’une pale d’éolienne soit la formulation d’hypothèses fortement conservatives, qui nuisent à l’optimisation de la conception des pales. Pour pallier à cela, un modèle d’endommagement permettant de décrire l’évolution de la résistance, de la rigidité et de la déformation résiduelle d’un pli unidirectionnel soumis à des chargements quasi-statiques ou de fatigue a été récemment développé. Les travaux présentés ici visent dans un premier temps à valider l’utilisation de ce modèle dans le cas d’un composite à matrice acrylique renforcé de fibres de verre, utilisé pour la fabrication de certaines pales d’éolienne. L’identification et la validation s’appuient à la fois sur des essais mécaniques en quasi-statique, en fatigue (traction/traction, traction/compression) sur plusieurs strates et sur des analyses physiques (micrographies sous charge, micro-tomographie à rayons X). Il s’agit ensuite d’analyser comment l’effet de la température sur le comportement mécanique et le scénario d’endommagement de ce composite se répercute sur les paramètres du modèle. / Thermoplastic polymer resins offer numerous benefits, such as their low cost, their better recycling and repair opportunities, their lightness and their long fatigue lifetime. This is why they are increasingly used in the composite material industry. However, due to their chemical nature, their mechanical response exhibits a temperature dependency even if the service temperature range is much lower than their glass transition temperature. This dependency has a knock-on effect, in a lower proportion but still significant, on the mechanical response of thermoplastic matrix composites. Due to the composite local stress distributions and their micro- and meso- structures, this dependency can also have a knock-on effect on their damage scenario. But structures such as wind turbine blades are brought to operate in a temperature range from -20 to 60°C. It is then necessary to study the temperature effect on the mechanical behavior and the damage scenario of thermoplastic matrix composites, to allow a better prediction of the fatigue damage evolution of wind turbine blades, in their temperature service range. Indeed, wind turbine blades are generally designed using a normative approach, which requires either consequent experimental campaigns in order to get the fatigue behavior of all the laminate composites in a structure such as a wind turbine blade, or the formulation of strongly conservative hypothesis, which affects the optimization of wind turbines blades design. To compensate this, a damage model allowing describing the strength, the stiffness and the residual strain of a unidirectional ply under quasi-static and fatigue loadings has been recently developed. The work presented here aim to validate the use of this model for a composite with an acrylic matrix reinforced with glass fibers, used for the manufacturing of some wind turbine blades in the first instance. The parameter identification and the validation rely simultaneously on mechanical tests under tensile and fatigue (tensile-tensile and tensile-compressive) loads on several layering and on physical analysis (microscope images under load, X-ray microtomography). Then, it is question to study how the temperature effect on the composite mechanical behavior and damage scenario affects the model parameters.

Being at the center of most metabolic pathways and also one of the best known pathways, the glycolytic pathway has been of interest to modeling studies. This study is composed of our attempts to model ethanolic fermentation by yeast through kinetic equations of glycolytic steps and its branches. Model was based totally on experimentally measured kinetics of enzymes and transport steps, either obtained in this study or from the literature. Effect of ethanol on enzyme activities was tested in the range of ethanol 0 to 20% (v/v) in assay mixture. All enzymes were inhibited by ethanol to some degree and these inhibitions started at different ethanol concentrations, the least affected being the pyruvate kinase and the most inhibited ones being glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, phosphogluco kinase, and alcohol dehydrogenase (forward). Effect of temperature on the activities of enzymes was tested within 10-30 &deg / C with five degrees of increments. Activation energies of enzymes were calculated using the Arrhenius equation. Activation energies of upper part of the glycolysis and the glycerol branch (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) were relatively higher than that of lower part enzymes as well as the ethanol branch (alcohol dehydrogenase). Results obtained from these in vitro studies were incorporated into the model as mathematical relations. Model output thus obtained was compared with results of experiments conducted at several temperatures and initial ethanol concentrations. Model could estimate general trend in ethanolic fermentation that fermentation is inhibited by increasing concentrations of ethanol. Decrease in glycerol yields at lower temperatures was also estimated by the model. However, model did not fit exactly to experimental results, especially at low temperature and high ethanol concentrations. This could be attributed to stress responses of cells under these conditions, which are not considered in the model.

The sol-gel-derived lead titanate (PbTiO3) membrane has been successfully applied as a novel pH-sensing layer to form the PbTiO3 gate ISFET (ion-sensitive field-effect transistor). There exhibit the excellent quasi-Nernstian response of 55-58 mV/pH, good surface adsorption and anticorrosion characteristics via the capacitance- voltage measurement of the electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor structure. At a specific pH concentration, the output and transfer characteristics of the PbTiO3 gate ISFET are very similar to the behaviours of MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors), and the pH-ISFET model can be derived by the modified MOSFET model. As it operated in the nonsaturation region, there exhibits a linear pH response of about 55-58 mV/pH. Simultaneously, there exhibit the stable response time of 2-4 minutes, the drift of 0.5-1 mV/h, the hysteresis of 3-5 mV and the reduction rate of about ¡V10 mV/pH-day. On the other hand, as it operated in the saturation region, the pH responses and linearity can be controlled by adjusting the VGS values, e.g. the absolute pH response of 4.2, 24.8 and 31.3 uA/pH and the correlation coefficients of 0.9491, 0.9995 and 0.9996 at VGS= 1, 3 and 5 V can be obtained, respectively. Besides, the PbTiO3 gate ISFET has been modified by doping the Mg2+ and La3+ impurities into the PbTiO3 membrane. As a result, the former is a great benefit to improve the pH-sensing characteristics, which exhibits the pH response of 58-59 mV/pH, the drift of below 0.4 mV/h, the hysteresis of 1-3 mV and the reduction rate of -0.2 mV/pH-day. Finally, a digital pH meter has been successfully developed.

The response of Day Eight equine embryos to saccharide solutions was investigated as a first step in their potential use as non-permeating cryoprotective agents. Embryos were exposured to seven increasing concentrations of either sucrose or galactose at a temperature of 22°, 30° or 37°C. Each embryo was then rehydrated by exposing it to the same solutions in reverse. Embryos underwent osmotic dehydration, independent of treatment group, but embryo size had a significant effect on the response pattern. Embryos < 500µm dehydrated osmotically to 20% of their original volume. Those > 500µm exhibited a delayed response and only dehydrated to 40% of their original volume. When placed into decreasing concentrations, embryos partially rehydrated. Pre- and post-treatment embryo quality was compared and embryos were stained to determine the amount of apoptosis, with no difference in embryo survival between treatments. Results indicate that saccharides show promise for use in equine embryos < 500µm. / Ontario Veterinary College, Equine Guelph, Partnar Animal Health

The use of gold-based nanoparticles and thin films is very promising when it comes to improving several green nanotechnologies. Therefore, in order to further their use in applications such as electrochromic devices, photovoltaics, light-emitting diodes and photocatalysis, the aim of this work was to study the growth of gold-based nanoparticles and thin films. All depositions were made using DC magnetron sputtering, and optical, structural, electrochemical, electrical and photocatalytic studies of the films and particles were performed. The various applications yield a variety of substrate properties, and how these substrate properties affect gold coalescence was studied by depositing gold on glass slides and on SnO2:In, ITO and TiO2 base layers. Temperature also affects the gold coalescence. Therefore, gold was deposited on heated and non-heated substrates, where the latter were also post-heated, with a temperature range between 25ºC and 140ºC in both cases. Various temperatures were also used for manufacturing gold nanoparticles, and their effect as photocatalytic improvers was tested on WO3 films. The optical properties of Au films on glass were determined by ellipsometry in the 0.25 – 2 µm range, and then a spectral density analysis was performed of the effective dielectric permittivity. This work showed that thin gold films are excellent replacements for oxide-based transparent conductors in electrochromic devices. It was also shown that thin homogeneous gold films were better conductors when they were deposited on glass, compared to when they were deposited on oxide base layers, regardless of the optical, electrical and structural properties, or the doping concentration of the base layers. The results also showed that thin gold films were durable at 76ºC, and hence hold for a typical window temperature of ~70ºC. For higher temperatures, gold deposition on heated and non-heated substrates resulted in a distinct difference in growth, and there was also a distinct difference between post-heated gold films produced at 25ºC, compared to when the films were deposited on heated substrates. In the latter case, an island structure was obtained at 140ºC. Spectral density analysis gave spectral densities of similar shape for nanoparticles and continuous gold films, which is useful information for further investigations.

The objective of this study was to numerically investigate the effects of slenderness ratios and end rotational restraints on the post-buckling behavior of non-sway columns. To study the effect of end restraints, numerical solutions were generated for three different support conditions, namely, hinged-hinged, fixed-hinged and fixed-fixed. Furthermore, for each of these support conditions, the effects of slenderness ratios on the post-buckling response were analyzed by considering the slenderness ratios of 50,125 and 200. Based on the numerical data presented in this thesis, the following conclusions can be made.  The unrestrained columns under mechanical loads do not exhibit any significant post-buckling strength.  Restrained Columns subjected to thermal loading undergo significantly smaller deformations in contrast to unrestrained columns, where deformations are relatively larger as the loads are increased only slightly above their critical levels.  The mechanical post-buckling response does not seem to depend on the slenderness ratios of the columns ;whereas the thermal post-buckling response depends on the slenderness ratios of the columns with the relative deformation decreasing with slenderness ratio at a given temperature ratio.  Post buckling behavior of columns subjected to mechanical loadings does not seem to change when the rotational restraints are added whereas in case of columns subjected to thermal loading, the post-buckling response depends on the rotational restraints at the ends of the column. o For a constant slenderness ratio, the deflection ratio was found out to be the smallest for the hinged-hinged column and largest for the fixed-fixed column subjected to thermal loads at a given temperature ratio.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Entomology / James R. Nechols / Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida and Panonychus citri (McGregor) are the two major arachnid pests of screenhouse-cultivated papayas in Taiwan. Control of these mites has become more difficult because both pests have become resistant to most registered miticides. This laboratory study investigated the feeding behaviors, predatory potential, and prey preference of a domesticated line of Mallada basalis Walker, a commonly-occurring chrysopid in Taiwan, to both of these pest mites. A laboratory assessment on control efficacies of different predator:prey release ratios to single and mixed-pest species was also conducted. Behavioral study showed that all larval stages of M. basalis exhibited a high rate of acceptance of all life stages of both T. kanzawai and P. citri. Second and third instar predators foraged actively during most of the 2-h tests. Numbers and rates of prey consumption were measured for each instar of predator and prey. Results showed that consumption increased and prey handling time decreased as predator life stage advanced, and prey stage decreased. Mallada basalis exhibited both a shorter handling time and corresponding higher consumption rate on P. citri compared with T. kanzawai. Handling time and consumption rate also were positively affected by increasing prey density. Mallada basalis did not exhibit notable species or life stage preferences, and prior feeding experience on one mite species did not affect subsequent prey choice between the two mites. Lacewings significantly reduced T. kanzawai and P. citri populations at a predator:prey ratio of 1:30 and this improved at ratios of 1:15 and 1:10. Control of T. kanzawai was slightly better than P. citri when the mites occurred singly and together. Consumption by M. basalis increased with temperature up to 30C. I conclude that M. basalis has high potential for augmentative biological control of papaya mites. Further field investigations are needed for making final recommendations.