<p>Diverse mechanisms have been proposed to explain natural pattern formation processes, such as slime mold aggregation, feather branching, and tissue stratification. Regardless of the specific molecular interactions, the vast majority of these mechanisms invoke morphogen gradients, which are either predefined or generated as part of the patterning processes. However, using E. coli programmed by a simple synthetic gene circuit, I demonstrate here the generation of robust, self-organized ring patterns of gene expression in the absence of an apparent morphogen gradient. Interestingly, modeling and experimental tests show that the temporal dynamics of the global morphogen concentration serve as a timing mechanism to trigger formation and maintenance of these ring patterns, which are readily tunable by experimentally controllable environmental factors. This mechanism represents a novel mode of pattern formation that has implications for understanding natural developmental processes. In addition, the system can be coupled with inkjet printing technology and metabolic engineering approaches to develop future complex patterned biomaterials.</p> / Dissertation

Les modèles de décision conventionnels, basés sur l’utilisation du système saccadique comme modèle sensorimoteur, considèrent typiquement les temps de réaction comme un sous-produit des processus décisionnels, reflétant le temps nécessaire pour prendre une décision. Cependant, des recherches ont montré que les latences saccadiques sont deux fois plus longues que le temps de décision, ainsi que l’organisation de l’environnement affecte les latences saccadiques. Cette thèse propose une interprétation alternative des temps de réaction saccadiques (SRTs) en montrant que les distributions de latences saccadiques peuvent être altérées par leurs propres conséquences. Nous défendons l’hypothèse que les latences saccadiques dépendent de relations fonctionnelles avec leur environnement.Cette thèse a réalisé une analyse fonctionnelle des latences saccadiques. La première étude a évalué s’il était possible de choisir ses propres latences en fonction des contingences de renforcement en cours, dans le but d’explorer l’étendue du contrôle temporel des saccades. L’allocation des latences courtes et longues correspondait au renforcement relativement obtenu, démontrant un contrôle fin des SRTs. La seconde étude a évalué de manière plus approfondie l’effet de conséquences bénéfiques sur les SRTs, en utilisant le phénomène de taille-latence. La procédure de renforcement a été efficace pour manipuler le bénéfice de SRTs plus courts et pour réduire le phénomène de taille-latence. La troisième étude a démontré comment les stimuli antécédents en viennent à contrôler des temps de réaction spécifiques à l’aide d’un apprentissage opérant. Les contingences de renforcement ont induit un contrôle discriminatif des latences entre des stimuli différents. Enfin, la dernière expérience a exploré l’implication des processus d’apprentissage classique dans le contrôle par le stimulus des latences saccadiques. Cette étude pilote met en évidence l’influence de l’environnement et de l’historique d’apprentissage dans le contrôle temporel des saccades.Nos résultats soulignent l’incroyable plasticité du système saccadique, et l’étend au contrôle temporel des saccades. Cette thèse montre qu’un processus général d’apprentissage, basé sur les conséquences fonctionnelles des saccades, peut expliquer de manière parcimonieuse les changements dans les latences saccadiques. Démontrant que la latence est une dimension opérante des saccades, l’organisation de l’environnement contrôle l’organisation temporelle des saccades. / Conventional decision models, based on the saccadic system as a sensorimotor model, typically view reaction time as a byproduct of decisional processes, reflecting the time needed to make a decision. However, research has shown that saccadic latencies are twice as long as the decision time and that the organization of the environment affects saccade latencies. This thesis dissertation provides an alternative view of saccadic reaction times (SRTs) by showing that saccade latency distribution can be altered by their own consequences. We defend that saccadic latency depends on functional relations with its environment.This thesis conducted a functional analysis of saccadic latencies. The first study probed whether it is possible to choose one’s latencies depending on the reinforcement contingencies in force, in order to assess the extent of temporal control with saccades. The allocation of short and long latencies matched the relative reinforcement obtained, demonstrating a fine control of SRTs. The second study further investigated the effect of beneficial consequences on SRTs, using the size-latency phenomenon. The reinforcement procedure was effective in manipulating the benefit of shorter SRTs and reducing the size- latency phenomenon. The third experiment demonstrated how antecedent stimuli come to control specific reaction times through operant learning. Reinforcement contingencies induced discriminative control of latencies between different stimuli. Finally, the last experiment explored the involvement of classical learning processes in stimulus control of saccade latencies. This pilot study highlighted the influence of the environment and learning history in the temporal control of saccades.Our results emphasize the exquisite plasticity of the saccadic system, and extend it to the temporal control of saccades. This thesis shows that a general learning process, based on the functional consequences of saccades, can parsimoniously explain changes in saccadic latency. Demonstrating that latency is an operant dimension of saccades, the organization of the environment controls the temporal organization of saccades.

The present study is the first to examine the effect of first versus second language (L1 versus L2) speech production on specific temporal parameters of speech in bilingual speakers with neurogenic speech disorders. Three persons with apraxia of speech (AOS), three with phonemic paraphasia (PP) and five normal speaking participants were included as subjects in the study. Subjects were required to read phonemically similar L1 and L2 target utterances in a carrier phrase, five times each, at a normal and fast speaking rate, respectively. This rendered four speaking contexts that included speech production in L1 at either a normal (L1NR) or fast speaking rate (L1FR) and speech production in L2 at either a normal (L2NR) or fast speaking rate (L2FR). Acoustic analysis of on-target productions involved measurement of utterance onset duration, vowel duration, utterance duration and voice onset time. Results revealed that in normal speakers, speech production in L2 results in greater token-to-token variability than in L1. However, token-to-token variability in the experimental subjects did not tend to increase whilst speaking in L2, most probably because these subjects generally decreased their speaking rate in this context, resulting in more consistent production. The subjects with AOS and PP seemed to be influenced by the increased processing demands of speaking in L2 to a greater extent than the normal speakers, in that they more frequently experienced difficulty with durational adjustments (decreasing duration in the fast speaking rate) in L2 than in L1. Furthermore, the subjects with AOS or PP also exhibited a greater extent of durational adjustment in L1 than in L2. The durations of most of the subjects with either AOS or PP tended to differ from those of the normal group to a greater extent in L2FR that was hypothesized to be the most demanding speaking context for these subjects. The longer than normal durations and greater than normal token-to-token variability in the subjects with either AOS or PP imply the presence of a motor control deficit. The extent of the motor control deficit appears to be more severe in AOS than in PP as is evident from the finding that the subjects with AOS generally exhibited longer durations and greater token-to-token variability than the subjects with PP. The pattern of breakdown in respect of different parameters and utterance groups also differed between subjects with AOS and PP. The nature of the disorder in AOS and PP thus appears to be both quantitatively and qualitatively different. Regarding measurement of the different temporal parameters, voice onset time appears to be less subject to the influence of L2 than the other measured temporal parameters. The results of this study imply that bilingual AOS is as much a reality as bilingual aphasia. Furthermore, the results underscore the importance of taking contextual factors, specifically L1 versus L2, into account when compiling assessment and treatment procedures for persons with either AOS or PP, since speech production in L2 appears to be motorically more difficult than in L1 for persons with neurogenic involvement. The significance of the results is discussed with reference to the influence of speech production in L2 on temporal control and the underlying nature of AOS and PP with regard to theories of speech sensorimotor control. Copyright / Dissertation (DPhil (Communication Pathology))--University of Pretoria, 2004. / Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology / unrestricted