The endowment effect occurs when owners assign more value to the products they own than do non-owners to the same products. Research on the endowment effect has identified factors that enhance or mitigate the effect, such as the duration of ownership, as well as information processing differences between sellers and buyers. However, these studies have primarily involved immediate transactions between sellers and buyers. An interesting question emerges as to whether the endowment effect will be observed for temporally distant transactions. The main purpose of the first two studies is to examine how the temporal distance from transactions influences customers' evaluations of products by comparing buyers' willingness to pay and sellers' willingness to accept in the present and future. Despite the fact that consumers often collect information today about product or services that will be consumed in the future, such as window shopping or looking at houses or cars for a future purchase, a limited number of endowment studies have considered the temporal effect on willingness to pay and willingness to accept. More specifically, studies 1, 2, and 3 find that the endowment effect disappears as temporal distance from the transaction increases. Study 2 and 3 demonstrates that when the transaction is expected to occur in the near future, sellers focus on their products, while buyers focus on their money. These different cognitive perspectives affect price gaps between sellers and buyers. Specifically study 2 demonstrates that when events are in the distant future, sellers' and buyers' cognitive perspectives change, and the endowment effect is eliminated. In study 3, the effects of role and time on memory trace and information structure were investigate to investigate the salience differences in transaction. Finally, the underlying psychological and temporal mechanism driving the salience differences investigated in study 4-a and 4-b.

The effect of public school prekindergarten (pre-K) attendance on academic achievement has not been extensively studied for the purpose of funding these programs. The MCT2 scale scores in the areas of language arts and math and the report card number grades for the areas of language arts and math were analyzed for 114 students. Of this number, 49 students attended a public school pre-K program, and 65 students did not attend a public school pre-K program. This study was a causal-comparative study. A repeated measures approach with a between-within design was used. An analysis of covariance, ANCOVA, was used to examine if there was a statistically significant difference in the MCT2 scale scores for language arts for 3rd-grade students who attended a public school pre-K program and students who did not attend a public school pre-K program. In addition, 3 separate t-tests were run for each grade level for language arts and math report card grades. Results revealed that there was a statistically significant difference in the MCT2 language arts mean scale scores. For the area of math, the students who attended a public school pre-K program had comparable MCT2 math mean scale scores with the participants who did not attend a public school pre-K program. For language arts and math report card number grades, students who attended a public school pre-K program had higher report card number grades compared with students who did not attend a public school pre-K program. Based on these findings, it can be implied that public school pre-K attendance was effective for the academic areas language arts and math. It is recommended that public school pre-K programs continue to be funded and implemented for 4-year-old students in the Raleigh School District. The subjects of language arts and math should continue to be instructed for the pre-K students. It is also recommended that public school pre-K programs be funded and implemented in school districts across the state of Mississippi, as well as nationwide.

Submitted by Jeferson Lana (jeferson.lana@gvmail.br) on 2017-08-30T17:26:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 [Tese] Versão Entregue - Jeferson Lana.pdf: 1365087 bytes, checksum: d919359d3fee994fb310ce4831445230 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-08-30T17:28:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 [Tese] Versão Entregue - Jeferson Lana.pdf: 1365087 bytes, checksum: d919359d3fee994fb310ce4831445230 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-31T12:55:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 [Tese] Versão Entregue - Jeferson Lana.pdf: 1365087 bytes, checksum: d919359d3fee994fb310ce4831445230 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-20 / Nesta tese, proponho que o tempo pode ser entendido como uma variável de desempenho das estratégias políticas corporativas – CPS. O racional por trás dessa proposição é que, ao se envolver com a esfera política via doações às campanhas eleitorais como forma de conexão política, as empresas obtêm, entre outros efeitos, maior velocidade nas respostas de processos que envolvam decisões governamentais. A celeridade é vista como uma consequência ao alinhamento político entre empresa e governo. A partir de uma base de dados que contempla todas as decisões de medidas antidumping solicitadas pelas empresas brasileiras entre 2001 e 2017, duas hipóteses testaram os efeitos das CPS no tempo de decisão de tais medidas. Para os testes, foi utilizada regressão linear multivariada com coeficientes robustos e tratamento das variáveis a partir dos conceitos do design de regressão descontínua. Os resultados apontam que as conexões políticas aumentam a celeridade das decisões sobre as medidas de antidumping. Os resultados sugerem ainda que quanto maiores as capacidades políticas das firmas, medidas pela constância do envolvimento político, menor será o tempo de espera pela decisão final das medidas citadas. Assim, esta tese contribui para a evolução da área de CPS ao trazer uma nova face relevante ao debate dos efeitos das conexões políticas: o tempo. Se tempo é dinheiro, a celeridade das decisões governamentais pode ser o pote de ouro da vez. / In this thesis, I propose that time can be understood as a performance variable of corporate political strategies - CPS. The rationale behind this proposition is that, by engaging with the political are through campaign donations as a form of political connection, firms obtain, among other effects, greater speed in the responses of processes involving governmental decisions. Speed is seen as a consequence of political alignment between business and government. Based on a database that includes all the decisions of antidumping measures requested by the Brazilian companies between 2001 and 2017, two hypotheses tested the effects of the CPS in the time of decision of such measures. For the tests, multivariate linear regression with robust coefficients and treatment of the variables were used from the concepts of the regression discontinuity design. The results show that political connections increase the speed of decisions on antidumping measures. The results also suggest that the greater the political capacities of the firms, measured by the constancy of the political involvement, the shorter the waiting time for the final decision of the mentioned measures. Thus, this thesis contributes to the evolution of the CPS area by bringing a new relevant face to the debate on the effects of political connections: time. If time is money, the speed of government decisions may be the new golden pot of our time.