Ulm, Univ., Diss., 2008.

Background & Aims: Vasoactive agents with endoscopic therapy are used to treat acute variceal bleeding (AVB). There are two main groups of vasoactive agents: terlipressin and vasopressin (T-V), and octreotide and somatostatin (O-S). However, the benefit/harm balance is unclear. Our aim was to assess the efficacy and safety of T-V versus O-S for the management of AVB. Methods: We performed a systematic search for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in PubMed, Scopus, and CENTRAL. Our main outcomes were mortality and adverse events. Secondary outcomes were bleeding control, rebleeding, blood transfusion, hospital stay. We evaluated the certainty of evidence using GRADE methodology. Results: We included 21 RCTs. The risk of mortality (RR: 1.01; 95%CI: 0.83-1.22), bleeding control (RR: 0.96; 95%CI: 0.91-1.02; I2=53%), early rebleeding (RR: 0.91; 95%CI: 0.66-1.24: I2=0%), late rebleeding (RR: 0.94; 95 CI: 0.56-1.60; I2=0%), blood transfusion (MD: 0.04; 95%CI:-0.31-0.39; I2=68%) and hospital stay (MD:-1.06; 95%CI:-2.80-0.69; I2=0%) were similar between T-V and O-S groups. Only 15 studies reported adverse events, which were significantly higher in the T-V compared to the O-S group (RR 2.39; 95%CI: 1.58-3.63; I2=57%). The certainty of evidence was moderate for the main outcomes, and low or very low for others. Conclusions: In cirrhotic patients with AVB, those treated with T-V had similar mortality risk compared to O-S. However, the use of T-V showed an increased risk of adverse events compared to O-S. / Revisión por pares

No description available.

As estratégias terapêuticas empregadas na ressuscitação do choque hemorrágico (CH) são capazes de evitar a morte, mas seus efeitos colaterais podem causar muitas alterações orgânicas, inclusive nos rins. Sabemos que a reposição volêmica feita com solução cristaloide restaura a hemodinâmica, diminui a mortalidade, mas pode levar a edema de órgãos e tecidos, entre outras alterações. Sendo assim, o objetivo do atual estudo foi comparar os efeitos da ressuscitação com Ringer lactato (RL) ou terlipressina (TLP) na função renal em modelo experimental de CH. Com este intuito, foi induzido o CH em suínos de 20-30 kg, por meio de sangramento pressão-controlada, até a obtenção e manutenção da pressão arterial média (PAM) em 40mmHg por 30 minutos. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos, sendo eles, o grupo Sham (feito apenas o procedimento anestésico), grupo Choque (indução de choque hemorrágico por 30 minutos) e os de instituição de estratégias de ressuscitação: grupo RL (indução de choque hemorrágico, e administração de RL de três vezes o volume de sangue retirado) e o grupo TLP (indução do choque e administração em bolus de 2 mg de TLP). Os parâmetros hemodinâmicos, de função renal e tubular foram avaliados nos momentos: basal; imediatamente após o CH; 30, 60, 90 e 120 minutos após tratamento. Ao final do estudo, os animais foram eutanasiados aos 60 ou aos 120 minutos. Foram coletadas amostras de tecido renal para avaliação de histologia e de western blott. Observamos uma melhora na microcirculação dos animais tratados com RL; entretanto, houve uma normalização da expressão da proteína NKCC2 e aquaporina 2 no grupo TLP. Observamos que o escore de lesão renal foi igual nos dois grupos de intervenção, mas a expressão de Bax estava mais diminuída no grupo TLP. Concluímos que a TLP mostrou ser uma estratégia tão eficaz quanto o RL no resgate do choque hemorrágico, com um provável potencial de maior proteção renal / Therapeutic strategies employed hemorrhagic shock (HS) resuscitation are able to prevent death, but its side effects can cause many organic dysfunction, including injury to the kidneys. It has been know that volume replacement with crystalloid solution can restore the hemodynamic status and decreases mortality; however, it can lead to organs and tissues edema, among other changes. Thus, the goal of this study was to compare the effects of resuscitation with lactated Ringer\'s (RL) or terlipressin (TLP) on renal function in an experimental model of HS. For this purpose, HS was induced in 20-30 kg swine, with pressure-controlled bleeding, to obtain and maintain the mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 mmHg for 30 minutes. The animals were divided into four groups, namely, the Sham group (made only the anesthetic procedure), Shock group (induction of hemorrhagic shock for 30 minutes) and the institution of resuscitation strategies: RL group (induction of hemorrhagic shock, and RL administration of three times the volume of removed blood) and TLP group (induction of shock and administration in bolus of 2 mg TLP). Hemodynamic parameters, renal and tubular function were evaluated at baseline; immediately after the HS; 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after treatment. At the end of the study, animals were euthanized after 60 or 120 minutes. Kidney tissue samples were collected for evaluation of histology and western blotting. We observed an improvement in microcirculation of animals treated with RL; however, there was a normalization of NKCC2 and aquaporin 2 protein expression in the TLP group. We observe that the kidney injury score was similar in both intervention groups, but Bax protein expression was more reduced than in the TLP group. We conclude that the TLP proved to be an effective strategy as RL in the rescue of hemorrhagic shock, with a likely potential for protect renal function

As estratégias terapêuticas empregadas na ressuscitação do choque hemorrágico (CH) são capazes de evitar a morte, mas seus efeitos colaterais podem causar muitas alterações orgânicas, inclusive nos rins. Sabemos que a reposição volêmica feita com solução cristaloide restaura a hemodinâmica, diminui a mortalidade, mas pode levar a edema de órgãos e tecidos, entre outras alterações. Sendo assim, o objetivo do atual estudo foi comparar os efeitos da ressuscitação com Ringer lactato (RL) ou terlipressina (TLP) na função renal em modelo experimental de CH. Com este intuito, foi induzido o CH em suínos de 20-30 kg, por meio de sangramento pressão-controlada, até a obtenção e manutenção da pressão arterial média (PAM) em 40mmHg por 30 minutos. Os animais foram divididos em quatro grupos, sendo eles, o grupo Sham (feito apenas o procedimento anestésico), grupo Choque (indução de choque hemorrágico por 30 minutos) e os de instituição de estratégias de ressuscitação: grupo RL (indução de choque hemorrágico, e administração de RL de três vezes o volume de sangue retirado) e o grupo TLP (indução do choque e administração em bolus de 2 mg de TLP). Os parâmetros hemodinâmicos, de função renal e tubular foram avaliados nos momentos: basal; imediatamente após o CH; 30, 60, 90 e 120 minutos após tratamento. Ao final do estudo, os animais foram eutanasiados aos 60 ou aos 120 minutos. Foram coletadas amostras de tecido renal para avaliação de histologia e de western blott. Observamos uma melhora na microcirculação dos animais tratados com RL; entretanto, houve uma normalização da expressão da proteína NKCC2 e aquaporina 2 no grupo TLP. Observamos que o escore de lesão renal foi igual nos dois grupos de intervenção, mas a expressão de Bax estava mais diminuída no grupo TLP. Concluímos que a TLP mostrou ser uma estratégia tão eficaz quanto o RL no resgate do choque hemorrágico, com um provável potencial de maior proteção renal / Therapeutic strategies employed hemorrhagic shock (HS) resuscitation are able to prevent death, but its side effects can cause many organic dysfunction, including injury to the kidneys. It has been know that volume replacement with crystalloid solution can restore the hemodynamic status and decreases mortality; however, it can lead to organs and tissues edema, among other changes. Thus, the goal of this study was to compare the effects of resuscitation with lactated Ringer\'s (RL) or terlipressin (TLP) on renal function in an experimental model of HS. For this purpose, HS was induced in 20-30 kg swine, with pressure-controlled bleeding, to obtain and maintain the mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 40 mmHg for 30 minutes. The animals were divided into four groups, namely, the Sham group (made only the anesthetic procedure), Shock group (induction of hemorrhagic shock for 30 minutes) and the institution of resuscitation strategies: RL group (induction of hemorrhagic shock, and RL administration of three times the volume of removed blood) and TLP group (induction of shock and administration in bolus of 2 mg TLP). Hemodynamic parameters, renal and tubular function were evaluated at baseline; immediately after the HS; 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes after treatment. At the end of the study, animals were euthanized after 60 or 120 minutes. Kidney tissue samples were collected for evaluation of histology and western blotting. We observed an improvement in microcirculation of animals treated with RL; however, there was a normalization of NKCC2 and aquaporin 2 protein expression in the TLP group. We observe that the kidney injury score was similar in both intervention groups, but Bax protein expression was more reduced than in the TLP group. We conclude that the TLP proved to be an effective strategy as RL in the rescue of hemorrhagic shock, with a likely potential for protect renal function

La dysfonction des mécanismes de régulation vasculaire, observée dans les états de choc septique (CS), hémorragique (CH) et la cirrhose (C), remet en question l’efficacité des substances vasoactives utilisées. L’objectif de ce travail est l’évaluation hémodynamique, systémique et splanchnique de l’administration d’hydrogène sulfuré [H2S], de terlipressine [TP] et de noradrénaline [NE] au cours des complications des CS, CH et C. Suite à une ischémie/reperfusion (I/R) chez le rat, le sepsis n’a pas d’impact particulier sur le rein, lors de la phase précoce, alors que le débit rénal varie en réponse aux variations de pression artérielle, incluant le phénomène d’autorégulation. Le CS est associé très précocement à une augmentation du flux sanguin dans les capillaires péritubulaires et à une dysfonction rénale limitée par la perfusion de NE. Au cours d’un CH retransfusé et réanimé par un remplissage vasculaire, l’inhibition endogène de H2S aggrave la dysfonction rénale suite à une diminution des vitesses microcirculatoires péritubulaires et favorise un syndrome de fuite capillaire. A l’inverse, l’administration exogène de H2S pourrait provoquer un rétrocontrôle négatif sur l’activité de l’enzyme principale de production de H2S endogène, la CSE. Lors d’une hypertension portale par C chez le rat, la NE augmente la pression porte à faibles doses et augmente la contraction maximale des veines portes in vitro par rapport à la vasopressine, ce qui augmente le risque hémorragique. Au contraire, la TP diminue le débit mésentérique et la pression porte, ce qui favorise la réponse hémodynamique de réduction du risque d’hémorragie digestive. / The impairment of vascular regulatory mechanisms observed in cirrhosis and shock situations, reduces the effectiveness of vasoactive substances used in treatments. The aim of this study is the hemodynamic, systemic and splanchnic assessments of vasoactive molecules proposed for the treatment of septic shock, hemorrhagic shock and cirrhosis complications (hydrogen sulfide [H2S], terlipressin [TP] and norepinephrine [NE]). In a model of ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), sepsis has no particular impact on the kidney since renal blood flow varies in response to mean arterial blood pressure variations, including an auto-regulation phenomenon. Sepsis is very rapidly associated with hypervelocity of blood flow in peritubular capillaries and renal dysfunction, both of wich are reserved by NE infusion. In hemorrhagic shock model controlled and resuscitated by Gelofusin® perfusion, we demonstrated that inhibition of endogenous H2S worsening renal dysfunction due to decreased renal peritubular microcirculatory velocities and promotes capillary leak syndrome. While the exogenous administration of H2S, could cause a negative feedback on the activity of the principal enzyme of endogenous H2S production, the CSE. During portal hypertension by cirrhosis in rats, NE increases the portal venous pressure, at low doses, and is more efficient than vasopressin on the portal veins of cirrhotic rats in vitro. However TP significantly reduces the mesenteric artery blood flow and the portal vein pressure. Taken together, TP could reduce the variceal bleeding risk associated with cirrhosis in comparison to NE.