Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidas antenas planares de micro-ondas multibandas para aplicação em terminais móveis de sistemas de comunicação sem fio. Foi realizado um estudo sobre antenas planares de micro-ondas, com ênfase em técnicas de projeto que possibilitam a operação das mesmas em bandas largas e em múltiplas bandas. A partir dos conhecimentos adquiridos com esse estudo, foram propostas configurações de antenas para terminais móveis de sistemas atuais de telefonia móvel, de WLAN e de WPAN, sistemas esses que têm experimentado nos últimos anos uma grande popularização mundial. Por meio de um procedimento de projeto auxiliado por simulação eletromagnética computacional, as configurações propostas de antenas foram analisadas e otimizadas, visando atender às especificações de projeto estabelecidas para operação nos sistemas mencionados. O desempenho que pode ser obtido com essas configurações de antenas depende de diversos parâmetros geométricos das mesmas, resultando em flexibilidade de projeto para obtenção das bandas de operação desejadas. Protótipos das antenas projetadas foram construídos e caracterizados para validar as configurações propostas de antenas e o procedimento de projeto empregado. Foram desenvolvidas quatro antenas para operação em sistemas de telefonia móvel, de WLAN e de WPAN empregados no Brasil, na Europa e nos EUA: uma antena planar em F-invertido tri-band com configuração original para operação nas bandas dos padrões GSM, DCS e PCS; uma antena planar em F-invertido penta-band com configuração original para operação nas bandas dos padrões GSM, DCS, PCS e UMTS e na banda ISM de 2.400 MHz; duas antenas quad-band, uma delas planar em F-invertido e a outra monopolo impresso com configuração original, para operação nas bandas ISM de 2.400 MHz e de 5.800 MHz e nas bandas de 5.200 MHz e de 5.600 MHz. Os resultados experimentais dos protótipos construídos apresentaram, de modo geral, boa concordância com os resultados fornecidos por simulação e mostraram que as antenas desenvolvidas atenderam às especificações de projeto para elas estabelecidas. Por meio de ambos os resultados experimentais e de simulação, o desempenho das antenas desenvolvidas pôde ser verificado, e demonstrou-se a efetividade do procedimento de projeto adotado. / In this work, multi-band microwave planar antennas for application in mobile terminals of wireless communication systems were developed. A study on microwave planar antennas was performed with emphasis on design techniques that enable their operation in wide bands and multiple bands. From the knowledge gained from this study, antenna configurations for mobile terminals of current mobile telephony, WLAN and WPAN systems, which have experienced in recent years great popularity worldwide, were proposed. By means of a design procedure aided by computer electromagnetic simulation, the proposed antenna configurations were analyzed and optimized in order to meet the design specifications established for operation in the afore mentioned systems. The performance that can be obtained with these antenna configurations depends on their several geometric parameters, resulting in design flexibility for obtaining the desired operation bands. Prototypes of the designed antennas were fabricated and characterized to validate the proposed antenna configurations and the design procedure employed. Four antennas were developed for operation in mobile telephony, WLAN and WPAN systems employed in Brazil, Europe and USA: a tri-band planar inverted-F antenna with novel configuration for operation in GSM, DCS and PCS standard bands; a penta-band planar inverted-F antenna with novel configuration for operation in GSM, DCS, PCS and UMTS standard bands and 2,400 MHz ISM band; two quad-band antennas, one of them planar inverted-F and the other printed monopole with novel configuration, for operation in 2,400 MHz and 5,800 MHz ISM bands and 5,200 MHz and 5,600 MHz bands. The experimental results from the fabricated prototypes exhibited, in general, good agreement with the results provided by simulation and showed that the developed antennas met the specifications established for them. By means of both simulation and experimental results, the performance of the developed antennas could be verified, and the effectiveness of the design procedure adopted was demonstrated.

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

A city's intersections are places or voids where the trajectories, paths and commuter routes of a cities citizens collide. They are points of momentary stasis. At intersections the agents of speed and haste characteristic of the flow of the city are brought to a collective pause. The challenge of this thesis was to bring about an architectural representation of this negotiation between flow and pause. There was a desire to see the commuterscape of Vancouver as a way of allowing different publics and contrasting programmes the opportunity for chance encounters and collisions. This desire led to the design of a building which served as an intersection, sometimes carefully controlled while at others free and open to the random flows of urbanism. The site at the corner of Main and Terminal streets in Vancouver was chosen because it is a place where the di verse social, economic and historical fabrics of the city are intersecting. This site is the busiest at grade intersection in Vancouver where skytrain and bus passengers, car drivers and pedestrians are variously pushed together and pulled apart. Commuter space and commuter movement through that space are generally assumed to be unproductive, uninfected movement through vacuous and empty space. This thesis challenges that view by inserting a building into this commuter space to utilize the potentials for exchange, negotiation and encounter offered by such a space. The building is made up of two very different programs - one containing a series of small performing arts theatres, the other commercial and rentable office space. In between the two, the inbound and outbound skytrain tracks and a public walkway create varying perceptual experiences which mediate between the two different typologies. The public zones of the building are used to link the varied programs together and to create connections to the surrounding park and buildings.

In South Africa today, railways, along with other forms of public transport have lost or in fact never had the same sense of sanguine appreciation that European stations embodied. Instead South African public transport systems, especially its railway networks, are perceived negatively by a large portion of the population and the vast majority of visitors to the country (Donaldson and Ferreira, 2008). The problem with the perceptions and judgments made by people with regards to architecture is that they often stand in contrast to each other. These disagreements are not only limited to laymen, as disagreements among critics often go beyond the mere subjectivity of taste or opinion, even extending to matters of fact (Bonta, 1979: 11). By extrapolating the process by which humans interpret the world around them, Hermeneutics attempts to define the determining factors behind subjective thought when making an accurate interpretation of text. In recent years these same techniques have been applied to the built environment in what can best be described as an investigation into the meaning of architecture, this investigation became known as ‘architectural hermeneutics’ (Bonta, 1979 and Snodgrass & Coyne, 2006). While hermeneutics does provide a method to deal with the problems associated with subjectivity, the tools needed to assess the validity of the resultant interpretations of architecture have not developed. In order to confirm the adequacy of any resultant interpretations the researcher must define and abstract the parts, which contribute to these interpretations, according to quantifiable guidelines that can then be measured and compared. The Guidelines utilised in this study are defined through the work of Norberg-Schultz, Thiis-Evensen, Alexander and Handa. Through the ensuing case studies this paper demonstrated that by designing architecture in accordance with its relationship to the surrounding environment and context, the designer becomes capable of generating a supportive architecture that can reaffirm its associated functions under a positive light. By creating a continuous structure between the new architecture and its context – that is in accordance with the ‘parts’ which make up the meaningful ‘whole’ – an architect of any background can create meaningful architecture in any context. / Thesis (M.Arch.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karol. inst., 2003. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Lic. (sammanfattning) Göteborg : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 2 uppsatser.

Text in Afrikaans, abstract in Afrikaans and English / In the case of an economical activity such as a distribution system, the distribution depot normally forms the nucleus of the network. The market place that is being served is not static and with the passing of time, due to the change in demand together with the change in the product range which is being offered, a tendency develops for the distribution point to move away from the nucleus of the network, thereby not representing the optimal location anymore. There is therefore a constant need for companies to determine whether their distribution system is suitable for their present, as well as their future trading circumstances. This factor together with the normal endeavour to minimise physical distribution costs, results in the need for a sophisticated approach to the whole problem of relocating distribution networks. The aim of this study is therefore to develop a basic model which will set out guidelines for the relocation of distribution centres. With the above mentioned in mind, the first step is a study of the theory to highlight and analyse applicable techniques and methods that could possibly be used in this model. The accent throughout this section is placed on well known and proven theories and techniques. The second part of this research focuses on the empirical study that forms the basis for the building of a relocation model. With the help of practical examples it is shown how to apply the model and each step is being highlighted and illustrated. The model that has been designed in this study clearly outlines the steps that enable the user to undertake and optimally apply a relocation study. Its application does not necessarily require highly trained personnel or complicated programming. It is therefore recommended that this model be applied in the case of the relocation of distribution centres. / In die geval van ekonomiese aktiwiteite soos 'n distribusiesisteem, vorm die verspreidingsdepot gewoonlik die kernpunt van die netwerk. Die markplek wat bedien word is egter nie staties nie en met die verloop van tyd, as gevolg van die verandering in die aanvraag tesame met die verandering in die produkreeks wat aangebied word, ontstaan daar 'n neiging dat die oorsponklike verspreidingspunt weg beweeg vanaf die kernpunt van die netwerk en dus nie meer die optimale liggging verteenwoordig nie. Daar is dus 'n konstante behoefte by maatskappye om te bepaal of hulle distribusiesisteme geskik is vir hulle huidige, sowel as toekomstige handelsomstandighede. Hierdie faktor, tesame met die normale strewe na minimalisering van fisiese distribusiekoste, het tot gevolg dat daar 'n behoefte bestaan aan 'n gesofistikeerde benadering tot die hele problematiek van vestiging van verspreidingsnetwerke. Die studie het dus ten doel die ontwikkeling van 'n basiese model wat riglyne daarstel vir die hervestiging van verspreidingsentra. Met bogenoemde in gedagte, is daar in die eerste plek 'n teoretiese studie onderneem wat toepaslike tegnieke en metodes wat moonlik in hierdie model opgeneem kon word, uitgelig en geanaliseer het. In hierdie gedeelte word die aksent deurentyd op bekende en bewese teoriee geplaas. Die tweede gedeelte van die navorsing fokus op die empiriese studie wat met die bou van 'n hervestigingsmodel gepaard gaan. Daar word aangetoon hoe om die model toe te pas en elke stap word met behulp van praktiese voorbeelde toegelig en verduidelik. Die model wat hier ontwikkel is le duidelike riglyne neer wat die verbruiker in staat stel om 'n hervestigingstudie aan te pak en optimaal toe te pas. Die toepassing daarvan vereis nie noodwendig hoogsopgeleide personeel of ingewikkelde programering nie en word daar gevolglik aanbeveel dat hierdie model toegepas word in die geval van die hervestiging van verspreidingsentra. / Business Management / D. Comm.

Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidas antenas planares de micro-ondas multibandas para aplicação em terminais móveis de sistemas de comunicação sem fio. Foi realizado um estudo sobre antenas planares de micro-ondas, com ênfase em técnicas de projeto que possibilitam a operação das mesmas em bandas largas e em múltiplas bandas. A partir dos conhecimentos adquiridos com esse estudo, foram propostas configurações de antenas para terminais móveis de sistemas atuais de telefonia móvel, de WLAN e de WPAN, sistemas esses que têm experimentado nos últimos anos uma grande popularização mundial. Por meio de um procedimento de projeto auxiliado por simulação eletromagnética computacional, as configurações propostas de antenas foram analisadas e otimizadas, visando atender às especificações de projeto estabelecidas para operação nos sistemas mencionados. O desempenho que pode ser obtido com essas configurações de antenas depende de diversos parâmetros geométricos das mesmas, resultando em flexibilidade de projeto para obtenção das bandas de operação desejadas. Protótipos das antenas projetadas foram construídos e caracterizados para validar as configurações propostas de antenas e o procedimento de projeto empregado. Foram desenvolvidas quatro antenas para operação em sistemas de telefonia móvel, de WLAN e de WPAN empregados no Brasil, na Europa e nos EUA: uma antena planar em F-invertido tri-band com configuração original para operação nas bandas dos padrões GSM, DCS e PCS; uma antena planar em F-invertido penta-band com configuração original para operação nas bandas dos padrões GSM, DCS, PCS e UMTS e na banda ISM de 2.400 MHz; duas antenas quad-band, uma delas planar em F-invertido e a outra monopolo impresso com configuração original, para operação nas bandas ISM de 2.400 MHz e de 5.800 MHz e nas bandas de 5.200 MHz e de 5.600 MHz. Os resultados experimentais dos protótipos construídos apresentaram, de modo geral, boa concordância com os resultados fornecidos por simulação e mostraram que as antenas desenvolvidas atenderam às especificações de projeto para elas estabelecidas. Por meio de ambos os resultados experimentais e de simulação, o desempenho das antenas desenvolvidas pôde ser verificado, e demonstrou-se a efetividade do procedimento de projeto adotado. / In this work, multi-band microwave planar antennas for application in mobile terminals of wireless communication systems were developed. A study on microwave planar antennas was performed with emphasis on design techniques that enable their operation in wide bands and multiple bands. From the knowledge gained from this study, antenna configurations for mobile terminals of current mobile telephony, WLAN and WPAN systems, which have experienced in recent years great popularity worldwide, were proposed. By means of a design procedure aided by computer electromagnetic simulation, the proposed antenna configurations were analyzed and optimized in order to meet the design specifications established for operation in the afore mentioned systems. The performance that can be obtained with these antenna configurations depends on their several geometric parameters, resulting in design flexibility for obtaining the desired operation bands. Prototypes of the designed antennas were fabricated and characterized to validate the proposed antenna configurations and the design procedure employed. Four antennas were developed for operation in mobile telephony, WLAN and WPAN systems employed in Brazil, Europe and USA: a tri-band planar inverted-F antenna with novel configuration for operation in GSM, DCS and PCS standard bands; a penta-band planar inverted-F antenna with novel configuration for operation in GSM, DCS, PCS and UMTS standard bands and 2,400 MHz ISM band; two quad-band antennas, one of them planar inverted-F and the other printed monopole with novel configuration, for operation in 2,400 MHz and 5,800 MHz ISM bands and 5,200 MHz and 5,600 MHz bands. The experimental results from the fabricated prototypes exhibited, in general, good agreement with the results provided by simulation and showed that the developed antennas met the specifications established for them. By means of both simulation and experimental results, the performance of the developed antennas could be verified, and the effectiveness of the design procedure adopted was demonstrated.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3178.pdf: 5667245 bytes, checksum: c48bc6ad36e2a190f7ec6207752bd88b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-06-02 / Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos / Soybean is one of the most important agricultural products grown in Brazil. Comparing to the total volume of grain produced, soybean corresponds to approximately 44% and the midwest region is the largest soybean producer in Brazil. Because of that, the soybean that goes for export, on average, have to go over large distances to reach the maritime ports from where it is exported. Transport costs represent approximately 25% of the total cost what influences directly on the product price in international market. Loading transportation over long distances, such as the Brazilian soybean flows, the intermodal transportation is an alternative to make the soybean flows for export more economical. The efficient loading transportation using more than one modal depends not only on the availability of the transport itself but also on support infrastructure, such as intermodal terminals. In order to support decisions regarding the design and operation of the network flow of soybean for export, this work proposes using a mathematical programming model based on the Theory of Facilities Location to locate intermodal terminals in the network, taking into account not only the physical network, but also flows of soybeans that are moved by its vertices and arcs. We made several computational preliminary tests to verify the adequacy of the model to the reality we want to represent. Given the adequacy of the model, new experiments were done on a network that represents more realistically the present situation of the soybean flows in Brazil. / A soja é um dos principais produtos agrícolas produzidos pelo Brasil. Em relação ao volume total de grãos produzidos, a soja corresponde à aproximadamente 44%, sendo a região Centro-Oeste a maior produtora do grão no Brasil. Por isso, a soja em grão destinada à exportação percorre, em média, grandes distâncias para chegar aos portos marítimos por onde é exportada. Os custos de transporte correspondem à cerca de 25% do custo total, influenciando de forma direta no preço do produto no mercado internacional. Para o transporte de cargas por longas distâncias, como é o caso do escoamento da soja brasileira, a intermodalidade de transporte surge como uma alternativa para tornar a movimentação da soja destinada à exportação mais econômica. O funcionamento eficiente do transporte de uma carga por mais de um modal depende não só da disponibilidade do modal em si, mas também de uma infraestrutura de apoio, como terminais intermodais. Como forma de apoiar decisões relativas ao projeto e operacionalização da rede de escoamento da soja em grão destinada à exportação, esta pesquisa propõe a utilização de um modelo de programação matemática baseado da Teoria de Localização de Instalações para localizar terminais intermodais nesta rede, levando em consideração não só a rede física, como também os fluxos de soja que são movimentados por seus vértices e arcos. Foram feitos diversos testes computacionais preliminares para verificar a adequação do modelo à realidade que se deseja representar. Diante da adequação do modelo, foram feitos novos experimentos em uma rede que representa de forma mais realista a situação atual dos fluxos de soja em grão pelo Brasil.