The CAREN-Extended system is a fully immersive virtual environment (VE) that can provide stability-challenging scenarios in a safe, controlled manner. Understanding gait biomechanics when stability is challenged is required when developing quantifiable metrics for rehabilitation assessment. The first objective of this thesis was to examine the VE’s technical aspects to ensure data validity and to design a stability-challenging VE scenario. The second and third objectives examined walking speed changes and kinematic strategies when stability was challenged for able-bodied and unilateral transtibial amputees. The results from this thesis demonstrated: 1) understanding VE operating characteristics are important to ensure data validity and to effectively design virtual scenarios; 2) self-paced treadmill mode for VEs with multiple movement scenarios may elicit more natural gait; 3) gait variability and trunk motion measures are useful when quantitatively assessing stability performance for people with transtibial amputations.

Ce travail de thèse a eu pour objectif une meilleure caractérisation, au niveau moléculaire, de l’aérosol organique atmosphérique, en lien avec les composés polyaromatiques. Cette étude s’est articulée autour de deux approches différentes mais complémentaires. Une étude de terrain conduite à Grenoble a permis d’appréhender les niveaux de concentration, la variabilité saisonnière et la répartition gaz/particule des hydrocarbures aromatiques polycycliques (HAP), oxy-HAP (OHAP) et nitro-HAP (NHAP), pendant une année entière. Ce travail de terrain a aussi permis d’appréhender les sources primaires et secondaires des OHAP et NHAP ainsi que de proposer des molécules marqueurs de ces processus de formation. Une étude complémentaire conduite en chambre de simulation atmosphérique a, quant à elle, eu pour but l’investigation de la formation d’aérosol organique secondaire (AOS), suite à la photooxydation du naphtalène et du 2-méthylnaphtalène. L’identification de la formation de produits organosoufrés de type organosulfates et sulfonates, à partir de la photooxydation de HAP gazeux, a été mise en évidence pour la première fois lors de cette thèse, ce qui a permis de proposer ces composés comme des marqueurs de formation d’AOS à partir des HAP. La capacité de ces AOS à absorber le rayonnement UV-Visible a été appréhendée et les molécules responsables de cette absorption ont été identifiées. Une caractérisation chimique poussée de l’AOS a mis en évidence sa dépendance aux différentes conditions expérimentales (type de particules d’ensemencement, acidité et humidité relative) et a conduit à l’identification et à la proposition de nouvelles voies réactionnelles. / This PhD work deals with a better characterization, at the molecular level of the organic atmospheric aerosol in relation to polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), and has been structured using two different but complementary approaches. Field measurements were conducted in Grenoble (France) and concentration levels, seasonal variability and gas/particle partitioning distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), oxy-PAHs (OPAHs) and nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) have been investigated for one whole year. This field study allowed to a better understanding of primary vs secondary sources of OPAHs and NPAHs and specific molecular markers related to different sources have been identified. A complementary study was carried out using an atmospheric smog chamber, in order to investigate the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the photooxidation of naphthalene and 2-methylnaphthalene, two of the most abundant PAHs in the gas-phase. The formation of organosulfates and sulfonates, from the oxidation of gaseous PAHs, has been highlighted for the first time in this work and these compounds have been proposed as potential SOA markers of PAH photooxidation. UV-Visible absorption of SOA generated during these experiments was investigated and led to the identification of specific molecules responsible for this absorption. A wide chemical characterization of SOA was performed and emphasized its dependence on many experimental factors (nature of seed particles, relative humidity and seed acidity) and allowed to propose some new chemical reaction pathways.

Cette recherche s'intéresse aux représentations et aux images de la France, des Français, de la langue française et de son apprentissage chez des élèves jordaniens de niveau collège. Leurs influences dans le champ des études des langues et dans leur processus d'apprentissage et d'enseignement sont notables. Nous nous intéressons, dans cette étude, au terrain scolaire jordanien : un terrain presque vierge qui n'a pas été suffisamment exploité. Ainsi, pour recueillir les données nécessaires, nous avons eu recours à une enquête de terrain composée de quatre méthodologies de collecte de données : le questionnaire, la méthode des dessins, l'exercice des mots associés et les entretiens semi-directifs (collectifs et individuels). L'enquête de terrain a été réalisée auprès de 655 élèves apprenant le français et âgés de 12 à 16 ans. Les résultats montrent que l'image générale de la France, des Français et de la langue française chez les élèves est équilibrée, bien que parfois stéréotypée, antagoniste et généralisée. L'enquête montre également l'existence d'une relation étroite entre les représentations d'une langue étrangère et la motivation de son apprentissage. Enfin, cette étude montre l'importance d'étudier, de comprendre, d'infléchir, de reconstruire et de remplacer parfois les représentations que les apprenants ont du pays, des locuteurs et de la langue étudiée. Aussi, suite à notre enquête, nous soutenons la nécessité d'adopter un enseignement ayant une approche interculturelle, surtout aujourd'hui avec la mondialisation et la diversité des ressources d'information. / The focus of this research is the image of France as a country, its people, and the French language teaching and learning among Jordanian students in public and private schools. The influences of this image on the language studies and the process of teaching and learning are significant. This study was centered on French language learning process in Jordanian schools. The researcher was interested in this field of study because it is almost virgin filed and was not yet explored properly. In order to collect the necessary data for this research, detailed and extensive field study was conducted using four different methods for the data collection, these methods are: questionnaire, use of drawings, associated words and semi-structured interviews (individual and collective). Six hundred and fifty five French language students aged between twelve and sixteen years old from five different public and private schools have participated in this field study. The results of this research clearly show that, the image of France, French people and French language is positive and stable, despite the few occasions when the image was stereotyped, antagonistic and generalized. The research also shows that there is a very close relationship between foreign language representation and learning motivation. Finally, this research study shows the importance of understanding the image of learners towards the country and its people and towards the language itself, as well, the importance of correcting, rebuilding and replacing the bad images misrepresentation. Moreover, the study supports the necessity of adopting an education with an international approach, especially with globalization and diversity of information resources.

La recherche en question, à inscrire en sociolinguistique urbaine s’attache à étudier les liens tissés entre l’espace, la langue et l’identité dans le contexte de la culture urbaine de Hanoï et ce, au travers des discours des jeunes habitant la ville. Cette démarche fondée sur enquêtes de terrain (entretiens semi-directifs, questionnaire, locuteurs masqués) permet de rendre compte du « poids urbain » de Hanoï dans différents types de pratiques (sociolinguistiques, culturelles, socio-spatiales, identitaires…) des habitants de la ville. La recherche tente aussi de montrer comment les discours épilinguistiques contribuent à la production des normes substandard et à la normalisation de l’espace socio-langagier duparler urbain hanoïen. / The present research, in the field of urban sociolinguistics, studies the links created between space, language and identity in the discourses of young urban residents. Based on field surveys (semidirective interviews, questionnaires, hidden speakers), this approach Hanoï's urban weight to show in several kinds of urban residents practices (sociolinguistical, cultural, socio-spatial, identity-related practices…). This research is also an attempt to show how epilinguistical discourses contribute to the production of substandart norms and to the standardization of the sociolinguistic space of Hanoï's urbanspeeches.

Les glissements de terrain sont à l'origine de la destruction de nombreuses infrastructures routières, de bâtiments et causent la perte de vies humaines. L'observation des glissements de terrain est limitée par l'absence d'archives historiques précises. Sur les glissements de terrain superficiels forestiers, la dendrogéomorphologie permet de reconstruire, avec une résolution temporelle saisonnière et une emprise spatiale décamétrique, l'activité du processus, à partir de l'analyse des perturbations anatomiques contenues dans les cernes de croissance. 13 glissements de terrain superficiels forestiers, localisés dans la vallée de l'Ubaye ont été étudiés. L'analyse dendrogéomorphologique permet de densifier les chroniques historiques, d'obtenir des périodes de retour et d'améliorer nos connaissances sur le comportement spatial du processus. L'approche statistique basée sur un modèle de Poisson, permet de quantifier et de cartographier des probabilités de réactivation. La thèse proposera d'évaluer la robustesse de la reconstruction dendrogéomorphologique ainsi que le rôle des précipitations dans le déclenchement des évènements passé. / Landslides constitute a common mass movement process and a widespread hazard in mountain where they cause damage and destruction to settlements, transportation corridors, or even lead to the loss of life. A major obstacle for the knowledge of past landslide activity is the lack of historical data with satisfying spatial resolution over medium to long timescales and on a continuous basis. In wooded shallow landslides, the use of tree rings may greatly help the documentation of past events and may allow reconstruction of precise chronologies of landslide reactivations over considerable periods of the past. 13 wooded shallow landslides located in the Ubaye valley were analysed using dendrogeomorphic approach. This method enhances the historical chronicles. It permits to quantify return periods of landslide reactivations and to improve our knowledge concerning the spatial behaviour of the process. Coupled with a statistical approach based on a Poisson probabilistic model, it permits to quantify and to map the probability of landslide reactivations. Finally, the coincidence between landslide reactivations and extreme precipitation was examined in order to improve existing threshold values for the triggering of major landslides in the French Alps.

This thesis focuses on creating an application for procedural generation and visualisation of a volumetric terrain using the OpenGL library. The terrain is considered to be mostly static, however with a possibility of modification of individual voxels. The project seeks a compromise between rendering performance and the aesthetics. The design is led in a way so that it could be further used as a foundation for a game. An emphasis is put on accelerating used methods on the GPU.

This master's thesis deals with terrain rendering using a modern algorithm for adaptive level of detail. It describes two currently most used graphical application interfaces and high-level libraries that use them and summarizes principles and features of several level-of-detail algorithms for terrain rendering. In more detail it then describes the implementation of Seamless patches for GPU-based terrain rendering algorithm.

The theme of master´s thesis is a new buiding nursery school. The building is set in sloping terrain. The building has two floors. The building is designed from Porotherm and ceiling construction of system Goldbeck. The roof structure are areas.

The target of this thesis is design two-floor kindergarten (nursery school) on specific building plot in Moravany near Brno. The target is to create operational dispositive solution which takes account of everyday operations. The new building is comprised of two sections for forty children. There is also place for leisure time activities. There is also emphasis to general visual impression and desing resolution. The building is designed from construction system KM BETA with outdoors cement –bonded particleboards CETRIS on fragment of facade.

Master thesis is focused on formation of digital terrain model. The aim of work is to become acquainted with a dilemma in regard to terrain formation theory from the very beginning of data gathering process up to landscape digital model creation of interested area. The result of thesis is to compare advantages and disadvantages of particular programs destined for 3D modelling (ArcGIS, AutoCAD, Atlas DMT, Microstation, Catia, SolidWorks) in relation to geodetics and geoinformatics.