Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Technology: Biomedical Technology in the Faculty of Health and Wellness Sciences at the Cape Peninsula University Of Technology 2014 / Oxidative stress (OS) plays a central role in the progression of diabetes mellitus (DM). Prevention of DM and its complications is a challenging health problem as it impacts on various organ functions, including reproduction. Diabetes mellitus with hyperglycaemic condition generates high production of reactive oxygen species. An imbalance between antioxidant mechanism and reactive oxygen species generates oxidative stress. OS damages the sperm membrane by oxidation of polyunsaturated fats which in turn reduces the sperm motility and ability to fuse with the oocyte and OS directly damage sperm DNA, compromising the paternal genomic contribution to the embryo development. Recent experimental evidence shows that modulation of oxidative stress and natural antioxidants may determine the outcome of male reproductive function. Previous investigations indicate that the supplementation and treatment with phytomedicine might play role in the prevention and management of DM and its subsequent complications on male reproductive function. This study explored the pharmacological potential of kolaviron (KV) on testicular and epididymal tissue in diabetic and non- diabetic Wistar rats. All experiments were conducted for a period of six weeks. Male Wistar rats (240–290 g) were randomly divided into 5 groups (n=12) where all the rats received a standard diet. Non diabetic rats control group and other four groups injected with different treatments. Non diabetic rat (N) received vehicle: Dimethylsulfoxide. Diabetes rats (D) were induced by a single intraperitoneal injection of freshly prepared streptozotocin (STZ) solution, 50mg/kg body weight. The N and D were treated with kolaviron (100 mg/kg body weight) orally, five times a week .The last group, diabetic rats were given subcutaneously injection of the standard anti-diabetic drug, insulin (0.2 u/kg) every second day. After the feeding period, testicular and epididymal tissues were collected and were analysed. All parameters were determined using appropriate methods in homogenized tissues. Data were expressed as mean ± SD. Plasma glucose as well as malondialdehyde (MDA) was significantly higher, while body, testicular and epididymal weights were lower in the D group compared to the N group and N+KV. Both kolaviron and insulin were able to ameliorate these effects. Testicular and epididymal antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in induced diabetic rats were significantly (p<0.05) low compared to diabetic control group. However, KV treated group shown significantly higher SOD, CAT and GPx activities compared D group. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated that KV could improve antioxidant enzymes and modulate STZ induced diabetic related oxidative stress in the male reproductive system. Kolaviron can potentially be used as an anti-diabetic treatment, however further studies are needed. Key words: Oxidative stress, Diabetes mellitus, antioxidants, kolaviron, epididymal tissue, testicular tissue, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, lipid peroxidation, streptozotocin

Orientador: Enio Pedone Bandarra / Banca: Renee Laufer Amorim / Banca: Veridiana Maria Dignani de Moura / Resumo: Pouco se conhece sobre a ocorrência de alterações testiculares e epididimárias nos cães nas diferentes regiões do país e sua influência sobre a fertilidade na espécie canina, assim como sobre as características morfométricas destes órgãos em cães sem raça definida (srd). Com o intuito de acrescentar dados à literatura buscou-se determinar a incidência de alterações histopatológicas testiculares e epididimárias em cães srd, bem como estabelecer o padrão morfométrico destes órgãos e suas possíveis correlações com porte dos animais, peso, volume e dimensões dos órgãos. Para tal, colheram-se testículos e epidídimos de 60 cães adultos oriundos de campanha de castração e do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, subdivididos em três grupos, sendo 28 animais de pequeno porte (até 10Kg), 18 de médio porte (de 10 a 20Kg) e 14 de grande porte (acima de 20Kg). Na avaliação microscópica dos 120 testículos observou-se a ocorrência de 107 casos de degeneração, 89 de atrofia tubular, 16 de hipoplasia, seis de orquite, três de leydigocitoma, dois normais, um caso de sertolioma e um de edema. Na avaliação epididimária observaram-se 55 epidídimos normais, 36 casos de epididimite, 22 de hiperplasia epitelial papilar, 14 de degeneração, 12 de cistos, três de fibrose, um de edema, um de adenomiose e um de granuloma espermático. Foram utilizados animais srd, devido ao predomínio destes na população canina brasileira, e os resultados, além de determinarem as características reprodutivas dos SRD, servirão para efeitos comparativos em relação aos dados existentes em animais de raça pura. / Abstract: Issues like testicles and epididymis changes and their influence on canine fertility are insufficient on current literature, as well as morphometric features on mongreel dogs organs. The aim of this work was to determine the incidence of testicles and epididymis histopathological changes and establish a morphometric standart of these organs with possible correlation with animals weight, breed, organs volume and dimension. Sixty adult dogs from castration campaing and Zoonosis Control Center were used and divided in: 28 animals up to 10 kg (small breed), 18 medial breed animals (from 10 to 20 kg) and 14 large breed dogs (above 20 kg). One hundred and twenty testicles were analyzed on microscopic evaluation and were diagnosed the occurrence of 107 degeneration, 89 tubular atrophy, 16 hypoplasia, 6 orquitis, 3 leydig cell tumor, 2 normal, 1 Sertoli cell tumor case and 1 edema. On epididymics evaluation were observed 55 normal epididymis, 36 epididymitis cases, 22 papilar epididymal hyperplasia, 14 degeneration, 12 cysts, 3 fibrosis, 1 swelling, 1 adenomyosis and 1 espermatic granuloma. Were used mongreel animals on this study, due to the prevalence of them in Brazilian canine population, and the results, besides reproductive feature determination, will serve to comparative effects for pure breed animals database. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2006-06-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:56:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 thome_he_me_botfmvz.pdf: 1562851 bytes, checksum: 21eb08feb50c78b3871c24c6a0d75c3b (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / Pouco se conhece sobre a ocorrência de alterações testiculares e epididimárias nos cães nas diferentes regiões do país e sua influência sobre a fertilidade na espécie canina, assim como sobre as características morfométricas destes órgãos em cães sem raça definida (srd). Com o intuito de acrescentar dados à literatura buscou-se determinar a incidência de alterações histopatológicas testiculares e epididimárias em cães srd, bem como estabelecer o padrão morfométrico destes órgãos e suas possíveis correlações com porte dos animais, peso, volume e dimensões dos órgãos. Para tal, colheram-se testículos e epidídimos de 60 cães adultos oriundos de campanha de castração e do Centro de Controle de Zoonoses, subdivididos em três grupos, sendo 28 animais de pequeno porte (até 10Kg), 18 de médio porte (de 10 a 20Kg) e 14 de grande porte (acima de 20Kg). Na avaliação microscópica dos 120 testículos observou-se a ocorrência de 107 casos de degeneração, 89 de atrofia tubular, 16 de hipoplasia, seis de orquite, três de leydigocitoma, dois normais, um caso de sertolioma e um de edema. Na avaliação epididimária observaram-se 55 epidídimos normais, 36 casos de epididimite, 22 de hiperplasia epitelial papilar, 14 de degeneração, 12 de cistos, três de fibrose, um de edema, um de adenomiose e um de granuloma espermático. Foram utilizados animais srd, devido ao predomínio destes na população canina brasileira, e os resultados, além de determinarem as características reprodutivas dos SRD, servirão para efeitos comparativos em relação aos dados existentes em animais de raça pura. / Issues like testicles and epididymis changes and their influence on canine fertility are insufficient on current literature, as well as morphometric features on mongreel dogs organs. The aim of this work was to determine the incidence of testicles and epididymis histopathological changes and establish a morphometric standart of these organs with possible correlation with animals weight, breed, organs volume and dimension. Sixty adult dogs from castration campaing and Zoonosis Control Center were used and divided in: 28 animals up to 10 kg (small breed), 18 medial breed animals (from 10 to 20 kg) and 14 large breed dogs (above 20 kg). One hundred and twenty testicles were analyzed on microscopic evaluation and were diagnosed the occurrence of 107 degeneration, 89 tubular atrophy, 16 hypoplasia, 6 orquitis, 3 leydig cell tumor, 2 normal, 1 Sertoli cell tumor case and 1 edema. On epididymics evaluation were observed 55 normal epididymis, 36 epididymitis cases, 22 papilar epididymal hyperplasia, 14 degeneration, 12 cysts, 3 fibrosis, 1 swelling, 1 adenomyosis and 1 espermatic granuloma. Were used mongreel animals on this study, due to the prevalence of them in Brazilian canine population, and the results, besides reproductive feature determination, will serve to comparative effects for pure breed animals database.