Arbetet har gått ut på att undersöka hur ofta kvinnor och män gestaltas på bilder i läroböckerna samt hur ofta kvinnor och män nämns i läroboksregistret. Läroböckerna som granskningen har gjorts på är två olika upplagor av Levande historias läroböcker.  Läroböckerna är anpassade till högstadiet och är skrivna efter två olika läroplaner LPO94 som står med i boken kursplaner och betygskriterier 2000 samt läroplaner för grundskolan, fritidshemmet och förskoleklassen 2011. Den metod jag har använt mig utav i undersökningsdelen är kvantitativ metod. Undersökningsdelen bestod utav bildanalys, registeranalys och en fortsättning på registeranalysen. I fortsättningen av registeranalysen granskades benämningar från registeranalysen som var intressanta samt ett tidsdiagram med kvinnorna som fanns i registret. Tidsdiagrammet visar när kvinnorna nämns respektive inte nämns i läroböckerna. Bildanalysens resultat visar att i den tidigare upplagan av Levande historias bilder är 70 procent av de identifierbara människorna män. Resterande 30 procent är kvinnor. I den senare upplagan av Levande historias bilder är 72 procent av de identifierbara människorna män gentemot 28 procent som är kvinnor. Detta visar att kvinnorna har minskat på bilderna i läromedlen istället för att ökat vilket man inte hade förväntat sig skulle skett under de 10 år som det skiljer mellan upplagorna. Bildmässigt är kvinnorna underrepresenterade då männen förekommer oftare på bilder läroböckerna. Efter registeranalysen visar det att i den tidigare upplagan av Levande historia 2003 innehåller boken enbart 5,5 procent kvinnliga karaktärer och 94,5 procent manliga karaktärer. I den senare upplagan av Levande historia 2013 innehåller boken enbart 5 procent kvinnliga karaktärer och 95 procent manliga karaktärer. Detta är räknat på hur många kvinnor och män som fanns med i böckernas register. Resultatet av detta visar att kvinnliga karaktärer har minskat i den nyare upplagan av Levande historia gentemot manliga karaktärer som har ökat i den nyare upplagan av Levande historia. Fortsättningen av registeranalysen visar att det finns kvinnor med i läroböckerna som inte nämns i registret samt att kvinnor fattas under många olika tidsperioder utifrån registren i båda upplagorna Levande historia. Efter granskningen utav läroböckerna levande historia har jag kommit fram till att läroböckerna inte lever upp till det som skolverket tydligt skriver i skolans värdegrund att skolor ska arbeta för en likvärdig bild utav kvinnor och män. Det slutliga resultat som jag kommit fram till efter undersökningarna är att kvinnor är passiva och underrepresenterade i läromedlen. / The work has been to investigate how often men and women are portrayed in textbooks and how often men and women are mentioned in the textbook register. The textbooks that will be examined are Levande Historia. The examine will be done in two different editions of the Levande historia textbooks. The textbooks are adapted for the swedish high school and are written by two different curricula LPO94 which is included in the book syllabi and grading criteria 2000, and curricula for elementary school, kindergarten and pre-school class of 2011. The method I have used for in the examination part is quantitative method. In the first step of my investigation I will count how often women and men occur in the pictures in textbooks. In the second step I will examine the textbook registers and count how often women and men are named in the textbook register. The third step is a continuation of the second one, where I will use the women who were named in the register and make a chart that will visualize in which time period they are mentioned in. In the fourth step I will examine designations I found interesting in the registry analysis. The results will be presented in both text and graphics to clearify even more. The picture analysis results show that in the previous edition of Levande Historia 70 percent of the identifiable people found in the pictures are men. The remaining 30 percent are women. In the recent edition of Levande Historia 72 percent of the identifiable people in the pictures are men versus 28 percent who are women. This shows that women have been declined in the illustrations in these books instead of increasing which was not expected to happen durring the 10 years between the two editions. Pictorial women are underrepresented as men appear more often on pictures in the textbooks. The register analysis shows that in the previous edition of Levande Historia 2003, the book contains only 5.5 percent of female characters and 94.5 percent male characters. In the recent edition of the Levande Historia 2013, the book contains only 5 percent of female characters and 95 percent male characters. This is based on how many women and men that were named in the books records. The result of this shows that female characters have declined and male characters have increased in the recent edition of Levande historia. The continuation of the register analysis shows that there are women in the textbooks that aren’t mentioned in the register and that several time periods is lacking of female individuals in both editions of Levande historia. After the examination of the textbooks Levande historia I have come to the conclusion that the textbooks do not live up to what the authorities clearly write in the school's values ​​that schools shall promote an equivalent image of women and men. The final results that I have come to after the investigations is that women are underrepresented and passive in the teaching materials.

This study is based on how ”the dark story” about The Swedish Welfare system during 1900-1950’s is presented in a selection of history textbooks which are adapted for upper secondary school. What I am referring to with ”the dark story” is the sterilizations, the oppression notice against minority groups, the ideal of being well-behaved and the injustice within social classes and gender. I have limited the study to examine history textbooks which are adapted for the current course ”History 1b” and the previous course ”History A”. According to earlier reasearch ”the dark story” about Sweden’s history started to be problematized during 1990’s with the result that the history has started to be impaired in textbooks during 2000’s. Earlier, Sweden’s history in textbooks has been presented as neutral, which has illustrated that no dark or hidden history about Sweden has been written.          The aim in this study is to examine what history is being emphasized in the textbooks and analyze how it is presented as an educational content. To be able to do that I have used a qualitative content analysis focused on examining the textbooks by Niklas Ammert’s analysis model about how textbooks present history. In this study I found out that ”the dark story” is presented in all examined textbooks, but in different ways with different examples. I also found out that the history is thematised depending what history the textbook has emphasized and how it is presented by the authors. Some of the authors have problematized several examples by different perspectives and some of them present one short example. This result shows that ”the dark story” within The Swedish Welfare system is presented different as an educational content.

The aim of this thesis is to gain insight into the problems that pupils have when switching between verbal and algebraic expressions, through the analysis of their problem-solving processes. The work is divided into theoretical and experimental parts. The theoretical part of the paper contains three sections. The first describes the analysis of three selected Czech textbooks series for primary schools in terms of teaching the concept of variables and algebraic expressions. The next section deals with international comparative research TIMSS and the success of Czech pupils of year 8 in algebra. In the third section, results of international research concerning the issue of transition between verbal and algebraic expressions are described. The main part of the work is the experimental part, it aims to describe the difficulties encountered by pupils in algebra and to identify their likely sources. The basis for the own research was a set of 9 problems based on released TIMSS problems. The target group of pupils was year 9 of primary school, with whom the investigation was carried out via think-aloud interviews. First, a pilot study was conducted on a sample of 3 pupils, during which a set of test problems was checked. The main study involved 8 pupils. The think-aloud interviews were recorded and later...

The aim of this study was to examine the representation of Nature of Science (NOS) aspects in 9th grade chemistry textbooks. Two textbooks nation-wide used are analyzed, one of them is written in Turkish the other in English. These textbooks were written according to 2008-2009 education program&rsquo / s curriculum. A qualitative oriented approach was employed and ethnographic content analysis was used as the methodological framework for this research as Irez (2006) has performed. Data were analyzed by means of books&rsquo / sentences. The results of the study revealed that both of two chemistry textbooks were inadequate in representing NOS aspects which are / 1. Observation and inference are distinct entities of science, 2. Science is influenced by the social and cultural environment of the scientist, 3. Science is partly the product of human creativity and imagination, 4. Scientific knowledge is tentative, empirical and theory laden, 5. There exists a distinct, non-hierarchical relationship between scientific theories and laws, 6. &ldquo / There is no universal, recipe-like, method for doing science.&rdquo / The frequency of presence of each aspect in books was very low.

Swedish students in the upper secondary school will recieve informaition regarding religion from multiple sources. If we look past the students surroundings like the family, friends or multimedia school is still the primary arena for religous education. Discussions about religion will take place in other lessons than just the subject religion. History is in my opinion the subject closest related to religion and the two makes up for a lot of the values work in swedish schools. Textbooks is still one of the most important tools for education and that makes them important as objects to study. This essay examines how religion is portrayed in textbooks for the history courses in swedish upper secondary schools. By using a qualitative text analysis I have been able to identify and discuss a few important issues that future teachers have to be aware of. The most apparent issue is how the presentation of Islam differs from other religions. Knowledge about how the textbooks present religion makes it possible for teachers and students to critically analyze the texts they are working with.

The aim of this study is to analyse how mathematical problem solving (MPS) is represented in mathematical textbooks for Swedish upper secondary school. The analysis comprises dominating Swedish textbook series, and relates to uncovering a) the quantity of tasks that are actually mathematical problems (MPs), b) their location in the chapter, c) their difficulty level, and d) their context. Based on an analysis of 5,722 tasks from the area of calculus, it is concluded that the textbooks themselves contain very few tasks that can be defined as MPs, and that those that are MPs are found at the end of a chapter at the most difficult level, and are presented in a pure mathematical context. Implications are discussed.

The purpose of the thesis is to look at the presentation of vocabulary related to new technologies in four French and four Spanish textbooks for first-year university students to examine the relevance of the language presented in terms of its authenticity to French and Spanish as it is used today. The focus is on authenticity to show the correlation between what is presented to students versus what they will need to communicate effectively in ways that are linguistically, socially, and sociopragmatically appropriate with native speakers. The thesis also provides teachers with a pedagogical framework that will help them integrate new technologies and their related vocabularies into curriculum when textbooks fail to do so.

The aim of this study is to investigate how and in which form students come in contact with practical applications in the upper secondary school course Chemistry B. The study is based upon the assumption that all learning is situated in a social environment. The theoretical framework is the design theory perspective, which entails an assumption that the pedagogical tools affect the knowledge content. The empiric materials in the study are collected through three methods: textbook analysis, classroom observations and questionnaires. Two groups of students and their teachers were observed during a section of the relevant course. The textbook analysis focuses upon the same course section in the textbooks of the two groups and compares these books with the relevant section in a third textbook. In addition, the two student groups responded to a questionnaire on their attitudes toward the subject of chemistry subject linked to its applications at a society level. The study shows that there are significant differences between the strategies which teachers and textbooks use in order to present and visualise practical applications of chemical theory. The context strategy is based upon the students’ own surroundings and uses real life application as a tool for the presentation of the principles of chemistry. According to this strategy, the knowledge content should be organised in such a way that the chemical principles are used to explain our surroundings. The process and product strategy, on the other hand focuses upon a scientific approach, in which science as a process and scientific products are most important. With this strategy, applications are used to illustrate and exemplify the knowledge content. The conclusion of this study is that neither different forms of presentation nor the presence of practical applications affect the students' attitude towards the subject. Furthermore, practical applications are not a significant part of the students' learning strategies.

As our world becomes increasingly globalized, the value of understanding cultural diversity is perhaps more relevant than ever. Furthermore, since English plays an important role in the encounters between members of different cultural contexts, analysis of EFL teaching materials is a matter of importance. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of how two Swedish EFL textbooks represent cultural diversity. To achieve this, it aims to answer the following research question: To what extent do the textbooks represent cultural diversity within the framework of English as an international language? To answer the research question, this study uses critical discourse analysis as a method for the evaluation. The results indicate that the textbooks show some tendencies of acknowledging the international status of English by including texts from different countries and cultural settings. However, both books still favor representations of Anglophonic countries. Finally, the results suggest that it is important for teachers who use these books to promote critical reflection of how cultures are portrayed.

This essay looks at the new syllabus in English (Lgr11) and its focus on text types. The argumentative text is then the focal point and the argument as a text type and its characteristics are explored. The purpose is to see if two texts from a textbook in year nine could be seen as good representations of arguments. The textbook texts were compared to the forms of an argument through a reading matrix set up for this purpose. The results show that the selected texts were lacking in many respects and cannot be used as good examples of arguments. The textbook presents mostly fictional texts and just a few other text types. This heavy focus on fiction is a problem in more than one respect. Pupils need to be able to read and write many different kinds of texts as the demands of literacy are high in today’s society. It also important to be able to read critically as the number of texts available are increasing, especially on the internet, and their purpose and aim might not be disclosed.