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In this research, the ability of anaerobic and aerobic biological sludges to reduce and stabilize azo dye compounds was studied. Synthetic dye solutions and an industrial textile wastewater were both treated using anaerobic and aerobic biomass, separately and in sequential step-treatment processes. The primary objective was to reduce the wastewater color to an intensity that complies with the Virginia Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (VPDES) permit level. This level is set at 300 American Dye Manufactures Institute (ADMI) units. Further objectives were to achieve reductions in the total kjehdal nitrogen (TKN) and total organic carbon (TOC) in the wastewater. Anaerobic and aerobic treatment systems were both effective in reducing the wastewater color; however, anaerobic treatment generally produced the greatest color removal. Anaerobic/aerobic (ANA/AER) sequential step-treatment provided the best reductions in ADMI color, TKN and TOC. Anaerobic/aerobic/anaerobic/aerobic (ANA/AER/ANA/AER) sequential step-treatment did not yield greater reductions in ADMI color, TKN, or TOC as compared to ANA/AER sequential step-treatment. / Master of Science

The textile industry has grown significantly in recent years, reaching a global fiber production of 53 million tons which 12 % are recycled; Construction sector has been using more and more recycled materials from different industrial sources, to apply them in their constructions and to reduce CO2 emissions and final energy consumption. The present study aims to study the behavior of concrete blocks of fć= 210 kg/cm2 adding polyester textile waste with 3 %, 6 %, 9 %, 12 % and 15 %; void content, compressive strength and thermal conductivity decrease, and water absorption, acoustic insulation and unit price increase by 3 %, 34 % and 16 % compared to conventional concrete block.

A pilot-scale system was constructed at the Martinsville Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) in Martinsville, Virginia, to evaluate an anaerobic/aerobic treatment scheme for removal of color from textile dye waste waters mixed with municipal sewage. Treatments were evaluated with and without addition of a reducing agent (thiourea dioxide) after anaerobic treatment utilizing 6 and 12 hour anaerobic hydraulic retention times (HRT). Polymer treatment of the aerobic effluents and toxicity of the wastewaters to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas were studied. In addition, the benefits of polymer treatment of anaerobic effluent, prior to aerobic treatment, were evaluated in a lab-scale system utilizing continuous flow biological reactors (CFBRs). Wastewater samples were collected throughout the treatment schemes and analyzed for: color, total organic carbon (TOC), 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BODs), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus, sulfide, sulfate, total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), ammonia, nitrate, chloride and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). Nearly 50% color removal was observed during anaerobic treatment with a 12 hour HRT, with a total system color removal, including subsequent aerobic treatment, of about 53%. / Master of Science

Background: Swedish textile waste management ecosystem is recognized to be a multi-actor ecosystem as opposed to a single-actor scenario whereas actors tend to perform their activities single-handedly and in a fragmented manner. Participating actors, each play a significant role in handling and treating the textile waste but this fragmented system renders certain drawbacks. The main treatment of textile waste in Sweden is incineration which addresses environmental damages. This in particular is more worrying when textiles are used as a fuel. This highlights the necessity for the actors to perform in a network and expand their collaboration, thus move more efficiently towards development of a sustainable innovation and find an alternative for the current treatment of textile waste. Purpose: This study strives to investigate the challenges and at the same time opportunities of implementation of a collaborative business model for sustainable innovation. This has been achieved through taking benefits of value mapping tool and actor-mapping. The core values of actors have been identified which was continued by identification of their shared and conflicting values. Methodology: Pre-study was conducted in order to design and develop two mappings, “main actors mapping”, “actor’s activity mapping” which helped the authors and the interviewees to gain a better realization of the Swedish Textile Waste Management ecosystem through visualization. The process of data collection occurred through semi-structured interviews with Open-ended questions which resulted to rich detailed responses from the interviewees. Seven organizations as the representative of Swedish textile waste management ecosystem were reached and studied. The outcomes of the interview were analyzed by the aid of value mapping tool and led the authors to formulate the answer to the research question. Interview findings: Interview findings presents the outcome of the collected data in accordance with the purpose of the study and the answer to the proposed research question. Consequently, this chapter provides a description of the Activity classification in TWM eco-system in Sweden as an outcome of the pre-study, continued by expanding on the results of Actors mapping & their activities in TW eco-system and Activity mapping in relation to actors’ interactions, which were achieved by the aid of value mapping tool. This chapter is concluded by providing actors perspectives regarding the formation and the suitability of a collaborative business model for sustainable innovation on the basis of mapped values within textile waste scenario in Sweden. Analysis& Discussion: This study tends to present rich and comprehensive picture in a descriptive manner in regards with participating actors, their activities, collaboration and value-orientations within Swedish textile waste scenario and propose a solution to the identified short-comings of the system by investigating the potentials of a collaborative business model for sustainable innovation. The literature review confirm and support the interview findings and addresses the need for further dialogue and collaboration among actors while highlighting the need from moving from ego-centric business model to multi-actor business model. This chapter is concluded by the response to the research question.

The current waste management system of Post Consumer Textile Waste (PCTW) in Sweden leads to vast amounts of incinerated or exported textiles. The amount of PCTW reused or repurposed within the country is small in comparison to the amounts of textile products consumed every year. Hence, there is an observed problem in terms of low value creation from textile waste. A system that allows for more textiles to be kept and reused in Sweden could create more economic value in a resource-efficient way. Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to investigate value creation from PCTW for reuse and redesign in Sweden, and to establish a framework for the antecedents of value creation in reverse textile value chains. A pre-study was conducted to map the PCTW industry structure, and served as the basis for sampling cases. Data collection consisted of multiple case studies from 4 charity organisations, 3 clothing brands and 3 redesign brands. The interviews were performed in a semi-structured manner in order to discover the state-of-art in value creation and to identify the key enabling attributes. The findings were analysed to adjust the deductive framework to the textile industry context. Results and findings shows that the state-of-art for value creation among the selected cases varies depending on its mission. Charity organisations are facing a new competition of resources from clothing brands, who have realised a potential of new differentiation by engaging in value creation from PCTW. This has led to a new mind-set among the charity organisations to work more strategically in all their activities. Redesign brands are a relatively new actor and want to work symbolically with redesign to communicate the values in textile materials. Enablers and disablers to value creation from PCTW were found in the interviews and led to the development of an empirical framework. As a whole, this thesis provides rich descriptions of the current preconditions and challenges within the field. Furthermore, it presents a framework for the antecedents of value creation along the recovery processes involved in reuse and redesign value chain. The empirical framework confirms the themes in the theoretical framework, and concludes that there is a set of generic antecedents for value creation in reverse textile value chains. However, there are also category specific antecedents, which need to be considered. The specific experiences of one actor category might as well be valuable knowledge to another, which is why increased collaboration is suggested to enhance value creation from PCTW.