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Edição do gene TFAM pela engenharia CRISPR Cas9 em modelo bovino / Edition of TFAM gene by CRISPR Cas9 engineering in bovine modelOliveira, Vanessa Cristina de 19 December 2016 (has links)
O fator de transcrição A mitocondrial (TFAM) é um membro da subfamília HMGB que se liga a promotores do DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA). É um gene importante para a manutenção do mtDNA, pois regula o número de cópias e é essencial para inicialização da replicação e transcrição do mtDNA. Recentemente técnicas de edição gênica vêm sendo utilizada como uma ferramenta bastante eficaz na manipulação genômica. A nova tecnologia chamada de CRISPR/ Cas9 (Regulary interspaced clustered short palindromic repeats) utiliza um RNA guia (gRNA) curto que contém 20 nucleotídeos complementares a sequência de DNA. Quando o RNA guia se liga ao local alvo, a proteína Cas9 é recrutada para se ligar no local alvo e induzir a dupla quebra na cadeia de DNA. Neste contexto, este estudo propôs editar o gene TFAM pela tecnologia CRISPR Cas9, com o objetivo de gerar células Rho zero através do knock-out em fibroblastos bovinos. Os fibroblastos bovinos utilizados neste estudo foram derivados de uma biopsia de pele coletada de animais adultos. A sequência do gene foi obtida a partir do banco de dados GenBank (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) e esta foi inserida no site CRISPR direct (crispr.dbcls.jp) e no site rgenome (rgenome.net) a fim de desenhar o gRNA. O gRNA foi desenhado no exon 1 do gene TFAM bovino. Os fibroblastos foram cultivados e após as células atingirem 80% de confluência, estas foram eletrotransfectadas com Cas9 (Addgene 48668), gRNA, GFP e plasmídeo controle. Foi utilizado o kit Primary Mammalian Fibroblasts (VPI-1002) e a transfecção foi realizada no equipamento AMAXA Nucleofector 2B. Após a transfecção foi realizada a citometria de fluxo para avaliar a taxa de transfecção, e as células pós transfectadas foram plaqueadas em placas de 96 poços, pela técnica de sorting. O sorting separarou uma célula por poço de 96. Após 20 dias em cultura essas células foram tripsinizadas em placas de 6 poços e o DNA genômico foi extraído, utilizando o kit Qiamp DNA microkit-Qiagen. Para avaliar a frequência de mutações, foi realizada a digestão com a enzima T7 endonuclease, e após confirmado mutações, os clones foram enviados para analise de sequenciamento. Observamos uma taxa de transfecção eficiente de 51,3%. Obtivemos 40 clones com DNA extraído para analise, no qual 7 destes possuiam mutações no local de inserção da CRISPR Cas 9. Com isso, concluimos uma heterozigose mostrando que o desenho da CRISPR foi eficiente, gerando uma deleção do gene TFAM. / The mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) is a member of HMGB subfamily that binds to promoters of mtDNA. It is a very important gene that maintains mtDNA, regulates the number of copies and is essential for the initiation of transcription mtDNA. Recently, gene edition techniques have been used as a very effective tool in genomic manipulation. The new technology called CRISPR/Cas9 (Regulary interspaced clustered short palindromic repeats) uses a short gRNA containing 20 nucleotides complementary to the DNA sequence. When gRNA binds to the target site, the Cas9 protein is recruited to bind in the chosen location and induce double strands breaks in DNA. In this context, this study proposed to edit the TFAM gene by CRISPR Cas9 technology aiming to generate Rho zero cell through the knock-out in bovine fibroblasts. Bovine fibroblasts used in this study were derived from a skin biopsy collected from an adult. The sequence obtained from the database GenBank (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) was inserted in the CRISPR direct site (crispr.dbcls.jp) and in the rgenome site (rgenome.net) to design the RNA guide. The gRNA was designed in the CRISPR direct site (crispr.dbcls.jp) for the Exon 1 of the gene TFAM bovine and after was performed the CRISPR cloning. The fibroblast were cultured and after reaching 80% of confluence, were electro-transfected with Cas9 (Addgene 48668) and control plasmids using the Nucleofector TM Kit for Primary Mammalian Fibroblasts (VPI-1002) and transfected with Cas 9 (Addgene 48668), GFP and control plasmid. Were used the Primary Mammalian Fibroblasts (VPI-1002) and the transfection was performed on the AMAXA Nucleofector 2B. Post transfected cells were analyzed by flow cytometry to evaluate the rate of transfection. The cells post transfected were further split into 1 cell/well (96- well plates for cell cloning). After days in culture these cells were trypsinized in 6-well plates and the genomic DNA was extracted using the Qiamp DNA microkit- Qiagen. To assess the mutation frequency, T7 endonuclease assay were performed and after confirmed the mutations, the clones were sent for sequencing analysis. We observed that the cells were efficiently transfected since they have a rate of 51,3% transfection. We obtained 40 clones with extracted for analysis, in which 7 of these had mutations at the insertion site of CRISPR/Cas 9. We concluded that until this moment the CRISPR design was efficient and that we obtained a deletion of the TFAM gene.
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Edição do gene TFAM pela engenharia CRISPR Cas9 em modelo bovino / Edition of TFAM gene by CRISPR Cas9 engineering in bovine modelVanessa Cristina de Oliveira 19 December 2016 (has links)
O fator de transcrição A mitocondrial (TFAM) é um membro da subfamília HMGB que se liga a promotores do DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA). É um gene importante para a manutenção do mtDNA, pois regula o número de cópias e é essencial para inicialização da replicação e transcrição do mtDNA. Recentemente técnicas de edição gênica vêm sendo utilizada como uma ferramenta bastante eficaz na manipulação genômica. A nova tecnologia chamada de CRISPR/ Cas9 (Regulary interspaced clustered short palindromic repeats) utiliza um RNA guia (gRNA) curto que contém 20 nucleotídeos complementares a sequência de DNA. Quando o RNA guia se liga ao local alvo, a proteína Cas9 é recrutada para se ligar no local alvo e induzir a dupla quebra na cadeia de DNA. Neste contexto, este estudo propôs editar o gene TFAM pela tecnologia CRISPR Cas9, com o objetivo de gerar células Rho zero através do knock-out em fibroblastos bovinos. Os fibroblastos bovinos utilizados neste estudo foram derivados de uma biopsia de pele coletada de animais adultos. A sequência do gene foi obtida a partir do banco de dados GenBank (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) e esta foi inserida no site CRISPR direct (crispr.dbcls.jp) e no site rgenome (rgenome.net) a fim de desenhar o gRNA. O gRNA foi desenhado no exon 1 do gene TFAM bovino. Os fibroblastos foram cultivados e após as células atingirem 80% de confluência, estas foram eletrotransfectadas com Cas9 (Addgene 48668), gRNA, GFP e plasmídeo controle. Foi utilizado o kit Primary Mammalian Fibroblasts (VPI-1002) e a transfecção foi realizada no equipamento AMAXA Nucleofector 2B. Após a transfecção foi realizada a citometria de fluxo para avaliar a taxa de transfecção, e as células pós transfectadas foram plaqueadas em placas de 96 poços, pela técnica de sorting. O sorting separarou uma célula por poço de 96. Após 20 dias em cultura essas células foram tripsinizadas em placas de 6 poços e o DNA genômico foi extraído, utilizando o kit Qiamp DNA microkit-Qiagen. Para avaliar a frequência de mutações, foi realizada a digestão com a enzima T7 endonuclease, e após confirmado mutações, os clones foram enviados para analise de sequenciamento. Observamos uma taxa de transfecção eficiente de 51,3%. Obtivemos 40 clones com DNA extraído para analise, no qual 7 destes possuiam mutações no local de inserção da CRISPR Cas 9. Com isso, concluimos uma heterozigose mostrando que o desenho da CRISPR foi eficiente, gerando uma deleção do gene TFAM. / The mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) is a member of HMGB subfamily that binds to promoters of mtDNA. It is a very important gene that maintains mtDNA, regulates the number of copies and is essential for the initiation of transcription mtDNA. Recently, gene edition techniques have been used as a very effective tool in genomic manipulation. The new technology called CRISPR/Cas9 (Regulary interspaced clustered short palindromic repeats) uses a short gRNA containing 20 nucleotides complementary to the DNA sequence. When gRNA binds to the target site, the Cas9 protein is recruited to bind in the chosen location and induce double strands breaks in DNA. In this context, this study proposed to edit the TFAM gene by CRISPR Cas9 technology aiming to generate Rho zero cell through the knock-out in bovine fibroblasts. Bovine fibroblasts used in this study were derived from a skin biopsy collected from an adult. The sequence obtained from the database GenBank (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) was inserted in the CRISPR direct site (crispr.dbcls.jp) and in the rgenome site (rgenome.net) to design the RNA guide. The gRNA was designed in the CRISPR direct site (crispr.dbcls.jp) for the Exon 1 of the gene TFAM bovine and after was performed the CRISPR cloning. The fibroblast were cultured and after reaching 80% of confluence, were electro-transfected with Cas9 (Addgene 48668) and control plasmids using the Nucleofector TM Kit for Primary Mammalian Fibroblasts (VPI-1002) and transfected with Cas 9 (Addgene 48668), GFP and control plasmid. Were used the Primary Mammalian Fibroblasts (VPI-1002) and the transfection was performed on the AMAXA Nucleofector 2B. Post transfected cells were analyzed by flow cytometry to evaluate the rate of transfection. The cells post transfected were further split into 1 cell/well (96- well plates for cell cloning). After days in culture these cells were trypsinized in 6-well plates and the genomic DNA was extracted using the Qiamp DNA microkit- Qiagen. To assess the mutation frequency, T7 endonuclease assay were performed and after confirmed the mutations, the clones were sent for sequencing analysis. We observed that the cells were efficiently transfected since they have a rate of 51,3% transfection. We obtained 40 clones with extracted for analysis, in which 7 of these had mutations at the insertion site of CRISPR/Cas 9. We concluded that until this moment the CRISPR design was efficient and that we obtained a deletion of the TFAM gene.
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Estudo do papel da proteína p53 em reparo por excisão de bases em mitocôndrias de células de mamíferos / Study of the role of p53 protein in base excision repair in mammalian cell mitochondriaGodoy, Felipe Augusto 27 April 2018 (has links)
Todos os organismos vivos estão constantemente expostos a uma variedade de agentes que podem causar modificações químicas e/ou estruturais no DNA, afetando processos essenciais como replicação e transcrição. Ao longo da evolução várias estratégias de reparo do DNA foram desenvolvidas para remover essas modificações, prevenindo o efeito citotóxico ou mutagênico dessas lesões. Mutações no mtDNA são frequentemente observadas em inúmeras patologias, o que reflete em alterações metabólicas ou até mesmo atenuação da resposta apoptótica a terapias antineoplásicas. Para manter a integridade genômica mitocondrial, alguns mecanismos de reparo são recrutados à organela, principalmente a via de reparo por excisão de bases, BER. No núcleo, a proteína supressora de tumor p53 colabora para a manutenção da estabilidade do DNA, em parte pela estimulação direta da via BER. Em resposta a certos estímulos celulares, p53 transloca-se para a mitocôndria, onde pode desencadear uma resposta apoptótica. Entretanto, foi demonstrado anteriormente que p53 pode estimular a atividade catalítica da DNA polimerase mitocondrial, DNA polimerase gama (pol γ), que participa da replicação e do reparo do mtDNA. Sendo assim, nesse trabalho buscou-se compreender, molecularmente, essa interação entre p53 e pol γ durante a modulação de BER em mitocôndrias de células humanas, investigando se: i) p53 se associa fisicamente a pol γ; ii) a proteína TFAM modula o papel de p53 no reparo do DNA em mitocôndrias; e iii) a translocação de p53 para a mitocôndria é mediada por processos redox durante o reparo do mtDNA. Para isso, métodos bioquímicos e moleculares foram empregados nos estudos da interação entre essas proteínas. Em conjunto, os resultados sugerem o envolvimento da proteína p53 no reparo por excisão de bases em mitocôndrias de células humanas, e a dependência de sua interação com TFAM e pol γ para o sustento dessa via. Isso reforça a importância dessas proteínas para a manutenção da estabilidade genômica mitocondrial e, provavelmente, para a função mitocondrial. / All living organisms are constantly exposed to a variety of agents that can cause chemical and/or structural changes in DNA, affecting essential processes like replication and transcription. Throughout the evolution several strategies of DNA repair have been developed to remove these modifications, preventing the cytotoxic or mutagenic effect of these lesions. Mutations in mtDNA are often observed in numerous pathologies, reflecting metabolic changes or even attenuation of the apoptotic response to antineoplastic therapies. To maintain mitochondrial genomic integrity, some repair mechanisms are recruited to the organelle, mainly the base excision repair route, BER. In the nucleus, p53 tumor suppressor protein contributes to the maintenance of DNA stability, in part by direct stimulation of the BER pathway. In response to certain cellular stimuli, p53 translocate to the mitochondria, where it can trigger an apoptotic response. However, it has been shown previously that p53 can stimulate the catalytic activity of mitochondrial DNA polymerase, gamma polymerase (pol γ), which participates in the replication and repair of mtDNA. Thus, in this work we sought to understand, molecularly, this interaction between p53 and pol γ during a modulation of BER in mitochondria human cells, investigating if: i) p53 is physically associated with pol γ; ii) the TFAM protein modulates the role of p53 in DNA repair in mitochondria; and iii) the translocation of p53 to mitochondria is mediated by redox processes in mtDNA repair. For this, biochemical and molecular methods were used in the studies of protein interaction. Taken together, the results suggest the involvement of p53 protein in repair by base excision in mitochondria of human cells, and dependence of its interaction with TFAM and pol γ to support this pathway. This reinforces the importance of these proteins for the maintenance of mitochondrial genomic stability and probably for mitochondrial function.
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Estudo do papel da proteína p53 em reparo por excisão de bases em mitocôndrias de células de mamíferos / Study of the role of p53 protein in base excision repair in mammalian cell mitochondriaFelipe Augusto Godoy 27 April 2018 (has links)
Todos os organismos vivos estão constantemente expostos a uma variedade de agentes que podem causar modificações químicas e/ou estruturais no DNA, afetando processos essenciais como replicação e transcrição. Ao longo da evolução várias estratégias de reparo do DNA foram desenvolvidas para remover essas modificações, prevenindo o efeito citotóxico ou mutagênico dessas lesões. Mutações no mtDNA são frequentemente observadas em inúmeras patologias, o que reflete em alterações metabólicas ou até mesmo atenuação da resposta apoptótica a terapias antineoplásicas. Para manter a integridade genômica mitocondrial, alguns mecanismos de reparo são recrutados à organela, principalmente a via de reparo por excisão de bases, BER. No núcleo, a proteína supressora de tumor p53 colabora para a manutenção da estabilidade do DNA, em parte pela estimulação direta da via BER. Em resposta a certos estímulos celulares, p53 transloca-se para a mitocôndria, onde pode desencadear uma resposta apoptótica. Entretanto, foi demonstrado anteriormente que p53 pode estimular a atividade catalítica da DNA polimerase mitocondrial, DNA polimerase gama (pol γ), que participa da replicação e do reparo do mtDNA. Sendo assim, nesse trabalho buscou-se compreender, molecularmente, essa interação entre p53 e pol γ durante a modulação de BER em mitocôndrias de células humanas, investigando se: i) p53 se associa fisicamente a pol γ; ii) a proteína TFAM modula o papel de p53 no reparo do DNA em mitocôndrias; e iii) a translocação de p53 para a mitocôndria é mediada por processos redox durante o reparo do mtDNA. Para isso, métodos bioquímicos e moleculares foram empregados nos estudos da interação entre essas proteínas. Em conjunto, os resultados sugerem o envolvimento da proteína p53 no reparo por excisão de bases em mitocôndrias de células humanas, e a dependência de sua interação com TFAM e pol γ para o sustento dessa via. Isso reforça a importância dessas proteínas para a manutenção da estabilidade genômica mitocondrial e, provavelmente, para a função mitocondrial. / All living organisms are constantly exposed to a variety of agents that can cause chemical and/or structural changes in DNA, affecting essential processes like replication and transcription. Throughout the evolution several strategies of DNA repair have been developed to remove these modifications, preventing the cytotoxic or mutagenic effect of these lesions. Mutations in mtDNA are often observed in numerous pathologies, reflecting metabolic changes or even attenuation of the apoptotic response to antineoplastic therapies. To maintain mitochondrial genomic integrity, some repair mechanisms are recruited to the organelle, mainly the base excision repair route, BER. In the nucleus, p53 tumor suppressor protein contributes to the maintenance of DNA stability, in part by direct stimulation of the BER pathway. In response to certain cellular stimuli, p53 translocate to the mitochondria, where it can trigger an apoptotic response. However, it has been shown previously that p53 can stimulate the catalytic activity of mitochondrial DNA polymerase, gamma polymerase (pol γ), which participates in the replication and repair of mtDNA. Thus, in this work we sought to understand, molecularly, this interaction between p53 and pol γ during a modulation of BER in mitochondria human cells, investigating if: i) p53 is physically associated with pol γ; ii) the TFAM protein modulates the role of p53 in DNA repair in mitochondria; and iii) the translocation of p53 to mitochondria is mediated by redox processes in mtDNA repair. For this, biochemical and molecular methods were used in the studies of protein interaction. Taken together, the results suggest the involvement of p53 protein in repair by base excision in mitochondria of human cells, and dependence of its interaction with TFAM and pol γ to support this pathway. This reinforces the importance of these proteins for the maintenance of mitochondrial genomic stability and probably for mitochondrial function.
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Estudo do metabolismo energético com base na instabilidade do genoma mitocondrial no melanoma / Energetic metabolism analysis based on the instability of the mitochondrial genome in melanomaAraujo, Luiza Ferreira de 06 October 2017 (has links)
Estudos recentes relataram oncogenes induzindo a reprogramação metabólica no câncer. Essa reprogramação é fundamental para que as células cancerosas tenham nutrientes e biomoléculas suficiente para manter sua alta taxa proliferativa. A mitocôndria tem um papel central no metabolismo energético da célula e alterações no seu genoma, tanto em relação a mutações como em número de cópias, já foram bastante observados em vários tipos tumorais. Além disso, deficiência no fator de transcrição mitocondrial A (TFAM), fundamental para a transcrição e estabilidade do mtDNA, já foi associada com o crescimento tumoral. Diante disso, nosso estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o papel da instabilidade do genoma mitocondrial no metabolismo energético e crescimento do melanoma. Para isso, nós medimos a instabilidade do mtDNA utilizando como parâmetros: o acúmulo de mutações no mtDNA, alterações no mtDNAcn e a expressão do TFAM. O impacto da instabilidade do mtDNA foi avaliado em três modelos diferentes de melanoma: um modelo in vitro de linhagens celulares, dados de expressão gênica de tumores de melanoma metastático proveniente do TCGA e um modelo murino induzível de melanoma (BrafV600E/Ptennull), adicionado a um background alternativo de deficiência para o TFAM/mtDNAcn. Esse modelo murino também nos permitiu avaliar a deficiência do TFAM limitada a células tumorais (Tfamflox) e tanto em células tumorais, como no seu microambiente (Tfam+/-). Nas análises in vitro, nós observamos correlações positivas entre o mtDNAcn e a expressão do TFAM com a taxa de consumo de glicose e produção de ATP, indicando um impacto desses parâmetros na bioenergética celular. Análises de expressão gênica, utilizando tanto as linhagens de melanoma como tumores de melanoma metastático, nos sugeriram que o TFAM regula genes indutores de angiogênese, a resposta imunológica humoral e vias metabólicas de aminoácidos. Nas análises in vivo, nós observamos um aumento dos tumores em camundongos Tfam+/-, indicando que a deficiência de TFAM/mtDNAcn em células tumorais e no seu microambiente induz a tumorigênese, o que confirma os dados de expressão gênica encontrados com linhagens e tecido de melanoma. Além disso, análises de metabolômica e transcriptômica combinadas nos sugeriram que as células de melanoma com deficiência no TFAM/mtDNAcn são mais dependentes do metabolismo de glutamina. Diante disso, nós concluímos que a deficiência do TFAM/mtDNAcn tem um papel importante no crescimento do melanoma, induzindo a expressão de genes pro-tumorigênicos e aumentando o consumo da glutamina para suprir as necessidades proliferativas das células cancerosas. Esses dados são relevantes e podem nos ajudar a entender melhor o papel da mitocondrial na progressão do melanoma. / Recent studies have shown many oncogenes triggering metabolic reprogramming in cancer. The metabolic switch in cancer cells is necessary to supply the high demand for nutrients and biomolecules for proliferative cells. In this context, mitochondria play a central role in the energetic metabolism of the cell and changes in its genome, such as an increased load of mutations and alterations in mtDNA content, have been reported in several cancers. In addition, deficiency in the Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A (TFAM), responsible for transcription and maintenance of mtDNA stability, was previously associated with tumor growth. Based on that, our goal was to evaluate the impact of the mitochondrial genome instability in the energetic metabolism and melanoma growth. mtDNA instability was inferred measuring mtDNA mutations load and content, as well as TFAM expression. Its impact was evaluated in three different melanoma models: an in vitro model using melanoma cell lines, gene expression data from metastatic melanoma tumors, publicly available at TCGA, and an inducible murine model of melanoma (BRAFV600E/PTENnull), crossed onto different TFAMdeficient backgrounds. The murine model also provides us a tractable model to examine the consequences of mtDNA instability limited to cancer cells (Tfamflox) and in both cancer cells and tumor microenvironment (Tfam+/-). In vitro analysis showed us a positive correlation between mtDNA copy number (mtDNAcn) and TFAM expression with glucose consumption and ATP production, pointing an impact of these parameters in cellular bioenergetics. Further gene expression analysis, using both cell lines and metastatic melanoma data, suggested that TFAM could regulate the expression of angiogenesis genes, humoral immunity and amino acid metabolism. In vivo analysis confirmed the gene expression data, and revealed a higher melanoma growth in Tfam+/-. Also, combined metabolomics and transcriptomics data suggested that TFAM/mtDNAcn deficient melanoma cells rely mostly on glutamine metabolism to supply their energetic requirements. In conclusion, these data indicate that TFAM/mtDNAcn influences melanoma growth by triggering pro-tumorigenic signals and inducing metabolic reprogramming towards glutamine metabolism. These results are relevant and might help us understand how mitochondria affect melanoma progression.
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Estudo do metabolismo energético com base na instabilidade do genoma mitocondrial no melanoma / Energetic metabolism analysis based on the instability of the mitochondrial genome in melanomaLuiza Ferreira de Araujo 06 October 2017 (has links)
Estudos recentes relataram oncogenes induzindo a reprogramação metabólica no câncer. Essa reprogramação é fundamental para que as células cancerosas tenham nutrientes e biomoléculas suficiente para manter sua alta taxa proliferativa. A mitocôndria tem um papel central no metabolismo energético da célula e alterações no seu genoma, tanto em relação a mutações como em número de cópias, já foram bastante observados em vários tipos tumorais. Além disso, deficiência no fator de transcrição mitocondrial A (TFAM), fundamental para a transcrição e estabilidade do mtDNA, já foi associada com o crescimento tumoral. Diante disso, nosso estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o papel da instabilidade do genoma mitocondrial no metabolismo energético e crescimento do melanoma. Para isso, nós medimos a instabilidade do mtDNA utilizando como parâmetros: o acúmulo de mutações no mtDNA, alterações no mtDNAcn e a expressão do TFAM. O impacto da instabilidade do mtDNA foi avaliado em três modelos diferentes de melanoma: um modelo in vitro de linhagens celulares, dados de expressão gênica de tumores de melanoma metastático proveniente do TCGA e um modelo murino induzível de melanoma (BrafV600E/Ptennull), adicionado a um background alternativo de deficiência para o TFAM/mtDNAcn. Esse modelo murino também nos permitiu avaliar a deficiência do TFAM limitada a células tumorais (Tfamflox) e tanto em células tumorais, como no seu microambiente (Tfam+/-). Nas análises in vitro, nós observamos correlações positivas entre o mtDNAcn e a expressão do TFAM com a taxa de consumo de glicose e produção de ATP, indicando um impacto desses parâmetros na bioenergética celular. Análises de expressão gênica, utilizando tanto as linhagens de melanoma como tumores de melanoma metastático, nos sugeriram que o TFAM regula genes indutores de angiogênese, a resposta imunológica humoral e vias metabólicas de aminoácidos. Nas análises in vivo, nós observamos um aumento dos tumores em camundongos Tfam+/-, indicando que a deficiência de TFAM/mtDNAcn em células tumorais e no seu microambiente induz a tumorigênese, o que confirma os dados de expressão gênica encontrados com linhagens e tecido de melanoma. Além disso, análises de metabolômica e transcriptômica combinadas nos sugeriram que as células de melanoma com deficiência no TFAM/mtDNAcn são mais dependentes do metabolismo de glutamina. Diante disso, nós concluímos que a deficiência do TFAM/mtDNAcn tem um papel importante no crescimento do melanoma, induzindo a expressão de genes pro-tumorigênicos e aumentando o consumo da glutamina para suprir as necessidades proliferativas das células cancerosas. Esses dados são relevantes e podem nos ajudar a entender melhor o papel da mitocondrial na progressão do melanoma. / Recent studies have shown many oncogenes triggering metabolic reprogramming in cancer. The metabolic switch in cancer cells is necessary to supply the high demand for nutrients and biomolecules for proliferative cells. In this context, mitochondria play a central role in the energetic metabolism of the cell and changes in its genome, such as an increased load of mutations and alterations in mtDNA content, have been reported in several cancers. In addition, deficiency in the Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A (TFAM), responsible for transcription and maintenance of mtDNA stability, was previously associated with tumor growth. Based on that, our goal was to evaluate the impact of the mitochondrial genome instability in the energetic metabolism and melanoma growth. mtDNA instability was inferred measuring mtDNA mutations load and content, as well as TFAM expression. Its impact was evaluated in three different melanoma models: an in vitro model using melanoma cell lines, gene expression data from metastatic melanoma tumors, publicly available at TCGA, and an inducible murine model of melanoma (BRAFV600E/PTENnull), crossed onto different TFAMdeficient backgrounds. The murine model also provides us a tractable model to examine the consequences of mtDNA instability limited to cancer cells (Tfamflox) and in both cancer cells and tumor microenvironment (Tfam+/-). In vitro analysis showed us a positive correlation between mtDNA copy number (mtDNAcn) and TFAM expression with glucose consumption and ATP production, pointing an impact of these parameters in cellular bioenergetics. Further gene expression analysis, using both cell lines and metastatic melanoma data, suggested that TFAM could regulate the expression of angiogenesis genes, humoral immunity and amino acid metabolism. In vivo analysis confirmed the gene expression data, and revealed a higher melanoma growth in Tfam+/-. Also, combined metabolomics and transcriptomics data suggested that TFAM/mtDNAcn deficient melanoma cells rely mostly on glutamine metabolism to supply their energetic requirements. In conclusion, these data indicate that TFAM/mtDNAcn influences melanoma growth by triggering pro-tumorigenic signals and inducing metabolic reprogramming towards glutamine metabolism. These results are relevant and might help us understand how mitochondria affect melanoma progression.
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Investigation into the pathogenesis of retinal dysplasia in the miniature schnauzer and English springer spaniel dogBauer, Bianca Susanne 05 February 2009
Retinal dysplasia has been documented in many breeds of dogs. It has recently been hypothesized that Miniature Schnauzer dogs affected with retinal dysplasia and associated persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous have a decreased amount of Tfam and several mtDNA transcripts in the retina and RPE. Affected dogs were also hypothesized to have a decrease in leukocyte mtDNA compared to normal dogs. Additionally, using electron microscopy, these dogs were hypothesized to having decreased mitochondrial numbers and size with altered morphology in multiple tissues, including neutrophils. Due to these recent discoveries in this breed it has been proposed that retinal dysplasia could be the result of an altered energy supply to the retina and RPE. The objective of this study was to further investigate the pathogenesis of retinal dysplasia in the Miniature Schnauzer and English Springer Spaniel dog.<p>
The hypothesis of an altered Tfam gene sequence in affected Miniature Schnauzer dogs leading to a decreased amount of Tfam transcript in the retina and RPE was tested by amplifying, cloning and sequencing the coding, 5 and 3non-coding regions, and intron 1 of the Tfam gene from affected and normal Miniature Schnauzer dogs. Using transmission electron microscopy, affected and normal lymphocyte mitochondria were also objectively measured and quantified in this breed along with mitochondrial morphology assessment. In the English Springer Spaniel dog, the hypothesis of a decreased amount of leukocyte mtDNA in affected dogs was tested using real-time PCR. In addition, using transmission electron microscopy, affected and normal lymphocyte mitochondria were objectively measured and quantified in this breed with mitochondrial morphology assessment.<p>
Sequencing of the particular regions of the Miniature Schnauzer Tfam gene revealed no significant nucleotide changes between affected and normal dogs. Evaluation of lymphocyte mitochondrial size, number and morphology also revealed no significant differences between the two groups. In the English Springer Spaniel dog a relative decrease in leukocyte mtDNA did not exist in dogs affected with retinal dysplasia. Furthermore, evaluation of affected English Springer Spaniel dog lymphocyte mitochondria revealed no significant differences in mitochondrial number, surface area or morphology when compared to normal English Springer Spaniel dogs.<p>
To conclude, we failed to demonstrate a mutation in the areas of the Tfam gene sequenced in Miniature Schnauzers affected with retinal dysplasia and associated persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. In contrast to previous findings of decreased leukocyte mtDNA in the affected Miniature Schnauzer dog, no evidence was found to support a relative decrease in leukocyte mtDNA in English Springer Spaniel dogs affected with retinal dysplasia. Furthermore, the hypothesis of altered mitochondrial size, number and morphology in affected dogs is not supported by this study. Further evaluation of mitochondria, mtDNA and mitochondrial gene expression within age-matched retina and RPE of Miniature Schnauzer and English Springer Spaniel dogs is necessary to determine if mitochondria and altered energy supply play a role in the pathogenesis of retinal dysplasia in these breeds.
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Investigation into the pathogenesis of retinal dysplasia in the miniature schnauzer and English springer spaniel dogBauer, Bianca Susanne 05 February 2009 (has links)
Retinal dysplasia has been documented in many breeds of dogs. It has recently been hypothesized that Miniature Schnauzer dogs affected with retinal dysplasia and associated persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous have a decreased amount of Tfam and several mtDNA transcripts in the retina and RPE. Affected dogs were also hypothesized to have a decrease in leukocyte mtDNA compared to normal dogs. Additionally, using electron microscopy, these dogs were hypothesized to having decreased mitochondrial numbers and size with altered morphology in multiple tissues, including neutrophils. Due to these recent discoveries in this breed it has been proposed that retinal dysplasia could be the result of an altered energy supply to the retina and RPE. The objective of this study was to further investigate the pathogenesis of retinal dysplasia in the Miniature Schnauzer and English Springer Spaniel dog.<p>
The hypothesis of an altered Tfam gene sequence in affected Miniature Schnauzer dogs leading to a decreased amount of Tfam transcript in the retina and RPE was tested by amplifying, cloning and sequencing the coding, 5 and 3non-coding regions, and intron 1 of the Tfam gene from affected and normal Miniature Schnauzer dogs. Using transmission electron microscopy, affected and normal lymphocyte mitochondria were also objectively measured and quantified in this breed along with mitochondrial morphology assessment. In the English Springer Spaniel dog, the hypothesis of a decreased amount of leukocyte mtDNA in affected dogs was tested using real-time PCR. In addition, using transmission electron microscopy, affected and normal lymphocyte mitochondria were objectively measured and quantified in this breed with mitochondrial morphology assessment.<p>
Sequencing of the particular regions of the Miniature Schnauzer Tfam gene revealed no significant nucleotide changes between affected and normal dogs. Evaluation of lymphocyte mitochondrial size, number and morphology also revealed no significant differences between the two groups. In the English Springer Spaniel dog a relative decrease in leukocyte mtDNA did not exist in dogs affected with retinal dysplasia. Furthermore, evaluation of affected English Springer Spaniel dog lymphocyte mitochondria revealed no significant differences in mitochondrial number, surface area or morphology when compared to normal English Springer Spaniel dogs.<p>
To conclude, we failed to demonstrate a mutation in the areas of the Tfam gene sequenced in Miniature Schnauzers affected with retinal dysplasia and associated persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. In contrast to previous findings of decreased leukocyte mtDNA in the affected Miniature Schnauzer dog, no evidence was found to support a relative decrease in leukocyte mtDNA in English Springer Spaniel dogs affected with retinal dysplasia. Furthermore, the hypothesis of altered mitochondrial size, number and morphology in affected dogs is not supported by this study. Further evaluation of mitochondria, mtDNA and mitochondrial gene expression within age-matched retina and RPE of Miniature Schnauzer and English Springer Spaniel dogs is necessary to determine if mitochondria and altered energy supply play a role in the pathogenesis of retinal dysplasia in these breeds.
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Chemical and Biological Studies on Photoinduced DNA Damage and Repair and Subnucleosome Structures / 光照射に起因するDNA損傷と修復、およびサブヌクレオソーム構造体に関するケミカルバイオロジーHashiya, Fumitaka 25 March 2019 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第21597号 / 理博第4504号 / 新制||理||1647(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科化学専攻 / (主査)教授 杉山 弘, 教授 秋山 芳展, 准教授 竹田 一旗 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM
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O papel do fator de transcrição mitocondrial A (TFAM) na proteção do DNA mitocondrial contra lesões oxidadas / The Role of mitochondrial transcription factor a (TFAM)in the mitochondrial DNA protection against oxidative damagePaulo Newton Tonolli 28 January 2014 (has links)
O fator de transcrição mitocondrial A (TFAM) pertence ao grupo das proteínas de alta mobilidade, apresentando um importante papel para a replicação, transcrição e estrutura/organização do DNA mitocondrial (DNAmt). O DNAmt está organizado em um complexo nucleoprotéico, chamado de nucleóide, do qual TFAM é o principal componente protéico, empacotando o DNAmt de forma análoga às histonas no DNA nuclear. Em analogia ao DNA nuclear, foi sugerido que esse empacotamento pode proteger o DNAmt do ataque de espécies oxidantes, enquanto que, por outro lado, poderia também impedir o acesso das enzimas de reparo. Este trabalho visou esclarecer qual o papel de TFAM na proteção do DNAmt e entender como TFAM influencia o reparo do DNAmt. Nossos resultados indicaram que o empacotamento do DNAmt por TFAM pode proteger o DNA da formação de lesões em condições de estresse oxidativo. Células com redução na expressão de TFAM apresentaram taxas alteradas de proliferação e uma menor viabilidade celular após o tratamento com o fotossensibilizador azul de metileno, indicando que TFAM pode contribuir para a manutenção da integridade funcional da mitocondria. A velocidade do reparo do DNAmt, em células Kd-TFAM, foi aparentemente maior, o que indicou a importância da modulação da interação de TFAM com o DNAmt para um reparo rápido e eficiente das lesões oxidadas. Portanto, TFAM desempenha um papel importante para a estabilidade genômica mitocondrial, protegendo o DNAmt dos efeitos deletérios das lesões oxidadas no estresse oxidativo, e também modulando a velocidade do reparo do DNAmt, provavelmente através de modificações/interações que permitam que as enzimas de reparo acessem as lesões no DNAmt. / The mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) belongs to the high mobility group box proteins, and is essencial for replication, transcription and structure/organization of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).The mtDNA is organized in a nucleoproteic complex called the nucleoid, where TFAMis the main protein component,packaging mtDNA in a manner similar to histones in the nuclear DNA. In analogy to the histone role in nuclear DNA, it was suggested that mtDNA packaging by TFAM could protect the mtDNA against oxidized lesions. On the other hand, it could also prevent the access of repair enzymes. This study aimed to understand whether TFAM plays a role in mtDNA stability through these opposing effects of protecting from damage and preventing repair. Our results indicated that TFAM protects the mtDNA against lesion formation upon oxidative stress. Cells with reduced expression of TFAM showed altered proliferation and lower cellular viability after treatment with the photoactivated dye methylene blue, indicating an important role for TFAM in maintaining mitochondrial function and cell survival. MtDNA repair rate was apparently higherin Kd-TFAM cells, which indicated the importance of modulating the interaction of TFAM with mtDNA for a quick and efficient repair of oxidized lesions. Therefore, TFAM plays an important role in maintaining mitochondrial genomic stability by protecting the mtDNA of the deleterious effects of oxidized lesions in oxidative stress, also modulating mtDNA repair, likely through modifications/interactions that modulate its DNA binding activity and access to lesions in mtDNA by DNA repair enzymes.
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