Previously existing computer analysis programs have been unable to correctly identify many complex syntactic structures thus requiring further manual analysis by the clinician. Complex structures, including the relative clause, are of interest in child language samples due to the difference in development between children with and without language impairment. The purpose of this study was to assess the comparability of results from a new automated program, Cx, to results from manual identification of relative clauses. On language samples from 10 children with language impairment (LI), 10 language matched peers (LA), and 10 chronologically age matched peers (CA), a computerized analysis based on probabilities of sequences of grammatical markers agreed with a manual analysis with a Kappa of 0.88.

Since the drafting of the Establishment Clause, a pronouncement contained within the First Amendment of the United States Constitution. The United States Supreme Court has debated how to interpret the meaning of, "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion." In Everson v. Board of Education (1947), the Court took its first action in an Establishment Clause case concerning funding for parochial school students that set a course that has been marked by confusion in the Court, inconsistent decision-making, and ultimately the creation of a policy of accommodation that provides opportunities for parochial school students to receive public financial assistance, including tuition reimbursement for their attendance at parochial schools. This study tracks the history of Establishment Clause jurisprudence with a research emphasis from Everson v. Board of Education (1947) to Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002) and illustrates how the philosophy of the United States Supreme Court has changed over time. Further context of the shift is provided with a discussion of the Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971) decision that served as an effective court-interpreted barrier to the use of public resources and funds for parochial schools for several years. Subsequent U.S. Supreme Court decisions have eroded gradually the barrier, coined the Wall of Separation between Church and State by Thomas Jefferson, culminating currently with Zelman v. Simmons-Harris (2002). The purpose of the study is to analyze the aforementioned shift in the context of public funding flowing for private church schools. It became clear through this study that the decision in Everson v. Board of Education was the decision which led to a history of conflict and confusion in the Court which set off a chain of events that ultimately led to public funding for parochial schools where allowable by State Constitution. The U.S. Supreme Court has determined that public funding for a sectarian school is allowable so long as the funding is neutral and at the personal discretion of the parents receiving it as opposed to directly supporting a sectarian school. / Ed. D.

Southern Sotho verbal relative clauses are, on discourse-pragmatic grounds, categorised as direct and indirect. The pragmatic factors that govern the occurrence of these two types of relatives within a particular discourse context are investigated. An analysis of relative clauses occurring in live conversations as well as in the dramas Bulane (Khaketla, 1983) and Tjootjo e tla hloma sese/a (Maake, 1992) reveals that direct relative clauses usually modify the reference of predicate nouns (i.e. nouns used as the complements of copulative predicates), while indirect relative clauses modify the reference of object nouns. Theories which suggest that both predicate as well as object nouns generally convey new information, but that the reference status of predicate nouns is non-specific indefinite, while that of object nouns is specific indefinite, are discussed. A hypothesis suggesting that there is an interrelationship between the reference status of a head noun and the type of relative by means of which it is qualified, is proposed. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)

In deliberating on the application of the Establishment and Free Exercise Clauses of the United States Constitution’s First Amendment, the Supreme Court since 1947 has consistently failed to develop a principled distinction between religion and non-religion. This has hampered its ability to respond to developing challenges in Religion Clauses jurisprudence and to interpret those clauses in a systematic manner. Its recourse to facile characterizations of secularism and pluralism has exacerbated this problem. Attending to incoherence in the Court’s understanding of religion points to a definition of religion based in revelation and grounded not in the language of preference, identity or value, but in natural law and metaphysics. / text

"Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit (LL.M.) (Option: droit des affaires )" / Le principe de l'autonomie de la clause compromissoire est un principe ambigu qui renfenne plusieurs volets. Dans son premier sens, ce principe signifie que la clause arbitrale doit être appréciée d'une manière indépendante du contrat auquel elle se rapporte. Cette conception de l'autonomie a pour conséquences de mettre la convention d'arbitrage à l'abri des causes d'invalidités qui peuvent affecter le contrat principal ainsi que la possibilité d'être régie par un droit différent. Cependant, l'évolution du principe d'autonomie a dépassé les limites de cette conception en faisant surgir un autre volet, à savoir, la validité de la convention d'arbitrage indépendamment de toute 101 étatique. Cet autre aspect de l'autonomie signifie que l'existence et la validité de la clause compromissoire doivent être examinées au regard de règles matérielles spéciales, abstraction faite de tout conflit de lois, mais avec pour limites le respect des règles d'ordre public international. Par ailleurs, le rattachement de ce principe à certains effets de la convention d'arbitrage s'avère délicat. En effet, le principe d'autonomie se trouve souvent assorti d'un autre grand principe de l'arbitrage international qui est celui de la «compétence-compétence ». Les liens étroits qu'entretiennent les deux principes génèrent un risque d'amalgame entre deux règles qui sont en réalité différentes. Sur un autre plan, serait mis en cause, au nom de l'incohérence juridique, le pouvoir du principe d'autonomie de «coexister» avec une autre caractéristique de la clause compromissoire, à savoir, sa transmissibilité. Nous essayerons alors de clarifier cette articulation «douteuse». / The autonomy of the arbitration clause is an ambiguous principle which contains several shutters. It's sometimes used - traditionally - to refer that the arbitration clause must (agreement) be treated and appreciated separately from the main contract. This conception of autonomy gives rise to two consequences: first, the arbitration agreement is unaffected by the invalidity of the main contract and second, it may be governed by a Law different from that governing the main contract. However, the evolution of this traditional sense has given another shutter to the principal of the autonomy which refers to the arbitration agreement from "all national laws". This new concept of autonomy is entirely different and which means that the existence and the validity of the arbitration clause must be examined under special material mIes, isolating the arbitration agreement from the conflict of laws but with full respect to the international law. In addition, the link this principle has with certain effects of the arbitration agreement proves to be delicate. Indeed, the principle of autonomy is often associated with another principle of the international arbitration which is kompetenz-kompetenz. The close links that the two principles maintain generate a risk of amalgam between two mIes which are actually different. On another level, would be blamed, in the name of the legal inconsistency, the capacity of the principle of autonomy "of coexisting" with another characteristic of the arbitration clause, namely, its transmissibility. We will try to clarify this "doubtful" articulation.

A l'heure actuelle des centaines de femmes de par le monde sont concernées par le problème des ‘agounot. Il peut aussi bien s'agir de femmes auxquelles le mari refuse la délivrance du Guett (acte de divorce religieux) que de maris disparus et dont la mort n'est pas avérée au regard du droit rabbinique. Il peut également s'agir de femmes liées par l'obligation de procéder soit au Lévirat (Yiboum) soit au « déchaussement » (‘Halitsa), lorsque leur mari est mort sans laisser de descendance. Chacun des cas évoqués a des incidences différentes, non seulement pour la femme concernée mais aussi sur le statut des enfants qu'elle serait amenée à avoir dans le cadre de sa nouvelle union. C'est le problème du mamzer, spécifique au judaïsme. Il justifie la volonté des Rabbins de trouver une solution juridique au problème des ‘agounot. C'est ce qui a poussé nombre de rabbins, à travers différents pays et époques, à instaurer des mariages à clause résolutoire afin de palier ces problèmes. Ce cas est donc d'une actualité brûlante, d'autant plus qu'il montre à quel point les Rabbins recherchent des solutions (dans les limites du droit) pour résoudre des cas qui peuvent s'avérer dramatiques. / At this time, hundreds of Jewish women are considered as ‘agunot. This is one of the most serious problems for the Jewish people in our era. This situation can be the result of either of the following circumstances: a husband who disappears and is not considered dead by rabbinical authorities, a husband who refuses to grant the get (religious bill of divorce) to his wife or a brother-in-law who does not agree to perform the religious ceremony of ‘halitsa (or yibum) with his sister-in-law, a ceremony which is necessary in case the husband died childless. If a woman concerned with one of these situations decides to remarry out of the range of Jewish law, it could have dramatic results, especially for the children resulting from this new union. They could bear the terrible statute of mamzer (child born from an incestuous or adulterous relation). For this reason, many rabbis – through times and lands – tried to find new solutions to solve this complex issue, for the benefit of both women and children. One of these consists in the enforcement of a clause, at the time of the religious wedding, allowing to annul the marriage in the future should the woman need it.

Le principe de l'autonomie de la clause compromissoire est un principe ambigu qui renfenne plusieurs volets. Dans son premier sens, ce principe signifie que la clause arbitrale doit être appréciée d'une manière indépendante du contrat auquel elle se rapporte. Cette conception de l'autonomie a pour conséquences de mettre la convention d'arbitrage à l'abri des causes d'invalidités qui peuvent affecter le contrat principal ainsi que la possibilité d'être régie par un droit différent. Cependant, l'évolution du principe d'autonomie a dépassé les limites de cette conception en faisant surgir un autre volet, à savoir, la validité de la convention d'arbitrage indépendamment de toute 101 étatique. Cet autre aspect de l'autonomie signifie que l'existence et la validité de la clause compromissoire doivent être examinées au regard de règles matérielles spéciales, abstraction faite de tout conflit de lois, mais avec pour limites le respect des règles d'ordre public international. Par ailleurs, le rattachement de ce principe à certains effets de la convention d'arbitrage s'avère délicat. En effet, le principe d'autonomie se trouve souvent assorti d'un autre grand principe de l'arbitrage international qui est celui de la «compétence-compétence ». Les liens étroits qu'entretiennent les deux principes génèrent un risque d'amalgame entre deux règles qui sont en réalité différentes. Sur un autre plan, serait mis en cause, au nom de l'incohérence juridique, le pouvoir du principe d'autonomie de «coexister» avec une autre caractéristique de la clause compromissoire, à savoir, sa transmissibilité. Nous essayerons alors de clarifier cette articulation «douteuse». / The autonomy of the arbitration clause is an ambiguous principle which contains several shutters. It's sometimes used - traditionally - to refer that the arbitration clause must (agreement) be treated and appreciated separately from the main contract. This conception of autonomy gives rise to two consequences: first, the arbitration agreement is unaffected by the invalidity of the main contract and second, it may be governed by a Law different from that governing the main contract. However, the evolution of this traditional sense has given another shutter to the principal of the autonomy which refers to the arbitration agreement from "all national laws". This new concept of autonomy is entirely different and which means that the existence and the validity of the arbitration clause must be examined under special material mIes, isolating the arbitration agreement from the conflict of laws but with full respect to the international law. In addition, the link this principle has with certain effects of the arbitration agreement proves to be delicate. Indeed, the principle of autonomy is often associated with another principle of the international arbitration which is kompetenz-kompetenz. The close links that the two principles maintain generate a risk of amalgam between two mIes which are actually different. On another level, would be blamed, in the name of the legal inconsistency, the capacity of the principle of autonomy "of coexisting" with another characteristic of the arbitration clause, namely, its transmissibility. We will try to clarify this "doubtful" articulation. / "Mémoire présenté à la Faculté des études supérieures en vue de l'obtention du grade de maîtrise en droit (LL.M.) (Option: droit des affaires )"

DANTAS, Antônio Ademilton Pinheiro. Estudo da movimentação ocular de alunos do 9º ano do ensino fundamental durante a leitura de sentenças coordenadas sindéticas adversativas e subordinadas adverbiais concessivas. 2016. 123f. – Dissertação (Mestrado) – Universidade Federal do Ceará, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Letras, Fortaleza (CE), 2016. / Submitted by Gustavo Daher (gdaherufc@hotmail.com) on 2017-05-26T15:39:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_aapdantas.pdf: 835786 bytes, checksum: 509e2d0fc3f2db5def0afd69b3f5f751 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Márcia Araújo (marcia_m_bezerra@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-05-29T11:04:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_aapdantas.pdf: 835786 bytes, checksum: 509e2d0fc3f2db5def0afd69b3f5f751 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-29T11:04:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_aapdantas.pdf: 835786 bytes, checksum: 509e2d0fc3f2db5def0afd69b3f5f751 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / Investigates if the cost of the processing of coordinate clauses is higher than the cost of the processing of subordinate clauses in a group of 9th grade students. In Engelkamp and Rummer (2002) and Rummer, Engelkamp and Konieczny (2003), it was observed that the processing of subordinate clauses is less costly than the coordinate ones in tasks of memorization, as suggested that the displacement of the subordinate clause influences the costs of the processing. Such results were confronted with the exercise of teaching subordinate conjunctions to 9th graders, which ended up with the proposal of this research. The expectation is that the students would have more difficulties in reading subordinate clauses due to the lack of knowledge of the logical relation served by the conjunction. Given the variability of the logical relations and the lack of time for the execution of this research, we could investigate only the relations of opposition and concession. To do so, three experiments of eye tracking were developed: (i) the first one investigated the cost of reading processing of subordinate clause displacement; (ii) the second one compared the reading process of coordinate and subordinate clauses; (iii) and the third one observed the importance of four different conjunctions in coordinate clauses. Twenty-four experimental items, made up of conditions, were created, which contemplated, all together, the three experiments listed above: four subordinate clauses, two without and two with displacement, which used the conjunctions “embora” (although) and “ainda que” (even if); four coordinate clauses, which used the conjunctions “entretanto” (however), “mas” (but), “no entanto” (yet) and “e” (and). A question of control of attention followed all clauses. Forty-two 9th graders and forty proficient adult readers participated in the experiment. The observed measurements were the total time of reading of the complete clauses, and the time of the first reading in the complete sentence/clause. For experiment one (subordinate displacement), measuring the first reading, an interaction between group and displacement was found (F=4,06, p = 0.04), besides the main effect for displacement (p<0.001), but group effect was not observed. For total time measurement, only main group effect was found (p<0.001). For the study of the processing of the coordinate and subordinate clauses (experiment two), main group effects were found for the first reading and the total reading time (p=0.04 e p<0.001). In the study of coordinate conjunctions, we observed an important difference for each conjunction in the first reading (p=0.006), but not in the total time of reading. There was significant difference in the total time of reading for the group (p<0.001). The results suggest that the group of students read in a different way and more slowly than the adult group, but this measurement is nor sensitive to coordinate and subordinate clauses. However, the displacement of the subordinate clause to the front position of the sentence generates a higher cost of processing for the students, suggesting that the school learning of this topic is relevant for the coating of the information in the subordinate clause. For the study of the conjunctions, it was observed that the first reading is sensitive to the length of the conjunction, because the conjunction “e” (and) has a time of processing faster in the total time of the reading, which is quite different from the conjunction “mas” (but), which shows clear adversative relationship given its frequency of use. / Investiga o custo de processamento de sentenças coordenadas e de sentenças subordinadas em um grupo de estudantes do 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental (EF). Em Engelkamp e Rummer (2002) e Rummer, Engelkamp e Konieczny (2003), observou-se que o processamento de sentenças subordinadas é menos custoso do que o de sentenças coordenadas em tarefas de memorização. Os resultados de Rummer, Engelkamp e Konieczny (2003) também sugeriram que o deslocamento da sentença subordinada interfere nos custos de processamento. Tais achados entram em confronto com impressões do autor derivadas do exercício da prática docente de ensino de conjunções subordinadas ao 9º ano do EF, o que culminou para a proposição desta pesquisa. Foram elaborados experimentos cuja previsão era a de que os estudantes teriam mais dificuldade de ler sentenças subordinadas, uma dificuldade decorrente do pouco conhecimento da relação lógica veiculada pelas conjunções. Dada a variabilidade das relações lógicas e o escasso tempo de execução desta pesquisa, foram investigadas aqui apenas as relações de oposição e concessão. Para tanto, foram propostos três experimentos de rastreamento ocular. O primeiro investigou o custo de processamento de leitura da estrutura subordinada deslocada; o segundo comparou o custo de processamento de leitura de sentenças coordenadas e subordinadas; e o terceiro observou o peso de quatro diferentes conjunções em orações coordenadas. Foram produzidos 24 itens experimentais, compostos de condições, que contemplavam em conjunto os três experimentos supracitados: quatro orações subordinadas, sendo duas sem e duas com deslocamento, que faziam uso das conjunções “embora” e “ainda que”; quatro orações coordenadas, que faziam uso das conjunções “entretanto”, “mas”, “no entanto” e “e”. Seguia-se a todas as frases uma pergunta de controle de atenção. Participaram dos experimentos 42 estudantes do 9º ano do EF e 40 adultos leitores proficientes. As medidas observadas foram o tempo total de leitura nas sentenças completas e o tempo de primeira leitura na sentença/período completo. Para o experimento 1 (deslocamento da subordinada), na medida de primeira leitura, encontrou-se uma interação entre grupo e deslocamento (F = 4,06, p = 0.04), além de efeito principal para deslocamento (p < 0.001), mas não houve efeito de grupo. Para a medida de tempo total, foi encontrado apenas efeito principal de grupo (p < 0.001). Para o estudo do processamento da coordenação e subordinação (experimento 2), foram encontrados efeitos principais de grupo para a primeira leitura e o tempo total de leitura (p = 0.04 e p < 0.001). E no estudo das conjunções coordenativas, observou-se diferença significativa para cada conjunção na primeira leitura (p = 0.006), mas não no tempo total de leitura. Houve diferença significativa no tempo total de leitura para o grupo (p < 0.001). Os resultados sugerem que o grupo de estudantes lê de modo diferente e mais lentamente do que o grupo de adultos, mas essa medida não é sensível às sentenças coordenadas e subordinadas. Já o deslocamento da subordinada para a posição inicial da sentença gera maior custo de processamento para os estudantes, sugerindo que a aprendizagem escolar deste tema tem relevância para o encapsulamento da informação do período subordinado. Para o estudo das conjunções, observou-se que a primeira leitura é sensível ao tamanho da conjunção, pois a conjunção “e” tem um tempo de processamento mais rápido no tempo total de leitura, diferenciando-se da conjunção “mas”, que apresenta relação adversativa explícita dada sua frequência de uso.

The thesis is aimed at the prorogation and arbitration clauses in international trade. Its aim is to analyse the legal regulation of the clauses and requirements for them using the help of legislation, case law and both Czech and foreign relevant literature. In addition to the introduction and the conclusion of the thesis, there are eleven chapters analysing the issue. The first chapter deals with dispute resolution in international trade, and introduces prorogation and arbitration clauses as instruments by which the parties can determine how and by whom will the dispute between them be decided. Chapters two to six deal with prorogation clauses. First of all, sources of legal regulation of prorogation clauses are analysed. Further, the thesis analyses the formal requirements for the clauses and also the possibility of incorporating the clause into a contract from another document. There are also discussed some other features of the prorogation clauses, namely the certainty of the chosen court, the separability of the clause, the exclusivity of the clause, and the effect of provisions protecting the weaker party under the Brussels I bis regulation The following chapters seven to ten deal with arbitration clauses. Again, sources of legal regulation of arbitration clauses and arbitration proceedings...

Southern Sotho verbal relative clauses are, on discourse-pragmatic grounds, categorised as direct and indirect. The pragmatic factors that govern the occurrence of these two types of relatives within a particular discourse context are investigated. An analysis of relative clauses occurring in live conversations as well as in the dramas Bulane (Khaketla, 1983) and Tjootjo e tla hloma sese/a (Maake, 1992) reveals that direct relative clauses usually modify the reference of predicate nouns (i.e. nouns used as the complements of copulative predicates), while indirect relative clauses modify the reference of object nouns. Theories which suggest that both predicate as well as object nouns generally convey new information, but that the reference status of predicate nouns is non-specific indefinite, while that of object nouns is specific indefinite, are discussed. A hypothesis suggesting that there is an interrelationship between the reference status of a head noun and the type of relative by means of which it is qualified, is proposed. / African Languages / M.A. (African Languages)