A mix of economic interests, humanitarianism, and political concerns over future regional security and stability drove twentieth century attempts to counter indigenous morbidity and depopulation in the Pacific. However, chronic under-resourcing impeded colonial health developments. An opportunity for change came in 1913, when the International Health Board of the Rockefeller Foundation negotiated with the British Colonial Office for joint programmes to control hookworm disease in Britain's tropical dependencies. After surveying the health situation and potential for work in the Pacific region in 1916, a short-lived campaign followed in Fiji (1917-1918). The American philanthropy then focused on Australia, where co-operative hookworm programmes advanced the objectives of the Foundation and increased Federal involvement in public health while and also served the interests of "White Australia". Under Dr. Sylvester Lambert, work in the Island Pacific resumed in 1920, to promote the health and economic viability ofindigenous labour in the Australian territories of Papua and New Guinea. Plantation interests supported survey and treatment work in the British Solomon Island Protectorate, and in 1922 the Fiji campaign re-opened. Lambert expanded the International Health Board's involvement from initial hookworm survey and treatment programmes in the British and New Zealand dependencies in the South Pacific, into other aspects of public health and medical services: water supplies and latrines; a bacteriological laboratory in Suva; hospital expansion; and medical education. Integrating local initiatives, Lambert advocated a Unified Pacific Medical Service, in which key elements were centralisation., rationalisation and affordability. The most radical aspect of his plan was the development of a Central Medical School for the Pacific territories, to provide targeted professional training for indigenous medical practitioners who had a crucial (although still subservient) role in economic service delivery and the diffusion of biomedical understanding among local communities. Also controversial - and Jess successful - were attempts to improve the career opportunities and standard of European Medical Officers, by creating a single medical service for the British Pacific dependencies. Attempts to achieve these goals influenced the shape and outcome of health and medical services which developed in the different island communities by 1939, when Lambert's retirement signalled an end to active Rockefeller Foundation involvement. This thesis examrnes the ways in which colonial administrations, medical staff, the Rockefeller Foundation, labour and mission interests, and Pacific Islanders interacted in the introduction of the dramatically new medical concepts and practices of western science (and specifically tropical medicine) and their effect on indigenous populations.

Orientadores: Maria Conceição da Costa, Lina Rodrigues de Faria / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Geociencias / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T11:26:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kobayashi_ElizabeteMayumy_M.pdf: 785434 bytes, checksum: 74bd8d5c68c5e0b7a695591567db6974 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / Resumo: Eugenia: heterogênea e complexa. Da conceituação do termo pelo inglês Francis Galton no século XVIII, até o advento do nazismo, sua expressão mais radical, o movimento possuiu características distintas. Neste trabalho, buscamos observar uma outra faceta do movimento mundial: a peculiaridade da eugenia brasileira ao defender a regeneração de um povo, não condenado pelo clima ou pela raça, mas doente. Nesse contexto destacamos um novo elemento: a presença da Fundação Rockefeller. Nosso argumento baseia-se no fato de que nas duas primeiras décadas do século XX, a eugenia, em terras brasileiras, era sinônimo de saneamento e higiene. A Fundação Rockefeller, por sua vez, teve atuação marcante no campo da saúde pública, especialmente naquilo que se relacionava ao saneamento e ao combate às doenças que assolavam tanto as áreas urbanas como as rurais. A chegada da fundação norte-americana ao Brasil foi marcada pela negociação, já que o país possuía uma tradição médica que se consolidava. Ao mesmo tempo, podemos defender que a Fundação foi também ¿capturada¿ pela eugenia brasileira, que nesse período se confundia com saúde pública. Palavras-chave: Eugenia, Fundação Rockefeller, Saúde Pública / Abstract: Eugenics: heterogeneous and complex: since the conception of the term with Francis Galton in the 18th century, until the advent of the nazism, its more radical expression, the movement presented different characteristics. In this work, we try to observe another side of the worldwide movement: the peculiarity of the Brazilian eugenics by defending the regeneration of a nation, that was not condemned by the climate or the race, but was sick. In this context we take a new element: the presence of the Rockefeller Foundation. Our argument is based on the fact that in the two first decades of the 20th century, eugenics in Brazil meant sanitation and hygiene. The Rockefeller Foundation was a leader in the field of public health, specially in things related to sanitation and in fighting against diseases that were devastating the urban as much as the rural areas. The coming of the north american Foundation to Brazil was marked by negotiation, since the country had a medical tradition that was increasing by that time. At the same time we claim the idea that the Foundation was also "captured" by the Brazilian eugenics that in this period was confounded with public health. Key-words: Eugenics, Rockefeller Foundation, Public Health / Mestrado / Mestre em Política Científica e Tecnológica

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Dominant narratives of the green revolution focus on the top-down dissemination of technology produced by global scientific networks into developing regions or nations, but comparatively little scholarship has been produced regarding the forms of local knowledge which were transferred during the same process. This thesis will examine several important sites of interaction between formal scientific networks and indigenous knowledge with a focus on moments of historical transition in methodology. A main contention of this thesis is that this dissemination was not just a top-down flow of Western technology into Indian villages, but was rather a dialectical process by which class interest and reductionist science moulded the interaction between disparate knowledge systems. The focus will be an exposition of changes in research methodologies pioneered by the Rockefeller Foundation’s Indian Agriculture Program, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, and the founder of an indigenous knowledge database NGO, Anil Gupta.

Dominant narratives of the green revolution focus on the top-down dissemination of technology produced by global scientific networks into developing regions or nations, but comparatively little scholarship has been produced regarding the forms of local knowledge which were transferred during the same process. This thesis will examine several important sites of interaction between formal scientific networks and indigenous knowledge with a focus on moments of historical transition in methodology. A main contention of this thesis is that this dissemination was not just a top-down flow of Western technology into Indian villages, but was rather a dialectical process by which class interest and reductionist science moulded the interaction between disparate knowledge systems. The focus will be an exposition of changes in research methodologies pioneered by the Rockefeller Foundation’s Indian Agriculture Program, the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, and the founder of an indigenous knowledge database NGO, Anil Gupta.

abstract: "Wide adaptation" is an agricultural concept often employed and seldom closely examined. Norman E. Borlaug, while working for the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) on an agricultural project in Mexico in the 1950s, discovered that some tropical wheat varieties could be grown over broad geographic regions, not just in Central and South America but also in the Middle East and South Asia. He called this wide, or broad, adaptation, which scientists generally define as a plant type that has high yields throughout diverse environments. Borlaug soon made wide adaptation as a core pillar of his international wheat program. Borlaug's wheat program rapidly expanded in the 1960s, and he and his colleagues from the RF heavily promoted wide adaptation and the increased use of fertilizers in the Middle East and India. These events led to the green revolution, when several countries rapidly increased their wheat production. Indian wheat cultivation changed radically in the 1960s due to new technologies and policy reforms introduced during the green revolution, and farmers' adoption of 'technology packages' of modern seeds, fertilizer, and irrigation. Just prior to the green revolution, Indian wheat scientists adopted Borlaug’s new plant breeding philosophy—that varieties should have as wide an adaptation as possible. But Borlaug and Indian wheat scientists also argued that wide adaptation could be achieved by selecting only plants that did well in high fertility and irrigated environments. Scientists claimed, in many cases erroneously, that widely adapted varieties still produced high yields in marginal, or resource poor, areas. Many people have criticized the green revolution for its unequal spread of benefits, but none of these critiques address wide adaptation—the core tenant held by Indian wheat scientists to justify their focus on highly productive land while ignoring marginal and rainfed agriculture. My dissertation describes Borlaug and the RF's research program in wide adaptation, Borlaug's involvement in the Indian wheat program, and internal debates about wide adaptation and selection under favorable environments among Indian scientists. It argues that scientists leveraged the concept of wide adaptation to justify a particular regime of research focused on high production agriculture, and that the footprints of this regime are still present in Indian agriculture. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biology 2015

Le problème de l’accès aux ressources génétiques des plantes pour la sélection variétale est au cœur de la Révolution Verte. A partir des années 1960, les sélectionneurs font de la disparition des variétés locales sous l’effet de la diffusion de nouvelles variétés génétiquement homogènes un problème public à l’échelle mondiale. Dans une perspective qui croise la recherche d’archives et l’enquête de terrain, cette thèse revient sur la formation de ce problème, sur sa trajectoire historique et ses enjeux actuels. Il s’agit d’analyser l’hétérogénéité des savoirs scientifiques et des approches qui sont développés sur le thème de la conservation des ressources génétiques dans les arènes internationales. L’étude des débats et des initiatives menés dans le cadre de la FAO permet de comprendre quels sont les savoirs légitimés, lesquels sont marginalisés et comment la nature et les contours du problème ont été négociés. La place que les ressources génétiques occupent au cours d’épisodes clés de la Révolution Verte est également au cœur de ce travail. Cette thèse analyse spécifiquement l’importance accordée aux variétés locales de maïs dans le programme agricole que la Fondation Rockefeller met en place au Mexique à partir de 1943. Alors que le maïs hybride est généralement présenté comme un vecteur de la modernisation agricole, cette thèse montre que les experts sont confrontés à l’échec du paradigme d’amélioration variétale qu’ils étaient censés exporter. Face à une innovation uniquement applicable à une échelle très limitée, les semences paysannes du maïs restent l’option variétale la plus utilisée au Mexique. Ce travail montre que ce sont bien les choix pragmatiques des agriculteurs qui constituent le fondement de la conservation, de facto, des ressources génétiques du maïs dans ce pays. / The issue of access to plant genetic resources for plant breeding is at the heart of the Green Revolution. Beginning in the 1960s, the disappearance of local varieties with the spread of new genetically homogeneous varieties evolved into a public problem on a global scale. Combining archival research and field investigations, this thesis explores the emergence of this problem, its historical trajectory, and its current forms. I analyze the heterogeneity of scientific knowledge and approaches to the conservation of genetic resources developed in international arenas. An exploration of debates and initiatives within the framework of the FAO sheds light on the issues of which knowledges are legitimated and which marginalized, and on how the nature and outlines of the problem have been negotiated. An examination of the role of genetic resources in key episodes in the Green Revolution is also central to the study. The thesis specifically analyzes the importance attributed to local maize varieties in the agricultural program that the Rockefeller Foundation implemented in Mexico beginning in 1943. While hybrid maize is generally presented as a vector of agricultural modernization, this thesis shows how experts were faced with the failure of the varietal improvement paradigm that they were supposed to export. As hybrid maize is an innovation that is only applicable on a very limited scale, farmers’ maize seeds still are the most widely used varietal option in Mexico. The study shows that it is indeed the pragmatic choices of farmers that form the basis for the de facto conservation of the country’s maize genetic resources.

Este trabalho analisa a natureza e as características das fotografias enquanto documentos integrantes de arquivos institucionais. Partindo do questionamento sobre o tratamento de fotografias pertencentes a arquivos históricos, o trabalho investiga a trajetória do documento fotográfico como objeto teórico e metodológico na área da arquivística, com base na análise de alguns de seus principais manuais e textos metodológicos. Analisando o enfoque tradicional aplicado às fotografias, discute a problemática do documento fotográfico desenvolvida mais contemporaneamente à luz do referencial teórico da Diplomática. O trabalho utilizase de um estudo de caso, o arquivo fotográfico gerado a partir das atividades da Fundação Rockefeller e do Serviço Nacional de Febre Amarela nos anos de 1930 e 1940 durante os estudos, pesquisas e combate à febre amarela no Brasil. Esse estudo pretende, por um lado, investigar a contextualização da produção do arquivo de imagens como forma de entendimento do contexto funcional responsável pelo surgimento dos documentos visuais e, por outro, afirmar o caráter arquivístico do documento fotográfico, considerando suas peculiaridades. Aos que organizam os arquivos, cabe a tarefa de investigar e tornar explícitos tanto o contexto de produção quanto os vínculos que ligam as imagens às funções ao longo de sua trajetória como documento, para que haja uma transformação no enfoque reservado a esses materiais, calcado na valorização exclusiva de seu conteúdo informativo, em detrimento do seu valor como evidência das ações para as quais foram gerados e utilizados. / This thesis proposes an analysis of the nature and characteristics of photography as part of institutional archives documents. From the questioning about the treatment given to photographies of historical archives, the work seeks to investigate the journey of the photographic document as object of theoretical and methodological questioning in the archival field, based on examination of some of its main manuals and methodological texts. Analyzing the traditional approach applied to photography, discusses the problematic of photographic document developed contemporaneously in the light of Diplomatics theoretical reference. The thesis adopts a case study, the photographic archive generated from activities of study, research and combat of yellow fever in Brazil, by the partnership between Rockefeller Foundation and the Brazilian National Service of Yellow Fever, during the Thirties and Forties. The present study proposes, on the one hand, to investigate the contextualization of the production of image archives as means of understanding the functional context responsible for the appearance of visual documents and, on the other hand, asseverates the archival nature of photographic documents, according to its peculiarities. To those who organize the archives, is assigned the task of investigating and making explicit both the context of the production and the bonds that links images to functions during their journey as document, in order to produce a transformation of the approach reserved to these materials, based on the sole valuation of it\'s informative contents in prejudice of it\'s value as evidence of actions for which have been created and used.

Este trabalho analisa a natureza e as características das fotografias enquanto documentos integrantes de arquivos institucionais. Partindo do questionamento sobre o tratamento de fotografias pertencentes a arquivos históricos, o trabalho investiga a trajetória do documento fotográfico como objeto teórico e metodológico na área da arquivística, com base na análise de alguns de seus principais manuais e textos metodológicos. Analisando o enfoque tradicional aplicado às fotografias, discute a problemática do documento fotográfico desenvolvida mais contemporaneamente à luz do referencial teórico da Diplomática. O trabalho utilizase de um estudo de caso, o arquivo fotográfico gerado a partir das atividades da Fundação Rockefeller e do Serviço Nacional de Febre Amarela nos anos de 1930 e 1940 durante os estudos, pesquisas e combate à febre amarela no Brasil. Esse estudo pretende, por um lado, investigar a contextualização da produção do arquivo de imagens como forma de entendimento do contexto funcional responsável pelo surgimento dos documentos visuais e, por outro, afirmar o caráter arquivístico do documento fotográfico, considerando suas peculiaridades. Aos que organizam os arquivos, cabe a tarefa de investigar e tornar explícitos tanto o contexto de produção quanto os vínculos que ligam as imagens às funções ao longo de sua trajetória como documento, para que haja uma transformação no enfoque reservado a esses materiais, calcado na valorização exclusiva de seu conteúdo informativo, em detrimento do seu valor como evidência das ações para as quais foram gerados e utilizados. / This thesis proposes an analysis of the nature and characteristics of photography as part of institutional archives documents. From the questioning about the treatment given to photographies of historical archives, the work seeks to investigate the journey of the photographic document as object of theoretical and methodological questioning in the archival field, based on examination of some of its main manuals and methodological texts. Analyzing the traditional approach applied to photography, discusses the problematic of photographic document developed contemporaneously in the light of Diplomatics theoretical reference. The thesis adopts a case study, the photographic archive generated from activities of study, research and combat of yellow fever in Brazil, by the partnership between Rockefeller Foundation and the Brazilian National Service of Yellow Fever, during the Thirties and Forties. The present study proposes, on the one hand, to investigate the contextualization of the production of image archives as means of understanding the functional context responsible for the appearance of visual documents and, on the other hand, asseverates the archival nature of photographic documents, according to its peculiarities. To those who organize the archives, is assigned the task of investigating and making explicit both the context of the production and the bonds that links images to functions during their journey as document, in order to produce a transformation of the approach reserved to these materials, based on the sole valuation of it\'s informative contents in prejudice of it\'s value as evidence of actions for which have been created and used.

The central argument that I advance in this dissertation is that the influence of the Rockefeller Foundation (RF) and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) in the governance of global health and agricultural development has been derived from their ability to advance knowledge structures crafted to accommodate the preferences of the dominant states operating within the contexts where they have sought to catalyze change. Consequently, this dissertation provides a new way of conceptualizing knowledge power broadly conceived as well as private governance as it relates to the provision of public goods. In the first half of the twentieth-century, RF funds drove scientific research that produced tangible solutions, such as vaccines and high-yielding seed varieties, to longstanding problems undermining the health and wealth of developing countries emerging from the clutches of colonialism. At the country-level, the Foundation provided advanced training to a generation of agricultural scientists and health practitioners, and RF expertise was also pivotal to the creation of specialized International Organizations (IOs) for health (e.g. the League of Nations Health Organization) and agriculture (e.g. the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research) as well as many informal international networks of experts working to solve common problems. Finally in the neo-liberal era, RF effectively demonstrated how the public-private partnership paradigm could provide public goods in the face of externally imposed austerity constraining public sector capacity and the failure of the free-market to meet the needs of populations with limited purchasing power. Since its inception, the BMGF has demonstrated a similar commitment to underwriting innovation through science oriented towards reducing global health disparities and increasing agricultural productivity in poor countries, and has greatly expanded the application of the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) approach in both health and agriculture. Unlike its intellectual forebear, BMGF has been far more focused on end-points and silver bullets than investing directly in the training of human resources. Moreover whereas RF has for most of its history decentralized its staff, those of BMGF have been concentrated mainly at its headquarters in Seattle. With no operational programs of its own, BMGF has instead relied heavily on external consultants to inform its programs and remains dependent on intermediary organizations to implement its grants. Despite these and other differences, both RF and BMGF have exhibited a common capacity to catalyse institutional innovation that has benefited historically marginalized populations in the absence of structural changes to the dominant global power structure. A preference for compromise over contestation, coupled with a capacity for enabling innovation in science and governance, has resulted in broad acceptance for RF and BMGF knowledge structures within both state and international policy arenas. This acceptance has translated into both Foundations having direct influence over (i) how major challenges related to disease and agriculture facing the global south are understood (i.e. the determinants and viable solutions); (ii) what types of knowledge matters for solving said problems (i.e. who leads); and (iii) how collective action focused on addressing these problems is structured (i.e. the institutional frameworks).