El presente estudio trata el tema de las CRISIS FINANCIERAS INTERNACIONALES Y SUS EFECTOS EN LA ECONOMIA PERUANA: 1990 –2000, en el mismo podremos hallar explicaciones sobre las causas u orígenes de las Crisis en el mundo acaecidos durante la década pasada; así como también, un análisis del movimiento de los indicadores económicos y financieros del Perú durante estos tiempos, y que se hayan representados en un modelo econométrico de ecuaciones simultáneas según los modelos de Krugman y Keynes.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / Las crisis económicas también han sido fuente para la elaboración de numerosos estudios y trabajos intelectuales, ya que la necesidad de evitar su aparición o de al menos morigerar sus consecuencias ha llevado a que los estudiosos de la economía centren sus esfuerzos en este tema y teoricen al respecto. Justamente es este apasionante apartado de la ciencia económica al que se avoca esta memoria de grado, pero para ser más exactos debemos señalar que este trabajo está orientado al estudio de una de estas crisis en particular, quizás la más perjudicial y avasalladora de todas, la Gran Depresión de 1929 y su impacto en el mundo, la elección de ésta es sencilla, ya que dentro de las crisis que nuestra civilización ha debido soportar la del año 1929 es aquella que más rápido e inesperadamente se extendió por el mundo, haciendo sucumbir no sólo a pequeños y poco preparados países como el nuestro, sino también a las grandes economías como la de los Estados Unidos o Inglaterra. Ciertamente el establecimiento de los hechos que precedieron a esta crisis como de aquellos que ocurrieron durante su apogeo y posterior término presentan un alto grado de atracción en cuanto su análisis nos lleva a estudiar un período de la historia de la humanidad que estuvo marcada en un primer término por el fin de la Primera Guerra Mundial y el nuevo escenario político-económico que se genera, el que luego se ve alterado por el advenimiento de la Gran Depresión y la transformación a que esta dará lugar en todos y cada uno de los países que se vieron afectados; es decir, pasaremos de ver la destrucción de la guerra y la posterior reubicación estratégica de los países según su condición de derrotados o triunfadores a establecer las posibles causas de la crisis que años mas tarde golpeará al mundo junto con las implicancias que esto trae aparejado

Master's thesis deals with area of corporate public relations during conflict or crisis situations. Theoretical and methodological part of the thesis deals with general public relations theory, determination of target groups and instruments of public relations. It also deals with ethics of public relations and corporate social responsibility. Characterization of crisis situations follows, with typology of crises and crisis public relations strategy. The practical part of the thesis describes crisis public relations of concrete corporation with proposals for solution. The last chapter, based on these proposals, summarizes general recommendations for corporate public relations in conflict and crisis situations.

by Ma Ngok. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1990. / Bibliography: leaves [168]-[172] / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.i / ABSTRACTS --- p.iii / LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.v / INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- CRISIS AND DEVELOPMENT´ؤ A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1 --- What is a Crisis? --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2 --- Crisis and Development --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3 --- The Crisis Mechanism --- p.8 / Chapter 1.4 --- A Synthesis --- p.12 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- METHODOLOGY --- p.16 / Chapter 2.1 --- The Case of Hungary --- p.16 / Chapter 2.2 --- The Time Frame --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3 --- Major Variables and Operationalisation --- p.20 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- "HUNGARY, 1950-56" --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Stalinist Era as Antecedent System --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- The Ruling Coalition --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- The Development Strategy --- p.24 / Chapter 3.2 --- The New Course Period --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Resources and Coalitions --- p.27 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- The Development Strategy --- p.31 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- The New Course as Environmental Change --- p.32 / Chapter 3.3 --- Further Environmental Changes --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- The Opposition in the Making --- p.33 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- The Accelerators --- p.36 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- "THE CRISIS STAGE, OCTOBER 23 TO NOVEMBER 4" --- p.39 / Chapter 4.1 --- "October 23-25, Stalinists Still in Power" --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- The Course of Events --- p.40 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Coalitions and Resources --- p.42 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Coalitions and Positions --- p.47 / Chapter 4.2 --- "October 26-28, A Period of Transition" --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- The Course of Events --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Coalitions and Resources --- p.54 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Coalitions and Positions --- p.57 / Chapter 4.3 --- "October 28 to November 4, Seven Days of Freedom" --- p.61 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- The Course of Events --- p.62 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Change in Resource Distribution --- p.66 / Chapter 4.3.3 --- The Councils and Nagy's Turn --- p.68 / Chapter 4.3.4 --- The Soviet Decision --- p.72 / Chapter 4.3.5 --- The Kadar Decision --- p.76 / Chapter 4.4 --- A Recapitulation --- p.80 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Resources and Coalition Reformation --- p.80 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- The Role of Coercive Resources --- p.81 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Issue Polarisation --- p.83 / Chapter CHAPTER FIVE --- "EARLY POST-REVOLUTIONARY HUNGARY, 1957-1965" --- p.87 / Chapter 5.1 --- The Politics of Restoration --- p.87 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Coalitions and Resources --- p.87 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- The Reigning Ideology --- p.93 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Political Restraints of Reform --- p.98 / Chapter 5.2 --- The Economic Reforms --- p.100 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- The Major Reform Directions --- p.101 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- The Nature of Reform --- p.104 / Chapter 5.3 --- Political Restraints and Nature of Reform --- p.106 / Chapter CHAPTER SIX --- CONCLUSION --- p.109 / Chapter 6.1 --- Analysis of the Hungarian Crisis --- p.109 / Chapter 6.2 --- Crisis and Development in Hungary --- p.111 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- The Posterisis Environment --- p.111 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Effects on Early Postcrisis Stage --- p.112 / Chapter 6.2.3 --- Effects on Further Reforms --- p.114 / Chapter 6.3 --- Crisis and Development--A Theoretical Discussion --- p.118 / Chapter 6.3.1 --- Methodological Considerations --- p.118 / Chapter 6.3.2 --- The Uniqueness of the Hungarian Case --- p.119 / Chapter 6.3.3 --- An Explanatory Framework --- p.122 / EPILOGUE --- p.127 / NOTES --- p.129 / BIBLIOGRAPHY / APPENDICES

by Sou Meng Kei, Yu Cheng Yuan, Yung Yin Ting, Evelyn. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [83-85]). / ABSTRACT --- p.ii / LIST OF APPENDICES --- p.iii / ACKNOWLEGMENTS --- p.iv / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.v / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Literature Review --- p.2 / Objectives --- p.4 / Definition of Terms --- p.4 / Background Information --- p.6 / Secondary School in Hong Kong --- p.6 / Existing Guidelines on School Crisis Management --- p.8 / Common Crisis-prone Teenage Problems in Hong Kong --- p.9 / Recent School Crises in Hong Kong --- p.10 / Significance of Study --- p.11 / Chapter II. --- METHODOLOGY --- p.12 / Research Design --- p.12 / Description of the Sample --- p.13 / Definition of Grouping Items --- p.14 / Definition of Constructs and Their Relationship --- p.16 / Chapter III. --- LIMITATION --- p.18 / Chapter IV --- DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION --- p.20 / General Findings --- p.20 / Comparative Findings --- p.34 / Additional Statistical Findings --- p.50 / Chapter V --- RECOMMENDATIONS & IMPLICATIONS --- p.52 / Chapter VI --- CONCLUSION --- p.57 / APPENDIX / BIBLIOGRAPHY

The thesis examines a mediated crisis and how The Straits Times and The Australian approach the reporting of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS). It looks at how this mediated crisis exemplifies the culture of the national newspaper and in turn how the national newspaper has an historical influence on the national psyche. A total of 649 reports and headlines and 141 letters about SARS in The Straits Times (including The Straits Time Interactive) were examined from April 2003 to November 2003 as were 125 headlines from The Australian. The early sections of the thesis discuss how a crisis makes news; examine how the media report a crisis and what emphasis is given to aspects such as: actors, primary definers, vocabulary, lexical choices, subjects, themes, issues and value dimension or stance. The first chapter defines crisis, journalism and crisis journalism and discusses where the latter sits within the continuing expansion and development of major theoretical frameworks, including living in a risk society. The implication here is that crisis and risk have a symbiotic relationship. Historical perspectives of news are discussed in Chapter 2, and the newspaper is placed within the context of contemporary media. The chapter discusses how newspapers are aligned with the concept of the national mind and demonstrates the roles and formations of the two newspapers in relation to the SARS crisis. Chapter 3 codes the headlines, article titles and subtitles of The Straits Times and The Australian and using content analysis of the headlines, analyses the reporting of a serious health crisis SARS that lasted from March to November, 2003. The quantification within content analysis enables a researcher to read and interpret questions that relate to the intensity of meaning in texts, their social impact, the relationships between media texts and the realities and representations they reflect (Hansen et al, 1998). The theory and method of content analysis is used in this chapter to consider differences between The Straits Times and The Australian and to exemplify the media’s representation of the narratives of SARS as it happened in the countries of Singapore and Australia. Aspects of crisis and risk, the newspaper and the national mind, narratives, presentations, and post SARS events are discussed in the last chapter. It is concluded from these discussions there is a world narrative that tells the story of how the human condition likes to live and rely on a safe social environment always being available. The relationship between a mediated crisis and risk are also discussed. In addition, it is maintained that reporting in 2003 was not just about SARS but a way of reporting that allowed one to view journalism as an aid to good governance, particularly with regard to living in a risk and crisis-ridden society.

<p>Vi och alla runt omkring oss drabbas av kriser, både som individer och som deltagare i grupper. Men vad innebär det när ett företag drabbas, vad kan vara en företagskris?</p><p>Syftet med denna rapport är att belysa vad som är en företagskris enligt vissa aktörer i hotellbranschen. Vi använder oss av aktörsynsättet eftersom det innebär att det är individerna som skapar sina egna verkligheter och att dessa verkligheter inte är bestående. För vår del innebär det att den definition av företagskriser som vi får från de personer vi intervjuar inte är en generell definition utan den gäller för just dessa aktörer just nu.</p><p>För att genomföra studien har vi tagit del av teorier inom bl.a. företagsekonomi och psykologi. Dessutom har vi intervjuat fem personer som arbetar på olika hotell i Gävleborgs län.</p><p>Det finns nästan lika många uppfattningar om vad en företagskris är som det finns teoretiker, men alla definitioner har vissa gemensamma beröringspunkter. Om vi utgår från teoretikernas uppfattning av företagskriser så är en företagskris en oväntad förändring som hotar företagets existens och som måste lösas under tidspress.</p><p>Även aktörernas olika innebörder på ordet kris har gemensamma drag, vår tolkning av deras svar är att en företagskris är en plötslig och allvarlig händelse som inte hör till den dagliga verksamheten. Dock finns det vissa skillnader i exakt vad aktörerna lägger in i sin innebörd.</p><p>Det finns många olika tolkningar av vad som är det bästa sättet att hantera en företagskris på, men de flesta teoretiker verkar anse att det viktigaste är att förebygga företagskriser så att de överhuvudtaget inte inträffar. Även om en del av forskarna anser att en företagskris kan vara något positivt som ger aktörer i ett företag en möjlighet att förändra företaget samt visa upp sin återhämtningsförmåga.</p><p>Något som vi började tänka på under arbetet med uppsatsen är hur mycket handlingsplaner och krisberedskap det finns i samhället. Främst tänkte vi på alla handlingsplaner för hur människor ska agera vid bränder. I de flesta allmänna utrymmen finns nödutgångar utmarkerade. I grundskolan åker eleverna till brandstationer och får utbildning i hur de ska göra vid en brand och på arbetsplatser genomförs det regelbundna brandövningar. Men det finns så mycket mer i samhället, t.ex. på flygplan och färjor finns det information om flytvästar och när de ska användas.</p><p>Den största lärdomen vi har fått från detta uppsatsarbete är hur individuellt allt är. Det gäller inte bara vilken innebörd ordet företagskris har eller uppfattningen om det bästa sättet att hantera företagskriser på utan det gäller allt i livet. Hur du väljer att agera i en viss situation är upp till dig och beror på de förutsättningar samt erfarenheter som du har.</p> / <p>We all experience and are affected by crises, both as individuals and as part of groups. But what does it means when a company is affected, what can be considered a company crisis?</p><p>The purpose of this rapport is to try to clarify what a company crisis is according to the actors of the hotel sector. We use an actor perspective since it views individuals as creators of their own reality and these realities aren’t permanent. For our study this means that the definition of company crises that we attain from the people we interview isn’t a general one, shared by the general public, but a definition that is only true for these people at this very moment.</p><p>To undertake the study we studied litterateur in among others business administration and psychology. In addition to this we have interview five people from different hotels in Gävleborgs län.</p><p>There are as many views on what a company crisis is as there are theorists but all definitions have some similarities. If we start with the theorists’ viewpoint, a company crisis is an unexpected change that threatens the very existence of the company and that needs to be resolved under time pressure.</p><p>The different meanings of the word crisis from the actors’ viewpoint also have some common features; our interpretation of their answers is that a company crisis is a sudden and serious event that’s not a part of the daily routines. There are however some differences in the individual actors’ specific meanings.</p><p>There are many different interpretations of what is the best way to handle a company crisis, but most of the theorists seem to believe that the most important factor is to prevent company crises from occurring at all. Even if some of these scientists believe that a company crisis can be something positive that give the actors in a company an opportunity to change the company and show their resilience.</p><p>Something that we have thought about during the course of this thesis is how many action plans and how much crisis preparation there are in today’s society. We are thinking foremost of all the action plans there are for how people should handle fires. In most public buildings there are EXIT-signs marking the fire exists. In compulsory school students make field trips to fire stations and get educated in how to act in case of a fire. Companies have fire drills with its employees on regular bases. But there is so much more out there, for instance information is given to passengers on board air planes and ferries on where the life vest are and on how to put them on.</p><p>The biggest insight this thesis have given us is how individual everything is. It doesn’t just apply to the meaning of the word crisis or how best to handle a company crisis but really everything in life. How you choose to act in a particular situation is up to you and depends on your knowledge and experience.</p>

Vi och alla runt omkring oss drabbas av kriser, både som individer och som deltagare i grupper. Men vad innebär det när ett företag drabbas, vad kan vara en företagskris? Syftet med denna rapport är att belysa vad som är en företagskris enligt vissa aktörer i hotellbranschen. Vi använder oss av aktörsynsättet eftersom det innebär att det är individerna som skapar sina egna verkligheter och att dessa verkligheter inte är bestående. För vår del innebär det att den definition av företagskriser som vi får från de personer vi intervjuar inte är en generell definition utan den gäller för just dessa aktörer just nu. För att genomföra studien har vi tagit del av teorier inom bl.a. företagsekonomi och psykologi. Dessutom har vi intervjuat fem personer som arbetar på olika hotell i Gävleborgs län. Det finns nästan lika många uppfattningar om vad en företagskris är som det finns teoretiker, men alla definitioner har vissa gemensamma beröringspunkter. Om vi utgår från teoretikernas uppfattning av företagskriser så är en företagskris en oväntad förändring som hotar företagets existens och som måste lösas under tidspress. Även aktörernas olika innebörder på ordet kris har gemensamma drag, vår tolkning av deras svar är att en företagskris är en plötslig och allvarlig händelse som inte hör till den dagliga verksamheten. Dock finns det vissa skillnader i exakt vad aktörerna lägger in i sin innebörd. Det finns många olika tolkningar av vad som är det bästa sättet att hantera en företagskris på, men de flesta teoretiker verkar anse att det viktigaste är att förebygga företagskriser så att de överhuvudtaget inte inträffar. Även om en del av forskarna anser att en företagskris kan vara något positivt som ger aktörer i ett företag en möjlighet att förändra företaget samt visa upp sin återhämtningsförmåga. Något som vi började tänka på under arbetet med uppsatsen är hur mycket handlingsplaner och krisberedskap det finns i samhället. Främst tänkte vi på alla handlingsplaner för hur människor ska agera vid bränder. I de flesta allmänna utrymmen finns nödutgångar utmarkerade. I grundskolan åker eleverna till brandstationer och får utbildning i hur de ska göra vid en brand och på arbetsplatser genomförs det regelbundna brandövningar. Men det finns så mycket mer i samhället, t.ex. på flygplan och färjor finns det information om flytvästar och när de ska användas. Den största lärdomen vi har fått från detta uppsatsarbete är hur individuellt allt är. Det gäller inte bara vilken innebörd ordet företagskris har eller uppfattningen om det bästa sättet att hantera företagskriser på utan det gäller allt i livet. Hur du väljer att agera i en viss situation är upp till dig och beror på de förutsättningar samt erfarenheter som du har. / We all experience and are affected by crises, both as individuals and as part of groups. But what does it means when a company is affected, what can be considered a company crisis? The purpose of this rapport is to try to clarify what a company crisis is according to the actors of the hotel sector. We use an actor perspective since it views individuals as creators of their own reality and these realities aren’t permanent. For our study this means that the definition of company crises that we attain from the people we interview isn’t a general one, shared by the general public, but a definition that is only true for these people at this very moment. To undertake the study we studied litterateur in among others business administration and psychology. In addition to this we have interview five people from different hotels in Gävleborgs län. There are as many views on what a company crisis is as there are theorists but all definitions have some similarities. If we start with the theorists’ viewpoint, a company crisis is an unexpected change that threatens the very existence of the company and that needs to be resolved under time pressure. The different meanings of the word crisis from the actors’ viewpoint also have some common features; our interpretation of their answers is that a company crisis is a sudden and serious event that’s not a part of the daily routines. There are however some differences in the individual actors’ specific meanings. There are many different interpretations of what is the best way to handle a company crisis, but most of the theorists seem to believe that the most important factor is to prevent company crises from occurring at all. Even if some of these scientists believe that a company crisis can be something positive that give the actors in a company an opportunity to change the company and show their resilience. Something that we have thought about during the course of this thesis is how many action plans and how much crisis preparation there are in today’s society. We are thinking foremost of all the action plans there are for how people should handle fires. In most public buildings there are EXIT-signs marking the fire exists. In compulsory school students make field trips to fire stations and get educated in how to act in case of a fire. Companies have fire drills with its employees on regular bases. But there is so much more out there, for instance information is given to passengers on board air planes and ferries on where the life vest are and on how to put them on. The biggest insight this thesis have given us is how individual everything is. It doesn’t just apply to the meaning of the word crisis or how best to handle a company crisis but really everything in life. How you choose to act in a particular situation is up to you and depends on your knowledge and experience.

Throughout the last three decades there has been a shift in the provision of crisis services from the hospital to the community (Joy, Adams, & Rice, 2007). Further, the needs of individuals experiencing crises differ, making it essential that these community organizations are able to adapt to each client that they serve (Krupa, Stuart, Mathany, Smart, & Chen, 2010). Program evaluations are one way to determine if, and how, best services are being provided. Using a utilization-focused (Patton, 1997) process evaluation (Stufflebeam & Shinkfield, 2007) framework, the purpose of this study was to explore client perspectives on the services that they are receiving from Crisis Management Service (CMS). Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 14 participants based on questions generated with CMS staff support. Using the general inductive approach (Thomas, 2006), transcripts were analyzed and eight dimensions emerged. The results illustrate client experiences with CMS, client perspectives on the care that they are receiving from CMS, and the benefits they are receiving from being involved with CMS. However, the findings also indicate, that participants would like to change some elements of the program (e.g., having more constant support and having more finances). This study provides valuable insight on clients’ perspectives, particularly that of vulnerable clients in crisis situations, an area that is not extensively researched. This research may also benefit individuals in helping professions as it highlights the effects of working from a strength-based model with at-risk individuals, and the need to engage clients in their move to a healthier lifestyle.

Title:Marketing mix in banking in the time of global financial crisis. Purpose:The purpose of this study is to gain better understanding of banks‟ marketing mix in the time of a global financial crisis. Theoretical framework:The theoretical framework presents a review of selected theories of marketing mix and crisis management, the focus on marketing mix in banking and marketing mix in the time of a crisis. Method:This is a qualitative research, with a deductive approach. The research has a form of multiple case study. Empirical Framework:The empirical data have been obtained through interviews and secondary data research. Analysis:The empirical data have been compared with the theoretical framework. The changes of marketing mix trough those phases are analyzed – separately for Sweden and Estonia, by doing two within-case analysis. This is followed by a cross-case analysis. Findings:The global financial crisis resulted in a two-stages crisis for Swedbank. Marketing mix has been used actively by the company while overcoming the impact of the crisis. Depending on the type of the crisis, different marketing mix elements can contribute to the battle against the crisis. The marketing mix changes over different stages of the crisis, because of both internal and external factors.