The study is based on the financial statistics published by the Financial Supervisory Commission (FSC) to analysis the behavior of Taiwan credit cardholders after the dual card crisis and the global financial storm. In the meantime, the data as of September and November 2008 is applied to examine the impact of credit cardholders in different segments who have cash needs after the regulation implementation. The study concludes that: 1. The behavior of credit cardholders impacted by the dual card crisis and the global financial storm Using various statistical charts and one-way ANOVA analysis can be found that after the dual card crisis and global financial storm, the revolving credit balance of credit card market reduced year by year. Obviously, a correct concept of card usage is established gradually. Cardholders should not only enjoy the convenience of credit card, but also control the burden of over spending. 2. The cash advance amount deteriorated due to FSC regulation implementation After a series of guided actions launched by FSC, people no longer rely on credit card as a financing tool but treat it as a payment implement. The amount of cash advance shrink while the cardholders who have cash advance need get financing from personal loan. 3. The impact is various between each segment by regulation Using Independent-Sample T Test, it is found that there are no significant differences in credit card cash advance features for cardholders who have debt burden ratio greater than 22 times of the monthly income, the internal employee, and cardholders whose credit line is greater than NT$800,000.

Kaohsiung Harbor is located on the strategic point among Northeast , Southeast Asia and the Chinese Mainland. It¡¦s not only the largest international business harbor in our country but also the sixth largest container harbor in the world. Recently, with the rapid expansion of economy and the revolution of industrial promotion in our country, the variety and quantity of importing and exporting chemicals (dangerous goods) also increase rapidly. For example, the total amount of imports and exports of chemicals and related industrial products in 2004, has reached 9,074,295 tons. Besides the busy intercourse of all kinds of ships in the harbor area, the goods loading and unloading are also very complicated. If anything disastrous occurs, it will cause a serious influence on the operation of the whole harbor, including 1. the damage of public wealth 2. the responsibility of goods damage 3. the risk of suspending operation in the harbor 4. the reputation of an international harbor 5. the influence on national economy. If the disaster of dangerous goods spreads, it will cause enormous influences in many fields. It can even threat the lives and health of the residents nearby. Therefore, almost every port has special wharves for different purpose and special warehouse areas. They should also standardize related safe operation procedures to reduce the unexpected occurances or reduce the damage as little as possible while the disaster occurs. In Kaohsiung harbor, they should build public wharves for dangerous goods, special wharves for oil products, rent wharves for petrochemical companies and special warehouse districts. Within these wharf districts , how to enhance the crisis consciousness and management as well as the operation security of all the petrochemical companies has become a very important topic. It¡¦s really necessary to take a deep research and find out where the dangerous factor is so that they can make sure serious chemical disasters can be completely avoided, not to endanger the security of the harbor area and the lives of the residents nearby. Kaohsiung city and country are the heavy industry centers of Southern Taiwan. The petrochemical industry is flourishing and all of the raw materials they need are imported to Kaohsiung harbor by special ships and then pumped into different kinds of dangerous goods storage tanks through pipes. Finally, delivered to the factories by tank cars. At present, the total number of storage tank in Kaohsiung harbor has reached 512, and the overall capacity is 43,160,940 tons, belong to twelve companies that engage in the operation of dangerous goods tanks. The main purpose of this research is to discuss the crisis consciousness and management about the disaster invention and treatment of the companies that engage in the operation of dangerous goods storage tanks in Kaohsiung harbor area. This research also discussed the practical operations and current condition analysis of every stage¡Asuch as crisis invention and sense of risk. It¡¦s purpose is to find out where the problem is and provide references for¡]both¡^the manage department of Kaohsiung harbor¡]and¡^the private companies that engage in the operation of dangerous good storage tanks. It can avoid the disaster from occurring or once the urgent accidents occurs, it can also provide prompt and effective treatment to reduce the damage and protect the health and the security for both the members in the harbor area and residents nearby. This research is based on the review and discussion of literatures as well as the questionnaires. Through the discussion of literatures, we can understand the meanings of disaster crisis managements and the related theories, operation methods of crisis prevention, preparation and response. With the help of questionnaires, we can analyze and discuss the shortages of managements on crisis prevention and response for the companies that engage in the operation of dangerous goods storage tanks in Kaohsiung harbor area. Moreover, it provides the best suggestion to disaster prevention, enhances the disaster prevention ability of the companies that engage in the operation of dangerous goods storage tanks in Kaohsiung harbor area and raises the overall ability in crisis response.

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Master Thesis within Business Administration Title: Decision-Makers behind Effective Crisis Management: An industry comparison of a crisis prepared approach among Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises Author: Renée Löwhagen Tutor: Angelika Löfgren Date: May, 2015 Key words: Crises, Crisis Management, Crisis preparedness, SME, Managerial decision-making Abstract Problem. The world is in an era with technological advancements, shorter business cycles and a growing competition that requires constant organizational changes in order for or-ganizations to stay on track. Uncertainty in the business world is therefore higher than ev-er. With respect to Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises (SMEs) and their central role in the European economy, it is of high relevance of today’s researchers to adopt the perspec-tive of these businesses to take on a more crisis prepared approach. Purpose. The focus of this study is to investigate the perception of the concepts of crisis and crisis management among SMEs’ managers in different industries in Sweden. Moreover, this study intends to develop an understanding of the decision-making behind a crisis pre-pared approach of different industries of SMEs. Method. This research employs a multi-methodical qualitative research approach in which, in-depth interviews with owner-managers of SMEs and a crisis expert have been conduct-ed. Results. This study indicates that there may be a lack of insight regarding the core meaning of crises and crisis management among the SMEs’ managers studied. Crises and crisis management was found to be perceived in a similar way among all the managers in the study. Crises were perceived as involving the personnel and safety issues of the business-es. Crisis Management, was understood as the management of an already occurred crisis, rather than the preparation for potential crises. A deficiency was found among the busi-nesses regarding crisis preparations. This seemed to be related to resource restrictions and a general lack of research about this topic in the context of SMEs. The study indicates that SME managers do not always make formal decisions regarding crisis preparations. In the cases where the SME managers of the study had prepared plans and strategies for how to handle crises, these had emerged as a gradual process rather than from decisions taken in this matter.

This thesis examines the diversity of print news media frames during different stages of a crisis to enhance a model of media crisis communication, based on a framing analysis of the British print news media’s coverage of the Maldives after the Indian Ocean tsunami disaster of 2004. The tourism sector is vulnerable to disasters and crises with a series of recent events ranging from natural disasters and epidemics to terrorists attacks, many of which have had devastating impacts on the economy of destinations. In 2004, one such event of significance for the tourism industry was the 9.2 magnitude earthquake that hit the coast of northwest Sumatra, unleashing a tsunami that destroyed coastal areas in the Indian Ocean region including the Maldives. This disaster led to extensive media coverage, and has highlighted the importance of immediate and strategic communications after a crisis such as this tsunami. This research adopts the theory of framing and applies it during a tourism crisis situation. There is a lack of knowledge about the process of framing in crisis communications in the tourism literature, especially as it relates to the implications for planning and managing a tourism destination during and after a crisis situation. Previous literature on the framing by the media of tourism events and issues has focused on travel articles, advertising and promotion messages. This thesis finds that framing theory is also useful to identify how the news media responds during a crisis and how that knowledge could help improve tourism crisis management. This study analyzes the print news media regarding Maldives tourism in the aftermath of the tsunami crisis, and evaluates the diversity of frames used by the British news media in different stages of a crisis to enable the enhancement of a media crisis communications model in a tourism related context. This research is underpinned by constructivism with an interpretive orientation with the strategy of inquiry based on a qualitative case study method, and aims to understand aspects of the social and cultural contexts interrelating media and tourism. The framing analysis uses newspaper articles from the British press between December 26, 2004 and December 31, 2005 inclusive. The research uses content analysis of the news stories within a framing analysis paradigm, identifying both the diversity of frames used at different times after a disaster or crisis and the media phases that correspond to the last four stages of Faulkner’s (2001) tourism disaster management framework. The framing analysis reveals how the frames change during the different stages of the crisis and contributes to theory development in the areas of media effects, news discourse and crisis management as well as offering practical advice on tourism destination marketing during a crisis situation. The findings from this research contribute to the theory of framing by finding that during the coverage of crises where events are changing rapidly the media frames also change and different frames become predominant during the stages of a crisis. The findings also contribute to the literature on news discourse by providing evidence on the evolution of news discourse concerning a crisis situation over an extended period. By examining the news media crisis communication language as used at various stages of a crisis, the findings reveal that the media’s response and the frames they use differ over time as a crisis evolves, and that this enables the identification of different media roles during a crisis and crisis communication action stages. The result is a model that contributes to theoretical knowledge in media effects research, news discourse and crisis communications.

This thesis examines the diversity of print news media frames during different stages of a crisis to enhance a model of media crisis communication, based on a framing analysis of the British print news media’s coverage of the Maldives after the Indian Ocean tsunami disaster of 2004. The tourism sector is vulnerable to disasters and crises with a series of recent events ranging from natural disasters and epidemics to terrorists attacks, many of which have had devastating impacts on the economy of destinations. In 2004, one such event of significance for the tourism industry was the 9.2 magnitude earthquake that hit the coast of northwest Sumatra, unleashing a tsunami that destroyed coastal areas in the Indian Ocean region including the Maldives. This disaster led to extensive media coverage, and has highlighted the importance of immediate and strategic communications after a crisis such as this tsunami. This research adopts the theory of framing and applies it during a tourism crisis situation. There is a lack of knowledge about the process of framing in crisis communications in the tourism literature, especially as it relates to the implications for planning and managing a tourism destination during and after a crisis situation. Previous literature on the framing by the media of tourism events and issues has focused on travel articles, advertising and promotion messages. This thesis finds that framing theory is also useful to identify how the news media responds during a crisis and how that knowledge could help improve tourism crisis management. This study analyzes the print news media regarding Maldives tourism in the aftermath of the tsunami crisis, and evaluates the diversity of frames used by the British news media in different stages of a crisis to enable the enhancement of a media crisis communications model in a tourism related context. This research is underpinned by constructivism with an interpretive orientation with the strategy of inquiry based on a qualitative case study method, and aims to understand aspects of the social and cultural contexts interrelating media and tourism. The framing analysis uses newspaper articles from the British press between December 26, 2004 and December 31, 2005 inclusive. The research uses content analysis of the news stories within a framing analysis paradigm, identifying both the diversity of frames used at different times after a disaster or crisis and the media phases that correspond to the last four stages of Faulkner’s (2001) tourism disaster management framework. The framing analysis reveals how the frames change during the different stages of the crisis and contributes to theory development in the areas of media effects, news discourse and crisis management as well as offering practical advice on tourism destination marketing during a crisis situation. The findings from this research contribute to the theory of framing by finding that during the coverage of crises where events are changing rapidly the media frames also change and different frames become predominant during the stages of a crisis. The findings also contribute to the literature on news discourse by providing evidence on the evolution of news discourse concerning a crisis situation over an extended period. By examining the news media crisis communication language as used at various stages of a crisis, the findings reveal that the media’s response and the frames they use differ over time as a crisis evolves, and that this enables the identification of different media roles during a crisis and crisis communication action stages. The result is a model that contributes to theoretical knowledge in media effects research, news discourse and crisis communications.

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1989. / Also available in print.

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The global financial crisis has had a strong impact on most European countries. While at first the massive injection of resources helped the financial system not to collapse, the austerity policies implemented throughout the continent have not brought the expected economic growth. Interestingly, the type of intervention undertaken is rooted in the neoclassical tradition, which entails a specific understanding of the functioning of the financial system and the economy. In this context, the objectives of this paper are firstly, to analyze the main theoretical assumptions and the specific way in which the crisis is understood and the applied economic policies are developed under this tradition; and secondly, to account for the social and economic impact of the policies applied, and the different margins of action that each European country still has. / La crisis financiera global ha tenido un fuerte impacto en las economías europeas centrales y fundamentalmente en las periféricas. Si bien en un primer momento, la masiva inyección de recursos logró que el sistema financiero no colapse, las políticas de austeridad aplicadas no han podido consolidar las dinámicas de crecimiento esperadas. Lo interesante del tipo de intervención desarrollada, es que las medidas han sido justificadas en base a una serie de trabajos teóricos que presentan una visión particular del funcionamiento del sistema financiero y de la economía. Eneste contexto, los objetivos del presente trabajo son por un lado, analizar los principales supuestos teóricos y modo específico de entender a la crisis que han fundamentado las políticas económicas aplicadas; y por el otro, dar cuenta del impacto económico y social de estas medidas intentando dar cuenta los diferentes márgenes de acción que aún hoy poseen los países europeos.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / El documento digital no refiere asesor / Explica por qué la crisis económica mundial de 2008 impactó en la evolución de la economía peruana durante el periodo 2008-2014, circunscribiéndose a la evolución de las cifras macroeconómicas, desarrollo económico y la calidad de vida de la población. Partiendo de éste objetivo, se efectuó nuestro análisis descriptivo en la correspondencia de las variables y se emplearon dos acercamientos basados en el análisis de regresión y en el cálculo del coeficiente de correlación. Todo ello arrojó como principal resultado que se excluye que el nexo entre la evolución y crecimiento del PBI peruano con relación al periodo 2008-2014 y la crisis de 2008 sea nula, y de hecho según el modelo ARIMA se halla evidencia de una relación negativa entre este período y la economía nacional, reforzando nuestro supuesto. No obstante, también es importante destacar que al no haber una significancia individual, la relación no ha sido necesariamente directa o inmediata, sino que se presentó con rezagos en la economía peruana. De este modo, se concluyó que los fenómenos económicos sucedidos a una escala macro afectan a la economía global, y dado que hoy en día Perú es parte de ella, siempre será afectado ya sea por los beneficios o los perjuicios que puedan suceder. No obstante, el grado de incidencia dependerá de las relaciones y tratados que pueda tener. / Tesis