Thesis (M. Soc. Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-112).

Thesis (M.Soc.Sc.)--University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 107-112) Also available in print.

published_or_final_version / Criminology / Master / Master of Social Sciences

從經濟學觀點來看，由中華民國臺灣地區國民經濟動向統計季報(行政院主計處，民87，頁18)得知，臺灣國內生產毛額等於民間消費加政府消費加固定資本形成毛額加存貨增加再加上出口與進口之差額，其公式如右：Y= C+I+G+(X-M)。由此公式中的民間消費額(C)部份是與信用卡之消費金額息息相關，並從民國五十六年來臺灣國內生產毛額至逾百分之七以上年增率持續成長，民間消費額歷年則逾百分之六年增率在持續增加中(行政院主計處，民87，頁18)。而金融自動化服務機器歷年交易金額激增，其金額幾乎與民間消費金額有愈明顯接近之趨勢，如此顯示臺灣目前主要仍以現金為主要交易方式。所以，就信用卡業務而言，卻是一項業務推展的利基所在。 　　隨著資訊科技軟、硬體的進步，消費金融服務業所能提供服務商品與工具亦跟著改變，而信用卡在消費金融服務業內逐漸展露其頭角，扮演著舉足輕重角色。信用卡不但帶來消費之便利，更使金錢調度更為靈活，並由於國際通訊的普及，使信用卡可跨越國界，其不但取代現金，且比現金與其他任何支付工具，具備更多的功能。又消費金融服務業赋予信用卡有信用之功能，提供持卡人一種身分地位之表徵，促使信用卡躍身而成消費金融服務業的新寵兒。自民國七十九年，由於民營銀行及外國銀行逐漸開放設立，且國民生活水準不斷地提昇，促使信用卡漸漸成為人人必備的支付工具之一，在商業及服務性事業中金流部份扮演著極為重要角色。 　　近年來隨著臺灣金融政策的改變，自民國八十年起開始設立的商業銀行並陸續開放外國機構及銀行在本國進行信用卡業務，促使臺灣目前已有五十三家信用卡發卡機構，且進入信用卡高度競爭階段，外國發卡機構尤以新進入市場者有限公司、英商渣打銀行、香港上海滙豐銀行、美國商業銀行、美國運通國際股份有限公司到去年底才加入的荷商荷蘭銀行、馬來西亞商全球信用卡公司與已核准正在籌備階段的美商奇異信用卡公司，其中非銀行體系專業發卡機構增加，從其間更值得研究與進一步了解其如何掌握優勢進入市場。 　　從金融局統計提要 (財政部金融局統計室，民87，頁84-87)顯示，國際性五大品牌VISA CARD、MASTER CARD、JCB CARD、DINERS CARD and AMERICAN EXPRESS CARD，於民國八十三年起已齊聚臺灣。再加上臺灣自行研發之聯合信用卡與IC金融卡，共計臺灣信用卡業務，根據該統計目前已發行七大品牌，臺灣信用卡總發卡量截至民國八十六年底，已過一千三百一十三萬一千張；流通卡量已逾七百七十九萬七千張；而且簽帳金額超過37,069百萬元，歷年來成長快速，其中花旗銀行發行威士、萬事達卡與大來卡簽帳金額超過六十四億元，居臺灣之冠，給該銀行帶來不錯之利潤。再就人力資源統計月報(行政院主計處，民87，頁108)統計，至今年二月之臺灣地區十五歲以上之人口約有一千六百三十五萬人，可見距一人平均持一張信用卡有成長空間。相繼世界知名四大外國機構更挾持著其各自之資源與信用卡豐富之發卡經驗，陸續進入臺灣信用卡市場。由此可見，將有五十三家之發卡機構進入臺灣信用卡發卡之競爭激戰中。綜觀各式傳播媒體出現各個發卡機構之各式促銷活動，自送黃金、鑽石到手錶等，以及各種的紅利或回饋計畫，無不卯足勁吸引消費者持卡、增加使用頻率與簽帳金額。再看世界其他信用卡持卡情況來看，香港平均每人持卡1.8張，美國人每人約持卡四到五張之信用卡(Pawlyna 1996，p.46-48)，可確定的是臺灣信用卡市場之發卡空間仍大有可為。 再者就信用卡發卡機構而言，產品均由國際品牌(VISA、MASTER & JCB)、聯合信用卡、IC金融卡提供品牌授權，在信用卡所提供給持卡人之基本功能及優惠均相同，亦即消費者站在起跑點均等基礎上，如何突顯發卡機構本身之特色與建立相對之持久性競爭優勢地位，即成為發卡機構策略擬定之核心。然而一企業良好績效決定性因素之一，即為策略(Hill and Jones，1995： p.3)，如何能在競爭環境態勢中擬定優於主要競爭者的進入策略，成為各個外國信用卡發卡機構值得重視的課題。具體而言有下列值得探討的問題。 一、信用卡帶給消費性金融服務業豐碩之市場與利潤空間，影響消費性金融服務業之發展，甚而外國機構並非本土型企業卻能在信用卡市場佔有一席之地，值得研究與深思的課題。 二、信用卡提供便利性、信用及短期融資等功能，改變消費者消費習慣，消費者因強力促銷造成消費增加或行為改變，所以影響消費者、各種服務性事業經營之策略與績效甚鉅。 三、信用卡業務亦屬於一種消費金融服務性事業，外國發卡機構所面對持卡人亦為一般消費大眾居多，發卡機構常與特約商店、大型連鎖體系或其他產業之企業採取策略聯盟，進行聯合促銷活動，造成信用卡市場與該產業間的競爭態勢，故其進入策略亦可供其相關消費性服務事業經營者與決策者在進人市場時之參考與省思，具有重大研究價值。

Three decades ago, the first securitization product was introduced to the investing public in the United States by federal agencies and similar products showed up in Taiwan in 2002. It is a brand new concept for investors in Taiwan and material differences between the west and the east should be considered thoroughly. This research focus on must-knows and critical techniques of securitization of credit card receivables in Taiwan. The researcher discovered that, the competitiveness of originators is one crucial factor for credit card securitization to survive during serious conditions. Without the ability to refill declining credit card receivables in asset pool of securitization transactions, early amortization will be triggered and that’s where case closed. Cash flow forecasting model is another important player in credit card securitization. By predicting future cash flows needed and generated, originators can reap the most profit. However, the variables in this magic model are not easy to find. Through multiple analyses and one simulated case, the researcher found that the most important factors are yield rate, loss rate, repurchase rate, and monthly payment rate. / Three decades ago, the first securitization product was introduced to the investing public in the United States by federal agencies and similar products showed up in Taiwan in 2002. It is a brand new concept for investors in Taiwan and material differences between the west and the east should be considered thoroughly. This research focus on must-knows and critical techniques of securitization of credit card receivables in Taiwan. The researcher discovered that, the competitiveness of originators is one crucial factor for credit card securitization to survive during serious conditions. Without the ability to refill declining credit card receivables in asset pool of securitization transactions, early amortization will be triggered and that’s where case closed. Cash flow forecasting model is another important player in credit card securitization. By predicting future cash flows needed and generated, originators can reap the most profit. However, the variables in this magic model are not easy to find. Through multiple analyses and one simulated case, the researcher found that the most important factors are yield rate, loss rate, repurchase rate, and monthly payment rate.

­^¤å´£­n¡G A utility function model of individual credit card holder based on their spending behavior is constructed in this research. An accumulation of the individual utility of three different risk attitudes of cardholders may be useful for promoting the profits of credit card business for banks. Due to the privacy of cardholders and the lack of real data, a questionnaire sampling is used to collect data for this study. A result of this experimental study indicates that credit card holders with a different sex, age, level of education, asset condition, seniority, and occupation have different risk tendency. Based on 249 effective samples in this research, credit card holders who belong to females, teenagers, relatively low educated, without real estate, middle seniority, and relatively volatile occupation are more risk seeking. Relatively risk seeking credit card holders have the tendency to make use of their revolving credit and to borrow cash or to buy financial products with their credit cards. For those with three different risk attitudes, their default of credit card loans are not significantly different. The finding indicates relatively risk seeking cardholders may contribute more profits to the credit card business for banks. A risk attitude classification model built by artificial neural network has also been developed. The model may assist banks' administrators using their applicants' demographics to distinguish their risk attitude for approving an appropriate credit limit for a cardholder's expenditure to promote the total credit card profit for banks.

Past research has indicated that the visual presence of credit card images and monetary primes has an impact on an individual's actions. Feinburg (1986) reported that the magnitude and probability of spending were increased in the presence of credit card stimuli, and Vohs et al.'s (2006) series of studies demonstrated that exposed to monetary images, individuals became more self-sufficient and less willing to help others. The present study examined influence of money primes on materialism, consumer purchase intentions, and consumer attitudes. Materialism, was measured by the Richins and Dawson (1992) Material Values Scale (MVS), and was treated as both an independent variable. Consumer purchase intentions and behaviors were assessed using Attitude Toward the Ad (Henthorne, Tony, LaTour, & Nataraajan, 1993), Willingness to Buy (Dodds, Monroe, & Grewal, 1991), Willingness to Pay (Fienburg, 1986), and Attitude Toward the Brand in the Ad (Gardner, 1985). In addition, participants completed the Credit Card Use Scale (Roberts & Jones, 2001), and the Conformity Motivation Scale (Kahle). A total of 172 participants, enrolled in both undergraduate and graduate courses at SIUC, completed a two-part internet survey for extra credit. Results indicated that materialism levels were not increased when exposed to money primes (credit card and money symbols) when compared to the control group, rather the study found a significant decrease in materialism in the unhypothesized direction. In addition, the findings were unsupportive of the hypothesis that the inclusion of money primes (either credit card stimuli or monetary images) would increase an ii individual's purchase intentions and behaviors. Finally, an examination of the moderating effect of materialism produced non-significant findings, when comparing the influence of money primes between high and low materialism levels taken prior to the study's manipulations.

No description available.

Apesar de ser uma criação recente, o cartão de crédito desponta como um dos mais utilizados meios de pagamento, além de instrumento de viabilização de crédito na sociedade atual. É diferenciação relevante a ser notada entre o cartão de crédito, peça plástica, e o sistema de cartão de crédito. Enquanto o primeiro se refere apenas ao documento de legitimação, ou seja, instrumento físico capaz de demonstrar uma relação existente entre o titular do cartão e o emissor, um dos contratos que integram o sistema, o segundo é o produto dos contratos coligados que possibilitam a concretização da operação. Além do contrato já indicado, o contrato entre fornecedor e emissor e o contrato entre fornecedor e titular formam, em um modelo básico, os contratos envolvidos na operação, coligados funcionalmente, ou seja, apesar de manter sua estrutura formal segmentada, formam um conjunto que viabiliza a operação. Os contratos envolvidos, apesar da tipicidade social, com a reiteração de contratações semelhantes, abrangendo os mesmos direitos e obrigações que identificam o modelo, são legalmente atípicos, já que as prestações envolvidas não permitem identificação com os tipos legais atualmente positivados nem assemelhação que permita aplicação das regras próprias daqueles, restando, no direito brasileiro, a vigência de normas e princípios gerais aos contratos e obrigações envolvidos. Os contratos coligados demandam uma recompreensão dos princípios tradicionais dirigidos e aplicáveis aos contratos atomizados, com diversos efeitos para o estudo dos contratos de cartão de crédito e a busca de soluções, até mesmo para as tradicionais questões controvertidas. / Despite being a recent creation, credit cards rise as one of the most used means of payment, besides being instruments of credit viabilization in the current society. There is a relevant differentiation to be observed between credit cards, plastic pieces, and the credit card system. While the former only refers to the legitimation document, that is, to the physical instrument capable of evidencing a relationship existing between the card holder and the issuer, one of the contracts that integrate the system, the latter is the product of the linked contracts that allow the operation execution. Besides that already indicated contract, the contract between suppliers and issuers and the contract between suppliers and holders form, in a basic model, the contracted involved in the operation, functionally linked, that is, although keeping their formal structure segmented, they form a set that feasibilizes the operation. The involved contracts, despite the social typicity, with the reiteration of similar contractings, involving the same rights and obligations that identify the model, are legally atypical, as the considerations involved do not allow identification with the legal types currently ascertained, nor similarity allowing application of their own rules, there being, in the Brazilian laws, the validity of general norms and principles governing the contracts and obligations involved. The linked contracts require a re-understanding of the traditional principles directed towards and applicable to atomized contracts, with various effects for the study of credit card contracts and for the quest for solutions, even for traditionally controvert issues.

Empreende à análise das decisões judiciais a respeito do contrato de cartão de crédito como meio de prevenir ou tratar o superendividamento do consumidor, por ser o contrato que representa a maior dívida dos consumidores brasileiros. A pesquisa consistiu em uma revisão bibliográfica dos temas superendividamento e cartão de crédito e uma pesquisa empírica documental, das decisões do Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ). O método utilizado foi análise de conteúdo, compreendendo a elaboração de fichas de leitura previamente estabelecidas. As fichas foram catalogadas de acordo com o assunto tratado pelo acórdão. Obteve-se um total de 7 (sete) grupos de análise: ações revisionais, ações indenizatórias, ações relativas a práticas abusivas, ações de prestação de contas, ações de exibição de documentos, ações de cobrança e declaratórias de inexistência de débitos. A partir da análise dos dados, depreendeu-se as seguintes conclusões: 1. O tema superendividamento ainda não faz parte do repertório da Corte, não tendo sido nem mesmo alegado pelas partes em algum processo. 2. A maior dos processos são ações indenizatórias que discutem meramente o valor exorbitante ou irrisório da indenização. 3. As decisões da Corte são, repetidamente, obstadas pelas Súmulas 5 e 7 do STJ. 4. As revisionais tratam apenas da taxa de juros nos contratos de cartão de crédito. / Undertakes the analysis of judgments about the credit card agreement as a means of preventing or treating consumer over-indebtedness, as the contract represents the largest debt of Brazilian consumers. The research consisted of a literature review of over-indebtedness and the contract of credit card and documentary empirical research of the decisions of the Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ). The method used was content analysis, including the development of previously established reading summaries. The sumaries were listed according to the subject matter of the judgment. We obtained a total of seven (7) analysis groups: revisional actions, compensation claims, actions related to abusive practices, accountability actions, document display actions, charging actions and declaratory absence of debts. From the data analysis, the following conclusions can be surmised: 1. The over-indebtedness issue is not yet part of the Court\'s repertoire and was not even alleged by the parties in any case. 2. Most of the cases are compensation claims than merely discuss the exorbitant or negligible amount of compensation. 3. The Court\'s decisions are repeatedly hindered by Precedents 5 and 7 of the STJ. 4. Revisional actions treat only about the interest rate on credit card contracts.