O avanço no uso do cartão de crédito e sua função como instrumento de crédito afetou o padrão de consumo das famílias. O presente trabalho pretende analisar como alterações no limite de crédito e na taxa de juros do cartão de crédito afetam o consumo. A partir dos resultados obtidos com esta primeira análise, podemos verificar a validade das predições das Teorias de Consumo, como a Teoria de Renda Permanente / The advance in the credit card usage and its function as a means of credit affects the consumption of the families. This work intend to analyze how modifications in the limit and interest rate of the credit card affects their consumption. From the results obtained with this first analysis , we may verify the validity of the predictions of the Consumption Theories, as the Permanent Income Theory

Esta dissertação de mestrado tem como objetivo, elaborar um modelo de segmentação baseando-se no comportamento comprovado de consumo de clientes, valendo-se das técnicas de Análise de Associação e Análise de Cesto de Compras, aplicadas aos dados das faturas de cartão de crédito dos clientes. A partir do modelo proposto, testou-se a previsibilidade das próximas transações dos clientes por meio de uma amostra de validação. A motivação desta pesquisa provém de três pilares: Contexto Científico, Tecnológico e Mercadológico. No Contexto Científico, apesar de já terem sido publicados artigos que associam a utilização do cartão de crédito a perfis de segmentação de clientes, não se encontram publicados estudos que relacionam dados da própria utilização do cartão como fonte de informação do cliente. A razão mais provável para isso é a dificuldade no levantamento dos dados fundamentais para este tipo de pesquisa. Com o apoio de uma grande instituição financeira, este trabalho está se tornando viável, sob o preceito da análise apenas sobre bases de clientes anônimos e que não transpareça informações estratégicas da instituição. No contexto tecnológico, com a tecnologia de informação em crescente desenvolvimento, as operações feitas com cartão de crédito tem o processamento on-line em tempo real, promovendo a troca de informação entre o estabelecimento comercial e a instituição emissora do cartão de crédito no momento em que a cobrança é lançada e aceita pelo consumidor final. Isso possibilita que ações promocionais sejam realizadas em toda a cadeia de valor de cartões de crédito, gerando mais valor para os clientes e empresas. No contexto mercadológico, o Brasil apresentou altas taxas de crescimento do mercado de cartões de crédito nas últimas décadas, substituindo os outros meios mais antigos de pagamento e de crediário. Especialmente no Brasil, observam-se compras pagas com o uso do cartão de crédito parceladas com e sem juros, o que contribui para a substituição de outras formas de crédito. Como benefício deste trabalho, concluiu-se que a partir do conhecimento do consumo do cliente, pode-se aplicar a análise de cesto de compras para prever as próximas transações dos clientes, a fim de segmentar os clientes para estimulá-los a aderir a uma determinada oferta. / The objective of this research is elaborating a Segmentation Model based on credit card client\'s behavior using Link Analysis and Market Basket Analysis techniques. The proposed model was used to testing the predictability of next client transactions through validation sample. Scientific, technological and marketing scenarios are the three motivational pillars of this research. On scientific context there were published studies that associate credit card use with segmentation profile of customer. However these studies do not establish relationship between data from own clients credit card utilization. One probably reason for this lack analysis into studies is the difficult collect of fundamental data. This research was feasible with the support of a great Brazilian financial group. On technological context is observed a wide information technology development. Credit cards transactions have on-line processing. This scenario allows exchange information between market and credit card institution at the moment of final client transaction approval. This technology permits that actions be realized along credit card value chain based on transactions that have been made. On marketing context, during the latest decades, Brazil has shown large growth rates on credit card beyond older ways of payment. In Brazil, is observed a wide utilization of credit cards in installment purchases contributing for the replacement of other ways of credits. This research conclude that from the knowledge of client consume profile, using the Market Basket Analysis technique, it is possible to get a forecast of purchase transactions with the objective to stimulate the consumer in accept particular offer.

A crescente utilização de cartões de crédito, nas últimas décadas do século XX, exigiu adequação do varejo a esse novo meio de pagamento, promovendo uma mudança no relacionamento com seus clientes. Este trabalho analisa o processo de decisão estratégica entre duas organizações, banco e varejista, na implantação de uma operação de cartão de crédito de marca própria, com base em um estudo de multicaso, com enfoque qualitativo, que permitiu aprofundamento e detalhamento do processo decisório em duas empresas de porte similar do setor supermercadista da região sudeste do país: o Sonda Supermercados, em São Paulo e a Rede Prezunic, no Rio de Janeiro. A obtenção dos dados foi realizada através de entrevistas semiestruturadas e da análise de documentos. Os resultados mostram que empresas, frente a um mesmo objetivo, tomam decisões de maneiras diferentes. Sendo assim, a decisão estratégica em implantar uma operação de cartão de crédito de marca própria deve ser tratada considerando-se o processo de decisão que melhor se adequa as características da organização e tomadores de decisão, para a garantia de um resultado satisfatório. Os resultados obtidos contribuem àquelas empresas que pretendem implantar uma operação de cartão de crédito de marca própria e auxiliar aos futuros interessados a conhecerem a importância e os impactos que essa decisão carrega. / The increase in use of credit cards, in recent decades of the twentieth century, demanded the adequacy of the retail sector in means of payment forms, promoting a change in the relationship with their customers. This study presents the strategic decision process between two organizations, in the banking and retail sectors, on the deployment of a private label credit card operation, based on two case studies on companies of similar size in the supermarket business in the southeast region of the country: Sonda, in Sao Paulo and Prezunic, in Rio de Janeiro. For obtaining the data, different techniques such as semi-structured interviews and the examination of documents were used. Results show that companies, facing the same goal, make decisions in different ways. Therefore, the strategic decision process to deploy a private label credit card operation should be dealt considered the characteristics of the organization and decision-makers, ensuring a satisfactory result. The purpose of this study is to guide future decision-making processes by presenting the importance and the impact that this decision carries.

臺灣地區於民國９４年底發生的雙卡風暴（信用卡與現金卡），讓臺灣全體發卡銀行，於民國９５年度打銷信用卡及現金卡呆帳共新台幣1,629億元，造成發生當年本國銀行近新台幣74億元的虧損。這就是臺灣的銀行業一窩蜂轉向高獲利的消費金融業務時，完全忽略了信用風險管理。未建立並落實良好的信用風險管理機制，導致信用危機發生時，完全失控，讓銀行產生嚴重虧損。當年的雙卡風暴，令許多民營銀行的經營控制權讓手外資投資機構，或為其他銀行所併購。 　　本論文以信用卡發卡業務為例，探討信用風險管理之貸後管理(Portfolio Management)方法，協助銀行降低信用風險損失成本，提升獲利；透過對實務信用風險管理之精進，降低信用風暴產生時的衝擊。 　　透過本研究之個案證實，經營信用卡業務之金融機構，若能持有一套良善的信用風險貸後管理，當信用危機發生時，可以有效地控制信用風險損失的增加。以本研究為例，雙卡風暴發生時，全體本國銀行的年化信用風險損失率上升12.41%，但擁有良善信用風險管理的個案銀行的年化信用風險損失率僅增加9.04%，差異高達3.37%，再透過作業成本的降低，可使信用卡的淨資產報酬率相差達５％左右。因此，經營無擔保消費者貸款的金融機構，要維持競爭優勢，一定要了解並落實信用風險管理工作，尤其是貸後管理方面的作業，更是決定勝負之關鍵。 / A local credit crisis occurred in Taiwan from late 2005 to early 2007. During the crisis, the total credit losses of Credit Cards and Cash Card were NT$ 162.9 billion for all cards issuers in Taiwan for Year 2006. This big loss made the Taiwanese banks having a negative net-income at NT$7.4billion for Year 2006. The root cause was from ignoring the credit risk management while Taiwanese banks kept growing the consumer lending business. And finally a few local banks were sold to the foreign banks because they couldn’t take such big loss from the capital requirement. The primary objective of this thesis is to research the portfolio management on the credit card business to find out how to build a good portfolio management working model in terms of credit risk management to help the credit card issuers to reduce the credit losses and increase the net-income, and also minimize the impact when the credit crisis happens. It has been proven that the credit card issuer with an excellent portfolio management on credit risk can reduce the credit loss increase compared with the others when the credit crisis is coming. For instance, the overall Taiwanese bank’s average loss rate in 2006 increased by 12.41% over 2005 but the bank loss rate only increased by 9.04% during that local credit crisis. Considering the lower operating cost of the bank, the ROA difference will be around 5%. Therefore, if any bank would like to do the consumer lending business, they must understand what risk management methods they should have and really work on them, especially for the portfolio management, so that they can maintain a good position to compete with the others.

<p>Internationally most Internet trade related payments are performed with the use of a credit card based payment system on the Internet. Payment against invoice is still most common when trading over the Internet in Sweden. The security development, comfort and timesaving indicate that credit card based payment systems on the Internet soon will have a breakthrough in Sweden as well. The Swedish legislation concerning payment is neither especially extensive nor suited to electronic payments but to payments performed with notes and coins. When the legal effects, of a payment performed with a credit card based payment system on the Internet, set in is not fixed. My objective with this essay is to analyse when the legal act payment should be considered to have been realized, when the payment is performed with the use of a credit card based payment system on the Internet</p>

Internationally most Internet trade related payments are performed with the use of a credit card based payment system on the Internet. Payment against invoice is still most common when trading over the Internet in Sweden. The security development, comfort and timesaving indicate that credit card based payment systems on the Internet soon will have a breakthrough in Sweden as well. The Swedish legislation concerning payment is neither especially extensive nor suited to electronic payments but to payments performed with notes and coins. When the legal effects, of a payment performed with a credit card based payment system on the Internet, set in is not fixed. My objective with this essay is to analyse when the legal act payment should be considered to have been realized, when the payment is performed with the use of a credit card based payment system on the Internet

This study intends to investigate the role of credit card commercials in the integration of credit cards to the Turkish society and how this integration has affected the concept of consumption in Turkey. While presenting credit cards to the society, commercials establish certain kinds of relationships between people and credit cards, as well as between people and the other commodities in the market. In this respect, they attempt to rationalize the use of credit cards and to get social approval in order to widen credit card spending among society. Exploring the ways commercials attempt to lay the ground for credit card purchasing, the research focuses on the inversion of established values in the Turkish society related with consumption. In this frame, 210 credit card commercials broadcasted on TV over an eight year period are selected and examined through the combined semiological and content analysis. The outcome of the research unveils the role of credit card commercials in the transformation of the idea of consumption in Turkey. In this sense, research demonstrates the socio-cultural affect of commercials in the society.

This dissertation is structured in the form of two empirical essays, each investigating one type of irrational decision caused by mental accounting. The first essay, titled "Managing the Cost of Multiple Debt Accounts: A Behavioral Perspective", explores why many people pay off credit cards' with the lowest rate first when rationally speaking they should repay the debt with the highest rate most quickly. This essay suggests that irrationality emerges when people seek to close `mental accounts' associated with their credit cards and reduce the total number of outstanding loans rather than decrease the amount of total debt among all credit cards. Consumers want to be debt free. If they can get rid of debt, on even one credit card, they feel a sense of accomplishment which psychologically helps them manage remainder of their debt better. The second essay, titled "Saving by Overspending", explores consumers' over-expenditure and indulgent consumption when they make prepayments in the form of time, effort, or money toward a consumption goal. This essay proposes that people subconsciously try to get their prepayments' worth, but in fact they may be spending their money irrationally. In addition, contrary to common knowledge, this essay suggests that when a prepayment is unanticipated, the loss of self-control is often more prominent when prepayments are made with behavioral resources (e.g., time or effort) than equivalent monetary resources.

The level of university students' financial literacy has been discussed in Congress, opinion pieces in the media and the increasing level of student debt has been used to suggest their financial illiteracy. This study investigated the financial literacy of graduating university seniors by comparing their financial literacy level with their debt level. The difference in financial literacy levels of business majors, minors and non-business majors was assessed. The relationship between graduating university seniors' financial literacy level and their credit card and student loan debt was also reviewed. Gender, employment status, ethnicity, family income and college major were similarly examined to see if they were predictors of financial literacy levels and debt levels. Although financial literacy is frequently discussed in the national arena there is no clear definition of financial literacy; this ambiguity has led to multiple definitions. In this study, financial literacy was defined as "an individual's ability to obtain, understand, and evaluate the relevant information necessary to make decisions with an awareness of the likely financial consequences" (Mason & Wilson, 2000). The Jump$tart questionnaire (Mandell, 2004) was used to calculate participants' financial literacy level. The study found that the majority of the students had a high level of financial literacy with an average financial literacy score of 72.56% and with students majoring in business performing significantly better than non-business students. The use of debt level as an indicator of financial literacy level was found to be incorrect. No relationship was identified between financial literacy level and credit card debt or student loan debt. The study also found that demographic factors could not be used to predict financial literacy level and debt level. It was found that the majority of participants learned about managing money either on their own or at home from family members. More than half of the participants expressed an interest in taking a personal finance class but less than 20% were aware that this course was offered at their university. More effective methods are recommended to ensure that students become more aware such courses being offered on campus.

One of the issues facing credit card fraud detection systems is that a significant percentage of transactions labeled as fraudulent are in fact legitimate. These “false alarms” delay the detection of fraudulent transactions. Analysis of 11 months of credit card transaction data from a major Canadian bank was conducted to determine savings improvements that can be achieved by identifying truly fraudulent transactions. A meta-classifier model was used in this research. This model consists of 3 base classifiers constructed using the k-nearest neighbour, decision tree, and naïve Bayesian algorithms. The naïve Bayesian algorithm was also used as the meta-level algorithm to combine the base classifier predictions to produce the final classifier. Results from this research show that when a meta-classifier was deployed in series with the Bank’s existing fraud detection algorithm a 24% to 34% performance improvement was achieved resulting in $1.8 to $2.6 million cost savings per year.