Empreende à análise das decisões judiciais a respeito do contrato de cartão de crédito como meio de prevenir ou tratar o superendividamento do consumidor, por ser o contrato que representa a maior dívida dos consumidores brasileiros. A pesquisa consistiu em uma revisão bibliográfica dos temas superendividamento e cartão de crédito e uma pesquisa empírica documental, das decisões do Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ). O método utilizado foi análise de conteúdo, compreendendo a elaboração de fichas de leitura previamente estabelecidas. As fichas foram catalogadas de acordo com o assunto tratado pelo acórdão. Obteve-se um total de 7 (sete) grupos de análise: ações revisionais, ações indenizatórias, ações relativas a práticas abusivas, ações de prestação de contas, ações de exibição de documentos, ações de cobrança e declaratórias de inexistência de débitos. A partir da análise dos dados, depreendeu-se as seguintes conclusões: 1. O tema superendividamento ainda não faz parte do repertório da Corte, não tendo sido nem mesmo alegado pelas partes em algum processo. 2. A maior dos processos são ações indenizatórias que discutem meramente o valor exorbitante ou irrisório da indenização. 3. As decisões da Corte são, repetidamente, obstadas pelas Súmulas 5 e 7 do STJ. 4. As revisionais tratam apenas da taxa de juros nos contratos de cartão de crédito. / Undertakes the analysis of judgments about the credit card agreement as a means of preventing or treating consumer over-indebtedness, as the contract represents the largest debt of Brazilian consumers. The research consisted of a literature review of over-indebtedness and the contract of credit card and documentary empirical research of the decisions of the Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ). The method used was content analysis, including the development of previously established reading summaries. The sumaries were listed according to the subject matter of the judgment. We obtained a total of seven (7) analysis groups: revisional actions, compensation claims, actions related to abusive practices, accountability actions, document display actions, charging actions and declaratory absence of debts. From the data analysis, the following conclusions can be surmised: 1. The over-indebtedness issue is not yet part of the Court\'s repertoire and was not even alleged by the parties in any case. 2. Most of the cases are compensation claims than merely discuss the exorbitant or negligible amount of compensation. 3. The Court\'s decisions are repeatedly hindered by Precedents 5 and 7 of the STJ. 4. Revisional actions treat only about the interest rate on credit card contracts.

Studying household finance and behavior is important not only for understanding the micro level behavior, but also to have a better understanding of the whole economy. The study of household behavior become even more important after the 2007 housing crises, and the giant effect it had (and is still having) on Wall Street and the whole US and global economy. This dissertation is an attempt to understand some of the household behavior: how does the new internet era affect the demand for credit cards, which attitudes influence the household's decision to file bankruptcy, and whether expenditure habits encouraged overspending. The study will use the micro level data provides by Survey of Consumer Finance SCF2007. In the first chapter, the study focuses on the effect of having internet access on household demand for credit cards, controlling for standard price, income effects and other financial and demographic variables. The internet changed the way consumer shops, with more information about the product, the market and the price. E-Commerce retail sales grew on average of 22% a year over the past decade; in the second quarter of 2009 it reached $32.4 billion. The study found that households who have access to the internet, carry around $862 more on their credit card balance, in average, than households who have no access to the internet. The second chapter investigates the effects of borrowing and saving attitudes on household decision to file for personal bankruptcy. The total non-commercial bankruptcy filings increased from 560,682 cases in 2006 to 784,079 in 2007. This increase continued through 2008 and the first quarter of 2009, with 1,031,443 cases filed in 2008 and 304,228 in the first three months of 2009. The study results suggest that borrowing and saving attitudes have no effect of household decision to file for bankruptcy except for paying credit card balance in full every month. The third chapter studies the relationship between eating out "Food-Away-From-Home" and overspending. Since 19% of household in the US are spending more than their income. The average for the past nine years (2000-2008) was 1.6%. Compared to other industrialized countries, the US had one of the worst personal saving rates during the past twenty years . The study found that eating out does not encourage overspending. On the contrary, the higher the ratio of FAFH to total food expenditures the less likely household will overspend.

No description available.

Cashiers' identification-checking behaviors were observed at two grocery stores with the aim to actively involve cashiers in decreasing credit-card fraud. After baseline observations, cashiers at one store received a participative goal-setting and feedback intervention, whereby they collaboratively set a store goal for checking customers' identification. Over 23 days, the cashiers received one-to-one verbal feedback on their store's identification-checking percentages. The percentage of identification-checked purchases at the intervention store increased from 0.2 percent at Baseline to 9.7 percent during the Intervention. Then, it declined to 2.3 percent during Withdrawal, showing functional control of the intervention over the cashiers' target behavior. The cashiers at the other store served as the control group, and their percentage of identification-checked purchases were 0.3 percent, 0.4 percent, and 0.7 percent respectively during each of the A-B-A phases at the intervention store. It was also found the intervention affected male cashiers more than female cashiers. The present study also assessed the social validity of the current intervention by surveying both customers and cashiers from the intervention store. The results showed that customers do not mind getting their ID checked, while cashiers consider it important to check a customer for identification during a credit purchase. / Master of Science

The present four field studies explored the effectiveness of multiple prevention techniques designed to increase the frequency of cashiers' identification (ID)-checking behaviors from a customer-focused and cashier-focused approach. Studies 1 and 2 examined customer-focused approaches, whereas Study 3 examined a cashier-focused approach. Study 4 examined a combination of the cashier-focused and customer-focused approaches. From a customer approach, Study 1 investigated the use of four prompts (a no-prompt control, an antecedent only, an antecedent with a positive consequence, and an antecedent with a negative consequence) at encouraging cashiers to ask customers for their ID during a credit purchase. Research assistants (RAs) visited various stores and made credit purchases, while displaying one of the four prompts covering their card's signature line to the cashier during check-out. The results showed RAs were checked for ID the most when using the prompts containing the antecedent and consequence, which was checked for ID significantly more than the no-prompt control. Study 2 (also a customer approach) attempted to replicate Study 1 in a non-college community. Using a similar methodology as Study 1, the results showed RAs were checked for ID the most when using the prompt with the antecedent and positive consequence, which was checked for ID significantly more than the no-prompt control. From a cashier approach, Study 3 investigated the use of a goal-setting and prompt intervention led by the restaurant manager to increase the frequency of cashiers' ID-checking behavior. Using an A-B-A (Baseline-Intervention-Withdrawal) reversal design at one of two restaurants, the results showed the intervention restaurant's percentage of ID-checked purchases increased from Baseline to the Intervention phase. But, it decreased slightly during the Withdrawal phase, showing functional control but also some maintenance over the target behavior. The percentage of ID-checked purchases at the control restaurant was almost nonexistent throughout the study. Study 4 investigated the impact of using two intervention approaches (i.e., the customer and cashier approach) as opposed to one (i.e., the customer approach) to increase the frequency of cashiers' ID-checking behavior. While the A-B-A phases were occurring in the restaurants used in Study 3, RAs entered the restaurants and displayed an antecedent and positive consequence prompt to the cashiers during a credit purchase. The results of Study 4 partially supported the hypothesis. The cashiers in the intervention restaurant significantly checked more RAs for ID when two intervention approaches were combined than when only one intervention approach was used during Baseline, but not during the Withdrawal phase. / Ph. D.

Författare: Emil Herder, Filip Nilsson och Mats Seglarvik Handledare: Anders Hytter Examinator: Bertil Hultén Kurs: Examensarbete 30hp, Civilekonomprogrammet inriktning marknadsföring, Linnéuniversitetet Kalmar, VT 2016, 4FE63E. Rapportens namn: Kredit-kort och gott Frågeställning: Hur värderar svenska konsumenter olika kreditkortsattribut? Syfte: Det primära syftet med vår studie är att undersöka hur svenska konsumenter värderar kreditkortsattribut på den svenska marknaden och att undersöka eventuella samband som existerar mellan deras värderingar och olika valda variabler. Som delsyfte ämnar vi att utifrån vår undersökning komma med relevanta rekommendationer som kan hjälpa Resurs Bank att skapa attraktiva kreditkortserbjudanden för konsumenter på den svenska marknaden. Metod: Uppsatsen har till en början en induktiv ansats som sedan övergår till en mer deduktiv ansats. Datainsamling har i huvudsak skett genom enkätundersökning, men även genom intervjuer. Resultat & slutsatser: Vi har rangordnat hur svenska konsumenter har värderat olika kreditkortsattribut och funnit att det existerar samband mellan hur olika individer värderat olika kreditkortsattribut baserat på andra värderingar och grupptillhörighet. Teoretiskt och praktiskt bidrag: Teoretiskt har vi bidragit med en grund för hur svenska konsumenter värderar olika kreditkortsattribut samt en undersökningsmodell som kan användas som underlag för vidare forskning. Våra praktiska bidrag är att informationen kan användas som beslutsunderlag när ett kreditkortserbjudande som inriktar sig mot kundens upplevda värde ska läggas fram. Nyckelord: Kreditkortsattribut, kreditkort, bonussystem, välgörenhet, konsumentbeteende, konsumentvärde / Author: Emil Herder, Filip Nilsson and Mats Seglarvik Mentor: Anders Hytter Examiner: Bertil Hultén Course: Master Thesis 30 credits, Master of Business and Economics, Marketing, Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Spring 2016 4FE63E. Name of report: Kredit-kort och gott Research question: How do swedish consumers value different credit card attributes? Purpose: The primary purpose of our study is to reserach how swedish consumers value credit card attributes on the swedish market and research possible correlations that exists between their values and different chosen vairables. The subpurpose of the study is to come up with relevant recommendations which may help Resurs Bank to create attractive credit card offerings for the swedish credit card market. Method: The study starts off with and inductive approach that later turns into a more deductive approach. The data was collected from a survey and interviews. Results and conclusion: We’ve ranked how swedish consumers value different credit card attributes based on other values and group membership. Theoretical and practical contribution: Theoretically we’ve contributed with a foundation on how swedish consumers value different credit card attributes and a researchmodel that can be used as a basis for further research. Our practical contribution is that the information from our study can be used to support decisions when it comes to creating a credit card offering that targets the customers percieved value. Keywords: Credit card attributes, credit card, bonus system, charity, consumer behaviour, consumer value.

關於信用卡詐欺風險管控的研究，係非常專業的問題，除了瞭解信用卡各項作業程序外，必須親自參與實務上的管控經驗，才能充分瞭解現有市場上，信用卡詐欺所發生之原因、詐欺模式、手法與趨勢，也唯有做到理論結合相關實務管控經驗，才能研究出有效的防制策略。目前在實務上防制信用卡詐欺方面，由本文中可發現，業者與警政單位在處理信用卡風險管控與詐欺案件時，有非常多的盲點與困難，也突顯出其專業能力上之不足，因此導致信用卡詐欺問題之嚴重。 在防制信用卡詐欺研究當中，筆者第一次嘗試將信用卡實務運作之模式貢獻出來 ; 以過去到現在的實務經驗，將信用卡所發生的案例，來探究其發生的原因 ; 以運用分析的方法，來建立各項風險管控措施 ; 以闡釋各項業務之作業風險，來遏止風險損失之發生 ; 以紮實的教育訓練教材，讓特約商店做好第一道的防衛 ; 以科學的統計方法，來研究防衛參數與增加偵測系統的防衛效能 ; 以實務管控的經驗，來遏止其犯罪手法的翻新 ; 以實際案件調查的經驗，來瓦解詐欺集團的組織，所以必須瞭解信用卡整體運作的關係與詐欺手法，才能深入瞭解各項風險管控問題，並結合預防作業、偵測系統、調查作業的功能，方能充分發揮信用卡業務詐欺風險管控的效能。 除了建立完整的風險管控作業之外，在第六章之建議事項中，就主管機關、司法機關、警政單位、發卡業者、收單業者、特約商店、持卡人與國際組織等方面 ; 提出個人具體之建言，藉以喚起社會各界對信用卡詐欺問題之重視，以推動損害防阻之功，徹底解決當前所發生之信用卡詐欺問題。 / The research on credit card risk management is a specialized field. Besides the need of understanding the various operational processes, personal involvement’s and practical experiences in respect of credit card risk management are essential in order to fully appreciate the reason for credit card frauds in the current market. An effective credit card fraud prevention strategy consists of the theoretical aspects and practical experiences of credit card fraud management. Based on this paper, it appears that strategies of credit card fraud prevention are solely lacking in the current market. This is because the business sectors and police department encounters numerous ‘blind spots’ and problems when tackling with fraud issues. Also, the lack of professionalism in control and prevention strategies resulted in serious credit card fraud issues. In this research, the author would attempt to showcase for the first time the credit card’s practical working models;1) to try to investigate and understand the reasons for credit card frauds by reviewing past and present real life cases; 2) to develop various risk management methodologies via credit card risks analysis; 3) to explain the various businesses’ operational risks to reduce if not prevent loss occurrences; 4) to constantly upgrade /educate the merchant banks with solid training programmers to make them an effective first line of defense; 5) to employ scientific statistical methods to aid in the research of any defensive mechanisms as well as to increase the effectiveness of early detective systems, if any; 6) to make use of practical credit card risk management experiences in order to prevent repeat offences; 7) to utilize real life investigative experiences to dissolve credit card syndicates and/or groups. Therefore, know the relation of whole operation of credit card and modus operandi could understand in depth of every risk management issue, and combine the function of preventing operation, detection system, investigation process can be fully developed efficiency for credit card risk management. In addition to establish sophisticated a developing risk management methodology, the author has directed his personal opinions to the various industry players such as the regulatory bodies, policing units, credit card issuers, acquiring banks, merchant banks and credit card users. In chapter 6 of the recommendations, he attempts to draw the public’s attention on the seriousness of credit card frauds that exists in our society. He also hopes to completely eradicate the issues of credit card frauds by actively promoting the risk prevention methodology of credit card frauds.

Differential Evolution is an optimization technique of stochastic search for a population-based vector, which is powerful and efficient over a continuous space for solving differentiable and non-linear optimization problems. Weighted voting stacking ensemble method is an important technique that combines various classifier models. However, selecting the appropriate weights of classifier models for the correct classification of transactions is a problem. This research study is therefore aimed at exploring whether the Differential Evolution optimization method is a good approach for defining the weighting function. Manual and random selection of weights for voting credit card transactions has previously been carried out. However, a large number of fraudulent transactions were not detected by the classifier models. Which means that a technique to overcome the weaknesses of the classifier models is required. Thus, the problem of selecting the appropriate weights was viewed as the problem of weights optimization in this study. The dataset was downloaded from the Kaggle competition data repository. Various machine learning algorithms were used to weight vote a class of transaction. The differential evolution optimization techniques was used as a weighting function. In addition, the Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SMOTE) and Safe Level Synthetic Minority Oversampling Technique (SL-SMOTE) oversampling algorithms were modified to preserve the definition of SMOTE while improving the performance. Result generated from this research study showed that the Differential Evolution Optimization method is a good weighting function, which can be adopted as a systematic weight function for weight voting stacking ensemble method of various classification methods. / School of Computing / M. Sc. (Computing)

我國自1974年發行第一張信用卡以來，產品已由導入期、成長期邁向成熟期。信用卡市場早已經歷許多次戰國時代。根據財政部金融局統計，至2004年2月底止，我國信用卡發卡張數約為7,387萬張，流通卡數約為3,831萬張。在2003年，全年簽帳金額為9,988億。各項數據從市場開始至今，每年皆以二位數字成長，顯示信用卡在國內的使用次數、金額佔消費支出比例逐漸提高。 信用卡發行初期，是希望導入無現金化的社會環境。在歷經發卡大戰、消費次數與金額的促銷，產品演變至今，持卡人已被高度競爭的發卡機構不斷進行信用擴張，曾幾何時，以往不太受銀行歡迎的中高危險族群，其無充足還款的能力，竟成為銀行競相爭取的要因，這群人就是循環信用使用者，於是銀行又進入另一個戰國時代：那就是循環信用餘額與無擔保信用貸款的利率戰爭。同時，另一場金卡升等白金卡與免年費之戰爭又起，市場又將經歷一場重新洗牌與重分配之效應，何種行銷策略可帶領發卡機構面對未來的挑戰，並且在競爭市場中勝出，將是本研究探討重點。 本研究採用質化行銷研究與量化統計方法，首先藉由蒐集期刊、論文、報紙及廣告資料，對信用卡的市場發展歷程有一系列的探討。並輔以發卡組織及發卡機構之信用卡相關研究資料與深度訪談，試圖從內、外在環境分析中，找出競爭市場成功的關鍵因素，以作為制定行銷策略之參考。本研究架構試圖先從外在環境分析著手，分析三個角度－分析信用卡近十年市場成長率變化、發卡機構的競爭市場歷次戰爭的始末及持卡人的消費行為等，藉由蒐集之數據與資訊瞭解行銷策略及產品演化過程。再以一個銀行為例進行討論，探討個案公司俱有的資源、能力及核心競爭力，並利用擁有的優勢創立品牌，進而鞏固企業在競爭市場上的地位，並持續保有企業本身的競爭優勢與不斷創造產品價值。接著在量化研究部分，利用統計方法對幾項主要指標如流通卡量、預借現金、簽帳金額及廣告量等進行迴歸分析與假設檢定。 最後探討未來信用卡市場之關鍵成功因素與如何找尋市場利基，綜合本研究結果提出綜合性看法，並根據結論提供在信用卡行銷策略及產品開發上的建議。

[pt] O aumento da expectativa de vida dos brasileiros é cada vez maior e, conseqüentemente, também sua presença na economia. Assim como o público idoso, o mercado de cartões de crédito também cresce em ritmo acelerado. Este trabalho estuda as características do portador de cartão de crédito do segmento da Terceira Idade, ou melhor, pessoas com mais de 60 anos, assim como seu comportamento em relação ao uso do cartão de crédito. Aplicou-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, através de entrevistas em profundidade, que levou à análise de outras faixas etárias para fins de comparação do comportamento de uso do cartão de crédito, assim como a aplicação de um questionário no aspecto quantitativo. Os resultados apontaram para características conservadoras por parte da Terceira Idade no que se refere ao uso do cartão de crédito. / [en] The increase of life expectation of the Brazilians grows bigger and bigger and, consequently, also their presence in the country's economy. Just as the aged public, the credit card market also grows in an accelerated rhythm. This work studies the characteristics of the Third Age credit card bearer segment, in other words, people over the sixties, as well as their behavior regarding the credit card use. A qualitative research was applied, by means of in- depth interviews, which lead to the analysis of other age groups aiming at the comparison of the credit card use behavior, as well as the application of a quantitative wise questionnaire. The results point towards conservative characteristics on the part of the Third Age as far as the credit card use is concerned.