Notre travail, qui s’inscrit en droite ligne des recherches du CERCRID sur les marc consistait a étudier cette question, dans un secteur particulier. Il s’est agi d’aller au-delà du discours général sur les modes alternatifs de règlement des conflits, pour voir précisément ce qu’il en est en matière bancaire. La recherche du GIP droit et justice confiée au CERCRID, et portant sur la baisse générale du contentieux de l’impayé depuis le début des années 1990, a constitué un élément supplémentaire de notre champ d’investigation. A la conjonction de ces deux préoccupations principales, s’est greffée une grave crise économique mondiale née du crédit hypothécaire aux États-Unis d’Amérique. Tous ces facteurs nous ont conduit a nous intéresser à la prévention et au règlement du contentieux bancaire. Le travail a donc consiste en une large recherche sur le contentieux bancaire, le mot traitement ayant été choisi pour englober a la fois la prévention et le règlement. On comprend ainsi que le sens contextuel du mot traitement va au-delà de l’acception habituelle de ce terme. Trois principaux constats se dégagent de l’étude du contentieux bancaire : il s’agit d’une matière éminemment marquée du sceau de la prévention, d’une matière limitativement marquée du sceau de la médiation et de l’adjudication, d’une matière rarement marquée du sceau de l’arbitrage. La prévention du contentieux bancaire repose sur deux axes majeurs : la réduction des occasions de contentieux, ainsi que la limitation des espaces de discussion. La négociation précontentieuse apparait comme le mécanisme prééminent permettant d’éviter le litige et de régler les différends. En cas de litige, les parties peuvent saisir le médiateur bancaire. Il est également possible de recourir au juge. En cette matière, c’est essentiellement le juge étatique que les parties saisissent. Il va sans dire que l’arbitrage est rare, notamment du fait de l’absence d’imperium de l’arbitre. / Our work was done in the framework of CERCRID research on ADR (alternative dispute resolution). the goal was to study this question in a specific sector. we had to go beyond general knowledges on ADR, in order to discover precisely what it was about in the bank sector. the research of the Center « droit et justice », on the falling of the unpaid litigation since the beginning of 1990, which was assigned to the CERCRID, constituted an additional element for our investigations. furthermore, we had to take the sup-primes crises in the USA into consideration. all these factors lead us to work on the prevention and the settling of banking conflicts. the job therefore consisted to do a large research on banking litigation. the word treatment was chosen to include both the prevention and the settling. this is to say that the sense of the word treatment hier goes beyond the common meaning of this word. three main conclusions can be made about the research on banking litigation : it is a matter in which the prevention of conflicts plays a very important role. the mediation and the settling by the judicial court are less important hier. the arbitration is rare.the prevention of conflicts lies on two majors axis : the reduction of conflicts occasions, and the limitation of space for discussions. the negotiation appears to be the most important mechanism to settle disagreements, the banks trying to avoid judicial proceedings. in case of failure, the conflict can be solved by mediation, or by the court. the judicial court is usually the one chosen by the parties at this stage.

Esta dissertação aborda a expansão da oferta de crédito e o consequente endividamento da população ocorridos no Brasil ao longo das últimas duas décadas. Os principais objetivos constituem analisar: o processo que conduz os consumidores ao superendividamento, estabelecendo as principais causas e eventos relacionados ao fenômeno; as formas como os endividados respondem ao endividamento, em termos de mecanismos e estratégias de enfrentamento; as percepções, sentimentos e significados atribuídos à condição de superendividado; e as consequências do superendividamento. A partir de uma perspectiva metodológica qualitativa, realizamos 18 entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado com consumidores superendividados atendidos pelo Projeto Piloto de Prevenção ao Superendividamento, no Fórum Central em Porto Alegre. Os sujeitos foram selecionados tomando como critérios a conveniência e acessibilidade e os dados analisados através da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados encontrados corroboram as hipóteses que levantamos: o endividamento não se explica unicamente em função do consumismo, fator chave elencado na literatura; o fenômeno é complexo e possui uma multiplicidade de causas, relacionadas a elementos estruturais, entre os quais destacamos a desregulamentação das finanças, a estrutura do mercado de trabalho e os níveis de rendimento; estratégias de enfrentamento diversas são adotadas com efeitos distintos que guardam relação com as percepções que os indivíduos têm de suas dívidas, a severidade dos problemas e com seus efeitos. As consequências negativas também são variadas, destacando-se algumas de caráter econômico, como a redução do nível de vida e de consumo. Além desses outros efeitos encontrados são problemas de saúde física e mental, como stress, ansiedade e depressão, que decorrem dos sentimentos negativos de culpa em relação ao endividamento. Enfim, de modo geral, nossa investigação oferece um panorama das discussões teóricas e conceituais no campo da sociologia do crédito e do endividamento. A partir desses debates realizamos uma análise empiricamente fundamentada desses fenômenos constatando que a oferta de crédito, num contexto desfavorável aos consumidores, pela cobrança de altas taxas de juros e inexistência de regulação jurídica, quando direcionada a indivíduos em situação de vulnerabilidade econômica e social, dificultam a administração do orçamento em momentos de crise ou situações não esperadas. Esses elementos em conjunto contribuem na condução ao superendividamento, especialmente de indivíduos com baixos rendimentos ou em situação instável e precária de inserção no mercado de trabalho. Como resultado, essa condição gera um ciclo de pagamento de dívidas e juros capaz de exacerbar condições de pobreza e vulnerabilidade social, contribuindo, assim, para a reprodução das desigualdades sociais. / This research deals with the expansion of consumer credit and the indebtedness in Brazil that has occurred over the last two decades. The main objectives are to analyze the processes that leads consumers to over-indebtedness, establishing the main causes and events related to these phenomena; the ways in which indebted respond to the debts in terms of mechanisms and coping strategies; perceptions, feelings and meanings attributed to over-indebtedness condition; and their consequences. From a qualitative methodological perspective, we conducted 18 semi-structured interviews with over-indebted consumers seeking help in the Projeto Piloto de Prevenção ao Superendividamento, in Porto Alegre. Sample selection considered as criteria convenience and accessibility to interviewed subjects. Data treatment used content analysis techniques. Our results corroborate the raised hypothesis. Firstly, indebtedness cannot be explained solely based on a consumerism perspective, a key factor in the literature. Second, the phenomena are complex and has multiple causes related to structural elements, among which we highlight the deregulation of finance, the structure of the labor market and income levels. Third, various coping strategies are adopted with different effects, related to the perceptions that people have about their debts, the severity of the problems and their effects. Fourth, negative consequences are also varied. Reductions on standards of living and consumption can be highlighted, among others, as the main economic effects. In addition, other consequences found were physical and mental health problems such as stress, anxiety and depression arising from negative feelings of guilt about debt. Furthermore, in general terms, our research provides an overview of the theoretical and conceptual discussions in the field of sociology credit and debt. From these debates, we conducted an empirically based analysis of these phenomena. We conclude, among other founding that credit supply, when offered to individuals in economic and social vulnerable circumstances, particularly, in an unfavorable context featured by charging high interest rates and lacks of legal regulation, hamper budget management in times of crisis or unexpected situations. These elements occurring together can drive to overindebtedness, especially those people with low incomes or in precarious labor conditions. As a result, this condition generates a cycle of debt and interest repayments capable to reproduce or make worse the conditions of poverty and social vulnerability.

Esta dissertação aborda a expansão da oferta de crédito e o consequente endividamento da população ocorridos no Brasil ao longo das últimas duas décadas. Os principais objetivos constituem analisar: o processo que conduz os consumidores ao superendividamento, estabelecendo as principais causas e eventos relacionados ao fenômeno; as formas como os endividados respondem ao endividamento, em termos de mecanismos e estratégias de enfrentamento; as percepções, sentimentos e significados atribuídos à condição de superendividado; e as consequências do superendividamento. A partir de uma perspectiva metodológica qualitativa, realizamos 18 entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado com consumidores superendividados atendidos pelo Projeto Piloto de Prevenção ao Superendividamento, no Fórum Central em Porto Alegre. Os sujeitos foram selecionados tomando como critérios a conveniência e acessibilidade e os dados analisados através da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados encontrados corroboram as hipóteses que levantamos: o endividamento não se explica unicamente em função do consumismo, fator chave elencado na literatura; o fenômeno é complexo e possui uma multiplicidade de causas, relacionadas a elementos estruturais, entre os quais destacamos a desregulamentação das finanças, a estrutura do mercado de trabalho e os níveis de rendimento; estratégias de enfrentamento diversas são adotadas com efeitos distintos que guardam relação com as percepções que os indivíduos têm de suas dívidas, a severidade dos problemas e com seus efeitos. As consequências negativas também são variadas, destacando-se algumas de caráter econômico, como a redução do nível de vida e de consumo. Além desses outros efeitos encontrados são problemas de saúde física e mental, como stress, ansiedade e depressão, que decorrem dos sentimentos negativos de culpa em relação ao endividamento. Enfim, de modo geral, nossa investigação oferece um panorama das discussões teóricas e conceituais no campo da sociologia do crédito e do endividamento. A partir desses debates realizamos uma análise empiricamente fundamentada desses fenômenos constatando que a oferta de crédito, num contexto desfavorável aos consumidores, pela cobrança de altas taxas de juros e inexistência de regulação jurídica, quando direcionada a indivíduos em situação de vulnerabilidade econômica e social, dificultam a administração do orçamento em momentos de crise ou situações não esperadas. Esses elementos em conjunto contribuem na condução ao superendividamento, especialmente de indivíduos com baixos rendimentos ou em situação instável e precária de inserção no mercado de trabalho. Como resultado, essa condição gera um ciclo de pagamento de dívidas e juros capaz de exacerbar condições de pobreza e vulnerabilidade social, contribuindo, assim, para a reprodução das desigualdades sociais. / This research deals with the expansion of consumer credit and the indebtedness in Brazil that has occurred over the last two decades. The main objectives are to analyze the processes that leads consumers to over-indebtedness, establishing the main causes and events related to these phenomena; the ways in which indebted respond to the debts in terms of mechanisms and coping strategies; perceptions, feelings and meanings attributed to over-indebtedness condition; and their consequences. From a qualitative methodological perspective, we conducted 18 semi-structured interviews with over-indebted consumers seeking help in the Projeto Piloto de Prevenção ao Superendividamento, in Porto Alegre. Sample selection considered as criteria convenience and accessibility to interviewed subjects. Data treatment used content analysis techniques. Our results corroborate the raised hypothesis. Firstly, indebtedness cannot be explained solely based on a consumerism perspective, a key factor in the literature. Second, the phenomena are complex and has multiple causes related to structural elements, among which we highlight the deregulation of finance, the structure of the labor market and income levels. Third, various coping strategies are adopted with different effects, related to the perceptions that people have about their debts, the severity of the problems and their effects. Fourth, negative consequences are also varied. Reductions on standards of living and consumption can be highlighted, among others, as the main economic effects. In addition, other consequences found were physical and mental health problems such as stress, anxiety and depression arising from negative feelings of guilt about debt. Furthermore, in general terms, our research provides an overview of the theoretical and conceptual discussions in the field of sociology credit and debt. From these debates, we conducted an empirically based analysis of these phenomena. We conclude, among other founding that credit supply, when offered to individuals in economic and social vulnerable circumstances, particularly, in an unfavorable context featured by charging high interest rates and lacks of legal regulation, hamper budget management in times of crisis or unexpected situations. These elements occurring together can drive to overindebtedness, especially those people with low incomes or in precarious labor conditions. As a result, this condition generates a cycle of debt and interest repayments capable to reproduce or make worse the conditions of poverty and social vulnerability.

Esta dissertação aborda a expansão da oferta de crédito e o consequente endividamento da população ocorridos no Brasil ao longo das últimas duas décadas. Os principais objetivos constituem analisar: o processo que conduz os consumidores ao superendividamento, estabelecendo as principais causas e eventos relacionados ao fenômeno; as formas como os endividados respondem ao endividamento, em termos de mecanismos e estratégias de enfrentamento; as percepções, sentimentos e significados atribuídos à condição de superendividado; e as consequências do superendividamento. A partir de uma perspectiva metodológica qualitativa, realizamos 18 entrevistas com roteiro semiestruturado com consumidores superendividados atendidos pelo Projeto Piloto de Prevenção ao Superendividamento, no Fórum Central em Porto Alegre. Os sujeitos foram selecionados tomando como critérios a conveniência e acessibilidade e os dados analisados através da técnica de análise de conteúdo. Os resultados encontrados corroboram as hipóteses que levantamos: o endividamento não se explica unicamente em função do consumismo, fator chave elencado na literatura; o fenômeno é complexo e possui uma multiplicidade de causas, relacionadas a elementos estruturais, entre os quais destacamos a desregulamentação das finanças, a estrutura do mercado de trabalho e os níveis de rendimento; estratégias de enfrentamento diversas são adotadas com efeitos distintos que guardam relação com as percepções que os indivíduos têm de suas dívidas, a severidade dos problemas e com seus efeitos. As consequências negativas também são variadas, destacando-se algumas de caráter econômico, como a redução do nível de vida e de consumo. Além desses outros efeitos encontrados são problemas de saúde física e mental, como stress, ansiedade e depressão, que decorrem dos sentimentos negativos de culpa em relação ao endividamento. Enfim, de modo geral, nossa investigação oferece um panorama das discussões teóricas e conceituais no campo da sociologia do crédito e do endividamento. A partir desses debates realizamos uma análise empiricamente fundamentada desses fenômenos constatando que a oferta de crédito, num contexto desfavorável aos consumidores, pela cobrança de altas taxas de juros e inexistência de regulação jurídica, quando direcionada a indivíduos em situação de vulnerabilidade econômica e social, dificultam a administração do orçamento em momentos de crise ou situações não esperadas. Esses elementos em conjunto contribuem na condução ao superendividamento, especialmente de indivíduos com baixos rendimentos ou em situação instável e precária de inserção no mercado de trabalho. Como resultado, essa condição gera um ciclo de pagamento de dívidas e juros capaz de exacerbar condições de pobreza e vulnerabilidade social, contribuindo, assim, para a reprodução das desigualdades sociais. / This research deals with the expansion of consumer credit and the indebtedness in Brazil that has occurred over the last two decades. The main objectives are to analyze the processes that leads consumers to over-indebtedness, establishing the main causes and events related to these phenomena; the ways in which indebted respond to the debts in terms of mechanisms and coping strategies; perceptions, feelings and meanings attributed to over-indebtedness condition; and their consequences. From a qualitative methodological perspective, we conducted 18 semi-structured interviews with over-indebted consumers seeking help in the Projeto Piloto de Prevenção ao Superendividamento, in Porto Alegre. Sample selection considered as criteria convenience and accessibility to interviewed subjects. Data treatment used content analysis techniques. Our results corroborate the raised hypothesis. Firstly, indebtedness cannot be explained solely based on a consumerism perspective, a key factor in the literature. Second, the phenomena are complex and has multiple causes related to structural elements, among which we highlight the deregulation of finance, the structure of the labor market and income levels. Third, various coping strategies are adopted with different effects, related to the perceptions that people have about their debts, the severity of the problems and their effects. Fourth, negative consequences are also varied. Reductions on standards of living and consumption can be highlighted, among others, as the main economic effects. In addition, other consequences found were physical and mental health problems such as stress, anxiety and depression arising from negative feelings of guilt about debt. Furthermore, in general terms, our research provides an overview of the theoretical and conceptual discussions in the field of sociology credit and debt. From these debates, we conducted an empirically based analysis of these phenomena. We conclude, among other founding that credit supply, when offered to individuals in economic and social vulnerable circumstances, particularly, in an unfavorable context featured by charging high interest rates and lacks of legal regulation, hamper budget management in times of crisis or unexpected situations. These elements occurring together can drive to overindebtedness, especially those people with low incomes or in precarious labor conditions. As a result, this condition generates a cycle of debt and interest repayments capable to reproduce or make worse the conditions of poverty and social vulnerability.

Empreende à análise das decisões judiciais a respeito do contrato de cartão de crédito como meio de prevenir ou tratar o superendividamento do consumidor, por ser o contrato que representa a maior dívida dos consumidores brasileiros. A pesquisa consistiu em uma revisão bibliográfica dos temas superendividamento e cartão de crédito e uma pesquisa empírica documental, das decisões do Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ). O método utilizado foi análise de conteúdo, compreendendo a elaboração de fichas de leitura previamente estabelecidas. As fichas foram catalogadas de acordo com o assunto tratado pelo acórdão. Obteve-se um total de 7 (sete) grupos de análise: ações revisionais, ações indenizatórias, ações relativas a práticas abusivas, ações de prestação de contas, ações de exibição de documentos, ações de cobrança e declaratórias de inexistência de débitos. A partir da análise dos dados, depreendeu-se as seguintes conclusões: 1. O tema superendividamento ainda não faz parte do repertório da Corte, não tendo sido nem mesmo alegado pelas partes em algum processo. 2. A maior dos processos são ações indenizatórias que discutem meramente o valor exorbitante ou irrisório da indenização. 3. As decisões da Corte são, repetidamente, obstadas pelas Súmulas 5 e 7 do STJ. 4. As revisionais tratam apenas da taxa de juros nos contratos de cartão de crédito. / Undertakes the analysis of judgments about the credit card agreement as a means of preventing or treating consumer over-indebtedness, as the contract represents the largest debt of Brazilian consumers. The research consisted of a literature review of over-indebtedness and the contract of credit card and documentary empirical research of the decisions of the Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ). The method used was content analysis, including the development of previously established reading summaries. The sumaries were listed according to the subject matter of the judgment. We obtained a total of seven (7) analysis groups: revisional actions, compensation claims, actions related to abusive practices, accountability actions, document display actions, charging actions and declaratory absence of debts. From the data analysis, the following conclusions can be surmised: 1. The over-indebtedness issue is not yet part of the Court\'s repertoire and was not even alleged by the parties in any case. 2. Most of the cases are compensation claims than merely discuss the exorbitant or negligible amount of compensation. 3. The Court\'s decisions are repeatedly hindered by Precedents 5 and 7 of the STJ. 4. Revisional actions treat only about the interest rate on credit card contracts.

Empreende à análise das decisões judiciais a respeito do contrato de cartão de crédito como meio de prevenir ou tratar o superendividamento do consumidor, por ser o contrato que representa a maior dívida dos consumidores brasileiros. A pesquisa consistiu em uma revisão bibliográfica dos temas superendividamento e cartão de crédito e uma pesquisa empírica documental, das decisões do Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ). O método utilizado foi análise de conteúdo, compreendendo a elaboração de fichas de leitura previamente estabelecidas. As fichas foram catalogadas de acordo com o assunto tratado pelo acórdão. Obteve-se um total de 7 (sete) grupos de análise: ações revisionais, ações indenizatórias, ações relativas a práticas abusivas, ações de prestação de contas, ações de exibição de documentos, ações de cobrança e declaratórias de inexistência de débitos. A partir da análise dos dados, depreendeu-se as seguintes conclusões: 1. O tema superendividamento ainda não faz parte do repertório da Corte, não tendo sido nem mesmo alegado pelas partes em algum processo. 2. A maior dos processos são ações indenizatórias que discutem meramente o valor exorbitante ou irrisório da indenização. 3. As decisões da Corte são, repetidamente, obstadas pelas Súmulas 5 e 7 do STJ. 4. As revisionais tratam apenas da taxa de juros nos contratos de cartão de crédito. / Undertakes the analysis of judgments about the credit card agreement as a means of preventing or treating consumer over-indebtedness, as the contract represents the largest debt of Brazilian consumers. The research consisted of a literature review of over-indebtedness and the contract of credit card and documentary empirical research of the decisions of the Superior Tribunal de Justiça (STJ). The method used was content analysis, including the development of previously established reading summaries. The sumaries were listed according to the subject matter of the judgment. We obtained a total of seven (7) analysis groups: revisional actions, compensation claims, actions related to abusive practices, accountability actions, document display actions, charging actions and declaratory absence of debts. From the data analysis, the following conclusions can be surmised: 1. The over-indebtedness issue is not yet part of the Court\'s repertoire and was not even alleged by the parties in any case. 2. Most of the cases are compensation claims than merely discuss the exorbitant or negligible amount of compensation. 3. The Court\'s decisions are repeatedly hindered by Precedents 5 and 7 of the STJ. 4. Revisional actions treat only about the interest rate on credit card contracts.

De création récente, la législation sur le surendettement a toujours eu pour ambition de prévenir et de traiter les situations de surendettement des particuliers. Présenté à son origine comme le droit « de ne pas payer ses dettes », le droit du surendettement a été intégré au Code de la consommation. Essentiellement envisagées comme la conséquence d’une consommation s’exerçant à crédit, les mesures préventives ont, de ce fait, été développées dans le cadre des règles de formation et d’exécution des contrats de crédit et de cautionnement. Face aux insuffisances de cette réglementation préventive, le droit commun des obligations est, à son tour, venu édicter des règles en vue de pallier les lacunes des mesures légales. Malgré les bénéfices apportés par la jurisprudence, l’efficacité de la prévention reste toutefois relative. En effet, tant la difficile conciliation des sources préventives que l’approche restrictive qui est envisagée du phénomène, mettent un frein à l’élaboration d’une prévention efficace. C’est au travers des règles de procédure de traitement du surendettement mais également, dans la redéfinition des notions d’endettement et de la personne vulnérable face au risque de surendettement, que les réponses à une prévention plus efficiente apparaissent. / Recently created the overindebtedness legislation has always aimed to prevent and cure individual indebtedness situations. To his origin as the “right not to pay its debts” the indebtedness law has been integrated into the French consumer Code. Essentially seen as a consequence of consumption exerted on credit, preventive measures have been developed in the framework of the rules of formation and execution of credit agreements and surety. Given the inadequacies of this preventive legislation, the common law of contract is, in turn, came to make rules for any shortcomings of legal action. Despite the benefits of the law, the effectiveness of prevention, however, is relative. Indeed, as the difficulty of reconciling preventive sources that the restrictive approach proposed of the phenomenon, have no benefit on the development of effective prevention. It is through procedural overindebtedness rules but also in redefining the concepts of debt and the vulnerable person to the risk of debt distress, that the answers to more efficient prevention appear.

Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-16T11:55:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 691500 bytes, checksum: c887c9108536987f2e8f7564f9367eb0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-16T11:55:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 691500 bytes, checksum: c887c9108536987f2e8f7564f9367eb0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / The overindebtedness reaches the consumer as an individual and as a social being. The constitutional principle of human dignity is infringed at the time when the consumer is hit by chronic indebtedness, not being able to pay current and future debts without affecting their livelihood or his family. Personal credit agreement may be a taxable event of over-indebtedness, it is the consumer burden your monthly budget with loans not leaving an amount sufficient to meet basic needs. The credit contract, consumers will receive the cash value of the car title loan and take payment through installments, with possible payroll deduction or current account. The elder, as a consumer, need greater legal protection before his hipervulnerabilidade, and thus, the Elderly Statute and the Consumer Protection Code (Law No. 8.078 / 90) are instruments that will promote this defense. It is noteworthy that the Elder is one of the biggest victims of indebtedness with a view to facilitating credit and the conduct that is practiced by the supplier when the contract does not adequately informing the elderly consumer, bypassing the legal limit for credit granting and enforcing compounded interest. Despite the vendor's conduct of gravity and the effects of the elderly consumer the State has not criminalized such practices as criminal omitting as to criminal responsibility. However, the legal framework of such conduct on some existing criminal types from crimes against consumer relations as a way to temporarily resolve the conflict is possible. / O superendividamento atinge o consumidor como indivíduo e como ser social. O princípio constitucional da dignidade da pessoa humana é desrespeitado no momento em que o consumidor é atingido pelo endividamento crônico, não sendo capaz de saldar as dívidas atuais e futuras sem que isso afete sua subsistência ou da sua família. O contrato de crédito pessoal poderá ser um fato gerador do superendividamento, isso se o consumidor sobrecarrega seu orçamento mensal com empréstimos não restando valor suficiente para suprir as necessidades básicas. Na contratação do crédito, receberá o consumidor valor em dinheiro a título de empréstimo e assumirá o pagamento através de parcelas, sendo possível o desconto em folha ou em conta-corrente. O presente trabalho procura enfatizar que a pessoa idosa, como consumidora, necessita de maior proteção jurídica diante da sua hipervulnerabilidade, e assim, o Estatuto do Idoso e o Código de Defesa do Consumidor (Lei n°8.078/90) são instrumentos que irão promover essa defesa. Destaca-se, ainda, que a pessoa idosa é uma das maiores vítimas do superendividamento tendo em vista a facilitação do crédito e a conduta que é praticada pelo fornecedor quando da contratação, não informando adequadamente o consumidor idoso, driblando o limite legal para concessão do crédito e impondo juros exacerbados. Apesar da gravidade da conduta do fornecedor e dos efeitos ao consumidor idoso o Estado não tipificou tal prática como criminosa se omitindo quanto à responsabilização penal. Todavia, é possível o enquadramento legal de tal conduta em alguns tipos penais existentes dentre os crimes contra as relações de consumo, como forma de solucionar provisoriamente o conflito.

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of debt of people in the age category 18-26 years. The object of the diploma thesis is to map the reasons for the indebtedness persons in the age of 18 - 26. To accomplish main object were set two sub-objectives: 1. Identify the reasons that lead to indebtedness. 2. Identify competencies whose absence may lead to indebtedness. The thesis is divided into theoretical and empirical part. The theoretical part includes description of the term dept problematic, definition of commitments, characteristics of indebtedness and overindebtedness, the reasons of debts, social counseling, the klient of social counseling and last but not least, debt counseling as a social counseling activity. In the empirical part is described the research itself, which includes objectives, research questions, methodics and results of research and last but not least discusion and result of whole research.The research was used qualitative strategies, method of questioning and semi-structured interview technique. The basic sample for this thesis were formed by clients of social counseling in Příbram. The research results into the fact that people in the chosen age group are most often indebted because of the lack of financial literacy, which leads them to falling into a debt trap, which then deepens, mainly because of their indiscretion. The main cause of debts in such young peoples is the separation from the family and the searching for adequate housing. The research also proved that this group of people is located on the brink of society and will find it difficult to deal with this situation, as they know the solutions but rarely know where they can find advice or help. The consequences of their actions then have a bad effect on their psyche and subsequently worsen their health. The results of thesis can be used as educative material for wide public. The thesis can be also publicated in the local peridiocals in terms of the actual topic in connection with the amendment of insolvency act. It can be also used in social work with the chosen age group. For social workers can served as insight into this problematic.

Microfinance, the provision of financial services to the poor, has been celebrated for its win-win proposition of reducing poverty while operating on a financially sustainable or even profitable basis. However, the industry has recently experienced several crises that have challenged both its financial sustainability and its social reputation. As a result, the focus of the microfinance sector on commercialization has given way to a new emphasis on client-focused products and services and on customer protection as the industry’s current priorities. Given the risks it implies both to the social impact of microfinance and to institutional sustainability, the main focus of the current client protection efforts in microfinance is on protecting borrowers against over-indebtedness. <p><p>However, customer protection efforts are struggling with a significant gap of knowledge about the prevalence, causes and consequences of over-indebtedness. There is no agreed definition or measurement of personal over-indebtedness. Especially, there is no appropriate definition for customer protection purposes and for the specific circumstances of microfinance. Existing over-indebtedness definitions mostly centre on default, thus avoiding portfolio quality problems for the lending institutions. They do not take into account that borrowers already experience severe consequences of over-indebtedness before reaching the stage of default. Findings on the empirical prevalence of over-indebtedness and on its causes and consequences may differ based on a definition that takes the borrowers’ over-indebtedness experiences and thus the customer protection perspective into account.<p><p>The first paper of this PhD develops an over-indebtedness definition that is suitable for customer protection purposes in the microfinance context. The definition is based on the sacrifices that microborrowers experience related to their loans. Working with the economics, psychology, and sociology literatures on both microfinance and consumer finance, the paper provides a conceptual analysis of the demand and supply side factors that cause over-indebtedness as well as the role of adverse economic shocks. The second paper reveals the broad spectrum of consequences that over-indebtedness can have on borrowers and on MFIs. It then reviews the empirical studies on over-indebtedness in the microfinance industry to date to shed light on the prevalence of over-indebtedness in microfinance. <p><p>In an empirical field research supported by the Independent Evaluation Department of KfW Entwicklungsbank and the Smart Campaign at ACCION’s Center for Financial Inclusion, the PhD applies the customer protection definition of over-indebtedness that results from the first paper to the microfinance market of Accra in Ghana. The third paper uses this unique database to pinpoint the prevalence of over-indebtedness in this market and analyse the debt experiences of microborrowers. In a second step, by means of a logistic regression of alternative measurements on the customer protection measurement of over-indebtedness, it provides empirical confirmation for the important differences between the risk management perspective on over-indebtedness and the customer protection point of view. <p><p>Finally, the fourth paper of the PhD tests socio-demographic and economic factors on the borrower level for their relationship to over-indebtedness. It sheds light on how the potential over-indebtedness causes that emerge from the analysis of paper 1 relate to the likelihood of a borrower being over-indebted. It also works with the primary database from Ghana and uses econometric regression methods to confirm to what extent theses potential causes of over-indebtedness relate to over-indebtedness in the given microfinance setting.<p> / Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished