Problem: Few studies regarding savings among students have been conducted, particularly studies looking at students in Sweden, as the general assumption is that students cannot save.   Purpose: Investigate what factors may affect students saving behavior   Method: The thesis will be done by a quantitative and deductive approach. To investigate what factors affect students saving we conducted several hypotheses tests through regression analysis.   Result and Conclusion: The investigation showed that through our estimates we were able to find three significant variables at a 5% level; Income, Worked Before and Saving Before and a general fit of the model of 16.36%. One possible explanation for the poor fit is the complexity of human behavior and thusly that it is hard to explain.   Keywords: Students, saving, consumption theory, statistics, age, behavioral, finance

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Thesis (D Com (Econometrics))--University of Pretoria, 2007. / Economics / unrestricted

O avanço no uso do cartão de crédito e sua função como instrumento de crédito afetou o padrão de consumo das famílias. O presente trabalho pretende analisar como alterações no limite de crédito e na taxa de juros do cartão de crédito afetam o consumo. A partir dos resultados obtidos com esta primeira análise, podemos verificar a validade das predições das Teorias de Consumo, como a Teoria de Renda Permanente / The advance in the credit card usage and its function as a means of credit affects the consumption of the families. This work intend to analyze how modifications in the limit and interest rate of the credit card affects their consumption. From the results obtained with this first analysis , we may verify the validity of the predictions of the Consumption Theories, as the Permanent Income Theory

O avanço no uso do cartão de crédito e sua função como instrumento de crédito afetou o padrão de consumo das famílias. O presente trabalho pretende analisar como alterações no limite de crédito e na taxa de juros do cartão de crédito afetam o consumo. A partir dos resultados obtidos com esta primeira análise, podemos verificar a validade das predições das Teorias de Consumo, como a Teoria de Renda Permanente / The advance in the credit card usage and its function as a means of credit affects the consumption of the families. This work intend to analyze how modifications in the limit and interest rate of the credit card affects their consumption. From the results obtained with this first analysis , we may verify the validity of the predictions of the Consumption Theories, as the Permanent Income Theory

Submitted by Ellen Regina Steter (ellensteter@gmail.com) on 2013-09-19T23:37:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao.pdf - Adobe Acrobat Pro.pdf: 869504 bytes, checksum: 03db87faed4c751de45e0913d9c11657 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzinei Teles Garcia Garcia (suzinei.garcia@fgv.br) on 2013-09-20T12:59:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao.pdf - Adobe Acrobat Pro.pdf: 869504 bytes, checksum: 03db87faed4c751de45e0913d9c11657 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-20T13:18:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao.pdf - Adobe Acrobat Pro.pdf: 869504 bytes, checksum: 03db87faed4c751de45e0913d9c11657 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-23 / Considerando a teoria do consumo, especialmente a da renda permanente, a maximização da utilidade para o indivíduo ocorre quando ele consegue suavizar o seu consumo ao longo da vida. Dessa forma a estabilidade no consumo é preferida à momentos de expansão precedidos de retração. Estudos aplicados às séries brasileiras encontraram que consumo é impactado de maneira significativa pela renda corrente, não se comportando, portanto, apenas como um passeio aleatório. Uma das hipóteses sugeridas para explicar a dependência do consumo brasileiro à renda corrente seria a possibilidade de restrição à liquidez. O presente trabalho, teve como objetivo verificar se após a expansão creditícia experimentada pela economia brasileira, nos últimos anos, o crédito teria corroborado favoravelmente para a suavização do consumo das famílias. Para tanto, utilizou-se um banco de dados do primeiro trimestre de 1996 (pós implementação do PROER/PROES) até o primeiro trimestre de 2013. No decorrer do período abordado, foi possível identificar duas quebras estruturais no crédito, uma atrelada ao adento do crédito consignado e a outra referente ao impacto da crise financeira internacional. Dessa forma, a regressão considerando o consumo como variável dependente em função da renda, do crédito e da taxa de juros, foi estimada em três períodos distintos. A estimação nos três períodos mostrou que a expansão do crédito se tornou relevante para a regressão do consumo com o passar do tempo. Como exemplo, a variável crédito no primeiro período (1º.tri/96 até 1º.tri/04) não se mostrou significante para a regressão do consumo. Contudo no terceiro período (1º.tri/09 até 10.tri/13) o crédito se mostrou significante. Vale mencionar que o período de maior destaque para o crédito foi o terceiro, o mais recente. Sabidamente, coincidiu com a aceleração do crédito via bancos públicos em decorrência de um comportamento anticíclico (começou como resposta à crise financeira internacional do último trimestre de 2008). Com isso, para suavizar esse movimento anticíclico as regressões foram reestimadas considerando o crédito desagregado, entre privado e público. A conclusão obtida foi a mesma do exercício anterior. Assim, as estimações sugerem que o crédito (agregado e desagregado) ajudou na suavização do consumo das famílias brasileiras, especialmente no passado recente (terceiro período), quando a renda não foi significativa para a estimação do consumo. / Considering the consumption theory, specially the permanent income, the maximization utility for a individuals happens when he is able to mitigate the consumption during their lives. In this way the consumption smoothing is preferred to a moment of expansion preceding by retraction. Researches applied in brazilian series found that the consumption has a strong impact by the current income, doesn´t acting, therefore, merely as random walk. One of the hypothesis suggested to explain the dependence of the brazilian consumption of the current income would be the possibility of credit constraint. The present paper, had as objective verify if after the credit expansion experimented by the brazilian economy, in the last few years, the credit had corroborated in favour of the flexibility of the family consumption. For this, used 1996 database, first term ( after PROER/PROES implementation) until 2013 first term. However, it has been found that during the approached period, occurred two structural breaks in credit series. Thereby, the regression having the consumption as variable dependent in function of the credit, income and interest rate was estimated in three distinct periods. The evaluation in these three periods clearly demonstrated that the credit expansion became relevant for the consumption regression over the course of time. As example, a variable credit in the first period ( 1st term/96 until 1st term 04) wasn´t significant for the consumption regression. But, in the in the third ( 1st term/09 until 1st term 2013) the credit appeared significant. It´s worth mentioning that the top-of-mind period for credit was the third, the most recent. Wisely, coincided with the credit acceleration through goverment banks in consequence for an anti cyclic behavior (it starts as an answer to the international financial crisis in the last term 0f 2008). With this, to alleviate this anti cyclic movement the regression were estimated again considering only the disaggregated credit (private and government credit). The result was the same of the previous. So, the estimatios suggest that the credit helped alleviate the consumption of the brazilian families specially in the recent past, when income was not significant.

The thesis focuses on study of consumers media produced by the chain stores and their use by the target audience including the perspective of creative consumption theory. The creative consumption theory presumes an active role of a consumer in the process of consumption. It believes that the consumer can consciously influence the development and behaviour of the society in general only by their consumer behaviour. The practical part of the thesis is accompanied by a theoretical frame of consumption history and consumer's history and its role in today's consumer society. There is also a part dedicated to a brief introduction of the Czech retail market, selected retail chains and their customer media and customers' segmentation with respect to the creative consumption theory. The first quantitative analysis study shows how many inhabitants of one Prague's housing projects do not want to receive any advertising to their letter boxes and why they have actively labelled their letter box with a label asking for "NO advertising". The main research focuses on the use of customer media also in the light of the creative consumption theory. On the basis of a qualitative analysis I try to find answers to questions how readers of consumer media understand consumption, how they find media of retail chains, which...

A small proportion of people claim to live and consume in ways they consider more sustainable in social and environmental terms. As yet, we do not know how many exactly, but possibly no more than 5-10% of the population. The thesis intentionally focuses on this minority finding there are at least three reasons why it is interesting to do so. First because they are all but ignored in sociologies of practice in the context of sustainable consumption which considers this minority an insignificance and focuses almost exclusively on 'mainstream' majority which more closely maps onto the stereotype of 'consumer society'. Second because we think we can learn much from juxtapositioning this group empirically against the spectrum of theories of practice to devise more robust and appropriate theoretical explanation of how these subjects, in the context of everyday practice, negotiate the many interpretations and contradictions involved in trying to put 'sustainability' into practice. Third because by understanding them better we can reflect on theoretical, empirical and policy implications for nudging this minority of the population to a higher percentage. The thesis sits at one end of a spectrum of positions in theories of practice applied to consumption, and in particular with a normative interest in sustainable consumption. It aligns with those who seek to re-insert the reflexive agent into accounts of practice, with particular reference to the conceptual construct of the 'citizen-consumer' and the context of political consumption (Spaargaren & Oosterveer 2010). Referring to theories of consumption, the thesis adds perspectives on how people negotiate multiple domains of consumption simultaneously since everyday practice involves interactions across multiple domains (such as eating, mobility, householding); and yet typically in theories of practice these are artificially separated into single domains. The study therefore considers the implications which domains have on how particular practices are carried out, first separately (per domain) and then as they come together (in a cross-cutting domain perspective). The study then takes theories of practice as a springboard to develop a theoretical position and framework which better fits the narrated accounts of the 37 subjects who participated in this study. In iteratively co-developing a theoretical framework and multiple 'stages' of empirical research (using grounded theory methodology) the study seeks to explain theoretically how subjects justify their 'doings' (drawing on 'conventions' and 'orders of worth' (Boltanski & Thévenot 2006)); how they appear to muddle through as best they can (introducing 'bricolage' (Lévi-Strauss 1972)); and how subjects appear to devise decision short-cuts when approaching decisions characterised by the multiple contradictions of sustainable consumption and incomplete or 'too much' information (introducing heuristics (Gigerenzer & Gaissmaier 2011)). In joining calls to re-insert the reflexive agent to account for how, when and why subjects enact changes towards trajectories which they consider 'more sustainable' in their own terms, the study takes inspiration from Margaret Archer's morphogenesis approach (1998) and explores her model of multiple modes of reflexivity, announcing certain modes as 'better fitting' conditions of late modernity. The study finally finds that contrary to a notion of the un-reflexive agent, the citizen-consumer is able to articulate visions of the 'good life'. In addition she is able to fold these visions back onto everyday practices performed in the past, present and future, laying out normative guidelines and positive accounts of how to achieve personal or societal well-being and happiness. The overarching positioning of the study is much inspired by Andrew Sayer's (2011; 2000) 'normative turn' calling upon social sciences to re-instate research into the things about which people care. The study is therefore guided by the overarching question of how people translate their environmental and/or social concerns into the ways in which they live and consume.