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「企業授信」，用通俗的話表達即為「賒銷」，亦即企業銷售商品或勞務時，允許客戶暫免付現，而于一段時間過後始行支付貸款之意。其交易金額表現于會計上則為企業之“應收帳款”或為“應收票據 ”。幾世紀以來，「授信」一直是經營企業的必要條件之一，其重要性且有日漸增高的趨勢。過去，多數的企業均嚴重忽略這項工作的重要性視其僅為企業對客戶的一種服務而已，而現在已經演變成企業激起客戶需要，促進銷售的強有力工具。企業不但用它來與同行競爭，爭取客戶，而且也運用它的操作來改善企業的利潤情況。歐美先進國家企業管理當局也改變對其授信部門的觀念，不再視這個部門為一個單純的幕僚部門，而把它看做一個利潤中心。管理當局所關心的不只是“授信對銷售有多大幫助”，他們進一步注意到“授信是否對利潤產生貢獻”。 本論文之研究乃在針對這種企業授信的新形勢，探討企業授信工作之決策方法，在兼顧成本與收入的前提下，如何擬訂一個最適的授信政策(Optimal Credit Policy)以及面對一個賒購客戶時如何作成授信（賒銷）決策等，計分五章敘述。第一章為緒論，在信用的多種功能中，界定企業授信之意義，闡述企業授信之目的，井說明企業授信工作內容之重點，強調這種工作的創造性與建設性，第二章授信政策之擬訂，分析企業現金折扣，信用期限及信用額度等之操作，對市場需要及授信成本可能產生之影響，然後進一步討論如何擬訂最適現金折扣(Optimal Cash Discount)，最適信用期限(Optimal Credit-Period Length)及如何設定客戶的信用額度(Line of Credit)最後并說明擬訂最適授信政策之可能性。第三章授信決策之分析，分析企業授信的風險與機會，建立對個別交易授信之決策分析模型，并探討企業投資於授信數額之決策方法。為四章述明對個別客戶授信決策之分析程序，實際應用第三章所建立之模型，并強調站在促進銷售的立場，對於每筆擬拒絕之賒購訂單，應考慮作進一步之信用調查。第五章為結論，扼要誤明本文各章之重點，指出授信政策與授信決策理論方法之前提及其應用於實務上之限制，并就個人對實務的觀察與瞭解提出國內現階段之企業授信工作要在倒帳損失不大前提下，發揮促進銷售功能的輔助之道。 本文之研究，承蒙吾師盛禮約教授悉心提導，并提供寶貴意見，謹在此致最高謝忱。 本文之研究，曾參考國內外各種有關此一問題之著作，并對實務作深入之觀察，惟個人學識、能力與經驗所限，雖全力以赴，仍難免有所疏漏與錯誤，尚祈先進賢達不吝指正。

The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk-return efficiency of credit policies for managing portfolio credit risk of banking institutions. The focus of the empirical analysis is on the impact of risk pricing and problem loan restructuring on bank risk and returns using a simulation model that represents an operating environment of lenders servicing the Australian farm sector. Insurance theory principles and agency relationships between a borrower and a lender are integrated into the portfolio theory framework. The portfolio theory framework is then couched in terms of the capital budgeting approach to generate a portfolio return distribution function for a particular credit policy regime. Borrowers are segmented by region, industry, loan maturity and credit risk class. Each credit risk class defines risk constraints on which a stochastic simulation model may be developed for credit scoring an average borrower in a portfolio segment. The stochastic simulation method is then used to generate loan security returns for a particular credit policy regime through time with loan return outcomes weighted by the number of borrowers in a segment to give measures of portfolio performance. Stochastic dominance efficiency criteria are used to choose between distributions of NPV of bank returns measured for a number of credit policy alternatives. The findings suggest that banks servicing the Australian farm sector will earn more profit without additional portfolio risk if the maximum limit to which pricing accounts for default risk in loan reviews is positively linked to volatility of gross incomes of farm business borrowers. Importantly, credit-underwriting standards must also be formulated so as to procure farm business borrowers of above average productivity with loans that are fully secured using fixed assets. The results of simulations also suggest that restructuring loans in event of borrower default provide for large benefits compared to a �no restructuring� option.

The study is based on the financial statistics published by the Financial Supervisory Commission (FSC) to analysis the behavior of Taiwan credit cardholders after the dual card crisis and the global financial storm. In the meantime, the data as of September and November 2008 is applied to examine the impact of credit cardholders in different segments who have cash needs after the regulation implementation. The study concludes that: 1. The behavior of credit cardholders impacted by the dual card crisis and the global financial storm Using various statistical charts and one-way ANOVA analysis can be found that after the dual card crisis and global financial storm, the revolving credit balance of credit card market reduced year by year. Obviously, a correct concept of card usage is established gradually. Cardholders should not only enjoy the convenience of credit card, but also control the burden of over spending. 2. The cash advance amount deteriorated due to FSC regulation implementation After a series of guided actions launched by FSC, people no longer rely on credit card as a financing tool but treat it as a payment implement. The amount of cash advance shrink while the cardholders who have cash advance need get financing from personal loan. 3. The impact is various between each segment by regulation Using Independent-Sample T Test, it is found that there are no significant differences in credit card cash advance features for cardholders who have debt burden ratio greater than 22 times of the monthly income, the internal employee, and cardholders whose credit line is greater than NT$800,000.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk-return efficiency of credit policies for managing portfolio credit risk of banking institutions. The focus of the empirical analysis is on the impact of risk pricing and problem loan restructuring on bank risk and returns using a simulation model that represents an operating environment of lenders servicing the Australian farm sector. Insurance theory principles and agency relationships between a borrower and a lender are integrated into the portfolio theory framework. The portfolio theory framework is then couched in terms of the capital budgeting approach to generate a portfolio return distribution function for a particular credit policy regime. Borrowers are segmented by region, industry, loan maturity and credit risk class. Each credit risk class defines risk constraints on which a stochastic simulation model may be developed for credit scoring an average borrower in a portfolio segment. The stochastic simulation method is then used to generate loan security returns for a particular credit policy regime through time with loan return outcomes weighted by the number of borrowers in a segment to give measures of portfolio performance. Stochastic dominance efficiency criteria are used to choose between distributions of NPV of bank returns measured for a number of credit policy alternatives. The findings suggest that banks servicing the Australian farm sector will earn more profit without additional portfolio risk if the maximum limit to which pricing accounts for default risk in loan reviews is positively linked to volatility of gross incomes of farm business borrowers. Importantly, credit-underwriting standards must also be formulated so as to procure farm business borrowers of above average productivity with loans that are fully secured using fixed assets. The results of simulations also suggest that restructuring loans in event of borrower default provide for large benefits compared to a �no restructuring� option.

Magistro baigiamajame darbe ištirti bei įvertinti Lietuvos komercinių bankų pagrindiniai kreditavimo sistemos elementais, tokie kaip kreditavimo procesas, procedūros bei paskolų portfelis, išsiaiškinti sėkmingą kreditavimo veiklą įtakojantis veiksniai ir pateikti pasiūlymai dėl tobulintinų šios sferos aspektų. Ištirtos šalies bankų paskolų portfelio kitimo tendencijos bei nustatytas jo priklausomybės nuo atskirų kreditavimo produktų verčių mastas. Pirmoje darbo dalyje nagrinėtas bankininkystės atsiradimas, raida bei vaidmuo finansų sektoriuje. Antrojoje darbo dalyje pateiktas įvairių literatūros šaltinių kreditavimo tema analizė, apžvelgta komercinių bankų kreditavimo sistemos esmė ir principai bei aptarti banko kreditavimo politikos pagrindiniai aspektai. Trečiojoje darbo dalyje apžvelgta esama Lietuvos komercinių bankų kreditavimo sistema, išskirti stipriausieji šalies bankai, aptariamos pagrindinių kreditavimo produktų savybės bei išanalizuojamas verslo kreditų suteikimo procesas. Taip pat čia ištirti bendrojo visų Lietuvos bankų paskolų portfelio bei didžiausių Lietuvos komercinių bankų AB banko „Hansabankas“, AB SEB banko, ir AB DnB Nord banko paskolų portfelių kitimą įtakojantys atskirų kreditavimo produktų verčių pokyčiai. / This master thesis evaluates and analyses main elements of Lithuanian commercial banks‘ lending system, such as lending process, its procedures and portfolio, ascertains all factors essential to guarantee successful lending, provides suggestions for development of those lending aspects that need improvement, analyses trends of national loans portfolio dynamics and determines portfolio‘s reliance on the values of separate lending products. The first part contains study of the origin of banking system as a whole, its further development and its role in financial sector. The second part provides comparative analysis of literature on lending topic, presents the review of core and principals of lending system and main aspects of credit policy. The third part overviews present lending system of Lithuanian commercial banks, highlights the best performing banks of Lithuania, analyses features of basic credit products and lending process itself. Also the analysis of reliance of total country’s and three biggest Lithuanian commercial banks’ loan portfolios on the change in the values of separate lending products is provided.

Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-05-24T14:42:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Evelyne Ruiz.pdf: 530462 bytes, checksum: 724e20f36c304403d905d9e1ef1b05f7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-24T14:42:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Evelyne Ruiz.pdf: 530462 bytes, checksum: 724e20f36c304403d905d9e1ef1b05f7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-28 / In recent years the increase in the volume of credits for rural activities have required the use of risk assessment models, such as credit scoring, form lenders in their credit policies that provide them, more precisely, an assessment effective regarding to the possibility of default. The objective of this research is to investigate the default among borrowers benefited from the rural Project Fund for the Development of Family Agriculture - FUNDAF Project, seeking to establish a relationship between the characteristics of borrowers and defaults. Using the method of exploratory and descriptive research, data from side to acquire the characteristics of the population investigated was collected. This collection was made in the loan portfolio consisted of 216 National Agency of Enterprise Development ANDE borrowers in the rural community of Jucuri / RN. Five groups of characteristics relating to borrowers were used to develop this work,: Status, Personal profile of borrowers, financial profile of borrowers, credit profile of the operation, the Default Profile. To achieve the proposed objectives, three methods of analysis were used: descriptive statistics, Fisher test and Mann-Whitney U test. The results show that the characteristics that have significance in relation to default were those relating to the financial profile of the borrower's credit, revenue, expense and provision for the ANDE and the profile of credit: the value of the parcel. It can be seen as indicative of the high percentage of defaults in the portfolio of rural credit in that entity, non-observance of strict evaluation criteria relating to income and expenditure characteristics of borrowers indispensable prerequisite to the discharge of the provision stipulated. / Nos últimos anos o acréscimo no volume de concessão de créditos voltados às atividades rurais tem exigido das entidades de crédito, modelos de avaliação de riscos, tais como o credit scoring, em suas políticas de crédito que lhes proporcionem, de forma mais precisa, uma avaliação eficaz quanto à possibilidade de ocorrência de inadimplência. O objetivo desta pesquisa é investigar a inadimplência entre os tomadores de Crédito Rural beneficiados pelo Projeto Fundo para o Desenvolvimento da Agricultura Familiar - FUNDAF, buscando estabelecer uma relação entre as características dos tomadores de crédito e a inadimplência. Através do método de pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, foi feita uma coleta de dados secundários para a aquisição das características relativas à população investigada. Esta coleta foi realizada na carteira de crédito da Agencia Nacional do Desenvolvimento Empresarial - ANDE composta de 216 tomadores de crédito da comunidade rural de Jucuri/RN. Utilizou-se para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho cinco grupos de características relativas aos tomadores de crédito: Status, Perfil pessoal dos tomadores de crédito, Perfil financeiro dos tomadores de crédito, Perfil da operação de crédito, Perfil da Inadimplência. Para obtenção dos objetivos propostos utilizou-se como métodos de análise a estatística descritiva e os testes exato de Fisher e Mann-Whitney U. Os resultados obtidos revelam que as características que possuem significância em relação à inadimplência foram as relativas ao perfil financeiro do tomador de crédito: receita, despesa,prestação ANDE e as relativas ao perfil operação de crédito: valor da parcela. Percebe-se, como indicativo do elevado percentual da inadimplência na carteira de concessão de Crédito Rural naquela entidade, a não observância rigorosa de critérios de avaliação referentes às características receita e despesa dos tomadores de crédito imprescindíveis à condição necessária a quitação da prestação estipulada.

The diploma thesis deals with credit financing of the company. The aim of the thesis is the analysis of credit policy in a specific company, summarize the major findings of the most importatnt credit instruments, outline the course of the credit process and explain the issues of the security for a debt. The partial aim of the thesis is to analyse specific situation of the providing the bank guarantee. The first half of the thesis is focused on the comparison the differences in a bank overdraft and specific loan. In the second half of the thesis there is a matching of the credit products for small and medium enterprises in terms of Czech banks following the planned acquisition of fixed assets in the company. In the final part of the work is done and a summarized evaluation of the data and proposal of measures to streamline the credit financing.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / Neste trabalho, procurou-se avaliar o impacto social da polÃtica de crÃdito rural destinado à avicultura de corte brasileira no perÃodo janeiro de 1997 a dezembro de 2004. Esta avaliaÃÃo consistiu na anÃlise do benefÃcio social via mudanÃa na estrutura do mercado da carne de frango. O modelo utilizado foi o desenvolvido por Lindner & Jarret, modificado por Rose, considerando os deslocamentos paralelo e pivotal para a curva de oferta. Para aplicaÃÃo desta metodologia, empregou-se o mÃtodo dos mÃnimos quadrados em dois estÃgios, com a abordagem do modelo de equaÃÃes simultÃneas. Os resultados mostraram que a oferta de carne de frango no Brasil à elÃstica e que a polÃtica de crÃdito rural destinada à avicultura brasileira gerou um benefÃcio total de R$186.926.769,54, considerando um deslocamento paralelo da curva, ou seja, uma ampliaÃÃo da oferta com reduÃÃo dos custos de produÃÃo. Todavia, quando considerado custo mÃdio constante, deslocamento pivotal da curva de oferta, o benefÃcio total gerado pela polÃtica de crÃdito rural resulta num montante de R$102.135.880,94. Isto representa uma diferenÃa de 83%, em termos de benefÃcio, o que revela a importÃncia de aÃÃes voltadas para a reduÃÃo nos custos de produÃÃo como forma de estimular o desenvolvimento da avicultura no paÃs. / In this research, the social impact of the rural credit policy addressed to the Brazilian cut-up chicken raising between January 1997 and December 2004 was evaluated. This evaluation consisted on the social benefit analysis through the changing at the structure of the chicken meat. The used model was developed by Lindner & Jarret, modified by Rose, taking into consideration the parallel and pivotal displacement to the offer curve. For methodology application, the minimal square method was used in two stages, with the simultaneous equations model approach. The results showed that the chicken meat offer in Brazil is elastic and the rural credit policy addressed to the Brazilian chicken raising generated a total benefit of R$ 186.926.769,64, taking into consideration a parallel displacement of the curve, in other words, an offer ampliation with production costs reduction. However, when taking into consideration the constant average cost, pivotal displacement of the offer curve, the total benefit generated by the rural credit policy results a total of R$ 102.135.880,94. This represents 83% difference in benefits, which reveals the importance of attitude turned to production cost reduction as a way to stimulate the aviculture development in the country.

This dissertation is focused on the analysis of the current method of proceeding REC incl. its effect on accounting firm and to draw up its own credit management. Theoretical part of the dissertation offers information and receivables management concepts, their prevention, and debt collection. This part describes the meaning and usability tools of collection activity. The starting point for setting up a new system is the assessment of the financial situation of the company with financial analysis and analysis of the current state of the receivables. The practical part also includes the elaboration of proposals and recommendations, and the application of specific methods, incl. the costs and benefits. The result of the dissertation is effective system solutions to the outstanding receivables.