La presente investigación, tiene por objeto analizar la influencia de la ética y las fallas de administración en el origen y desarrollo de la crisis económica-financiera mundial que se inició en 2008 en Estados Unidos y que fue denominada como “Sub Prime”, misma que tuvo una serie de efectos y consecuencias hasta el año 2012. Este estudio se desarrolló en base a tres dimensiones: los antecedentes y desarrollo de la crisis económica-financiera mundial, la ética en las decisiones y, las estrategias de administración relacionadas a este tema. Con lo anterior se logró identificar y analizar las medidas tomadas por el gobierno de Estados Unidos y las empresas de ese país, determinando las distorsiones en los aspectos éticos y administrativos que finalmente derivaron en una crisis de dimensión mundial. Del mismo modo, se hizo lo propio con las decisiones de los gobiernos europeos, encontrándose que se incurrió en las mismas distorsiones éticas y administrativas, sumándose a esto la crisis de Grecia que lo agravó y prolongó. Terminado el análisis y apoyándose en el programa informático, Atlas.ti, que contribuyó a organizar esta investigación, se concluyó que la conducta poco ética en la toma de decisiones económico financieras, aportó al origen y desarrollo de esta crisis de magnitud mundial. / Tesis

<p>The current financial crisis has spread around the world and no business sector has stayed untouched. While companies in some sectors have been forced to close down or lay off employees, companies in the food retail sector mainly have to adapt to their customers´ preferences, which according to Ang, Leong & Kotler (2000) change in times of financial crisis. The purpose of this dissertation was therefore to examine how Swedish food retailers adapt their marketing strategies to the changing consumer buying behavior during the financial crisis.</p><p>A qualitative method with an abductive approach was chosen for this research, and the empirical data was gathered from three companies in the Swedish food retail sector; ICA, Coop and Axfood. Primary data was collected through phone interviews and was supported by annual information from their websites, annual reports and different articles. </p><p>The findings show that all three companies have recognized a change in their consumers buying behavior and done several changes in their marketing strategies. </p><p>This research can be useful for every company in the same or similar situation, in order to see how important it is to have a flexible marketing strategy and be able to adapt to the changing environment in order to either survive or improve their position on the market.</p>

<p>The purpose of this study is to provide the view on the online advertising’s characteristics during the present financial crisis in Sweden. To achieve the purpose, multiple case study of four main Swedish banks is used with the predominance of descriptive method. The main finding of this study is close interaction between the advertising character and market trends impact. This main observation has a great impact on the character of the analysis and affects almost every functional aspect of the advertising. Besides that, also five other main observations were made. Following them, it is especially worth to mention that advertising can be a source of competitiveness, a way of differentiation or a way of conditioning customer. From all the study findings, clear image of ads typical features, functions and roles in the banks’ prosperity arises.</p>

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Delaware, 2006. / Principal faculty advisor: Robert Warren, School of Urban Affairs & Public Policy. Includes bibliographical references.

La presente investigación, pretende develar las causas que configuran la crisis de la titulación en la Educación Superior en Bolivia, específicamente en la carrera de Auditoria de la Universidad Mayor de San Andrés, en una de las modalidades de graduación vigente en la Universidad pública nacional, el Trabajo Dirigido. Propuesta que está basada teóricamente en el síndrome Todo Menos Investigación, conocido internacionalmente como TMI. Este trabajo fue realizado con la participación de estudiantes de esa unidad académica que cumplen una pasantía en el Departamento de Auditoría Interna de la UMSA, en virtud de un acuerdo firmado entre ésta y la Carrera, convenio vigente desde el año 2004. A partir de la identificación del problema, el diseño de la estrategia, la aplicación de instrumentos, la recogida de datos y el análisis de la información, se intenta fundamentar respuestas a este fenómeno complejo, las dificultades en la titulación mediante un Trabajo Dirigido, e identificar las causas por las que los estudiantes retrasan, postergan o desisten de cumplir con este requisito de graduación. Se desea, por parte del investigador, que esta labor contribuya a entender mejor el fenómeno educativo de la investigación en el pregrado, problema emergente de deficiencias en los modelos educativos y la falta de énfasis en esta línea académica, investigación. Palabras clave: Trabajo Dirigido, síndrome Todo Menos Investigación, Auditoría Interna, Pasantía.

The purpose of this study is to provide the view on the online advertising’s characteristics during the present financial crisis in Sweden. To achieve the purpose, multiple case study of four main Swedish banks is used with the predominance of descriptive method. The main finding of this study is close interaction between the advertising character and market trends impact. This main observation has a great impact on the character of the analysis and affects almost every functional aspect of the advertising. Besides that, also five other main observations were made. Following them, it is especially worth to mention that advertising can be a source of competitiveness, a way of differentiation or a way of conditioning customer. From all the study findings, clear image of ads typical features, functions and roles in the banks’ prosperity arises.

The current financial crisis has spread around the world and no business sector has stayed untouched. While companies in some sectors have been forced to close down or lay off employees, companies in the food retail sector mainly have to adapt to their customers´ preferences, which according to Ang, Leong & Kotler (2000) change in times of financial crisis. The purpose of this dissertation was therefore to examine how Swedish food retailers adapt their marketing strategies to the changing consumer buying behavior during the financial crisis. A qualitative method with an abductive approach was chosen for this research, and the empirical data was gathered from three companies in the Swedish food retail sector; ICA, Coop and Axfood. Primary data was collected through phone interviews and was supported by annual information from their websites, annual reports and different articles. The findings show that all three companies have recognized a change in their consumers buying behavior and done several changes in their marketing strategies. This research can be useful for every company in the same or similar situation, in order to see how important it is to have a flexible marketing strategy and be able to adapt to the changing environment in order to either survive or improve their position on the market.

ABSTRACT Eighty per cent of small companies without a comprehensive crisis plan vanish within two years of suffering a major disaster—a remarkable and ominous statistic. Crises are occurring more often in all organizations, and when they occur, they are leaving a wake of financial, operational, and reputational damage. Why this trend, now? There are five important reasons: 1) a more volatile workplace involving financial, legal, or management issues within the organization; 2) an extreme production mentality often obscuring the conditions under which crises might otherwise be recognized, addressed, or mitigated; 3) enhanced technological platforms for information delivery, such as the Internet, generating a revolving information door thus promoting organizational stress and crisis; 4) fast-paced and invasive journalism practices that eliminate invisibility for decisionmaking or reaction; and, 5) lack of strategic planning for crisis. There is an increasing body of evidence suggesting that crises in an organizational environment, whether created by act-of-God or manmade circumstances, have defined and predictable characteristics often relating to communication problems in the discourse community. It is also evident that solutions exist to reduce the incidence and the intensity of crisis within this discourse community. Approaches include organizational vulnerability assessments, messaging strategies, forensic media tactics, and dedicated efforts to build relationships with important stakeholders. Each of these has as its foundation a vigorous strategic communication plan. Crisis plans are necessary in today’s business environment, and effective communication is an essential element of any crisis plan. This dissertation will focus on communication methodology as a means of crisis avoidance and crisis mitigation.

Background: The field of crisis management has been researched extensively in the last two decades, with a focus on man-made organizational crises in large corporations (Mitroff et al., 2001; Pearson et al., 1993; Weick, 1988). Crises, as phenomena, are very complex events with a low probability of occurrence (Pearson et al., 1998), which subsume multiple layers in their construction causes and manifestation. In the recent years, the number of crises has increased dramatically, with either natural, technological or human causes and each of us can name at least a few dozen examples. Crises are no longer an aberrant, rare, random, or peripheral feature of today’s society. They are built into the very fabric and fiber of modern societies" (Mitroff et al., 2001, p.5). Aim: The purpose of the present research paper is to enhance the understanding of the importance of crisis management for organizations, where the crisis can be triggered by a political unrest situation. Our empirical study will address the issues of how the Gulf Agency Company Egypt team identified, responded and learned from the organizational crisis they were faced with, due to protests against the formal regime of Hosni Mubarak, in the beginning of 2011. Methodology: The goal of our research paper is firstly using existing theory and previous knowledge which will serve as the bricks of our academic construction. Further on, the GAC Egypt case study will be the principal empirical tool that will support and prove or contrast the theoretical roots. In this way, we plan to make use of already existing theory, while in return bringing our own contribution by our results and empirical findings. Completion and results: Our results entail that there are numerous gaps between what the literature on crisis management presents and the organizational procedures in GAC Egypt. In this respect, our findings lead us to notice the absence of an official crisis management plan, minimal perception of credible early signals, weak top management support correlated with a high degree of employee empowerment, as well as the learning outcomes for the organization.

Nowadays, organizational crisis management is one area in which PR experts truly earn their keep. Accordingly, until 2001, around 50 to 70 percent of the largest profit-making organizations in the United States haven't made any disaster plans. In Taiwan, it may not surprise to learn that, nowadays some still failed to put plans in place in anticipation of a catastrophe. As a matter of the fact, there are more examples of organizations getting crisis management wrong than doing it right. When crisis strikes, most companies are unprepared and poorly handle the situation. The overall purpose of this study is to investigate how Taiwanese companies use crisis management principles in handling public opinions at five phases of a crisis: detection, preparation/prevention, containment, recovery, and learning. The research conducted within this study determines how effectively Taiwanese organizations have communicated their corporate value to their stakeholders.