This thesis explores contemporary Crown - First Nations relationships in British Columbia through a comparative analysis of the Tsawwassen First Nation Final Agreement and the court decision in Tsilhqot’in Nation v. British Columbia. The comparative analysis considers First Nations’ claims to land, rights and jurisdiction entering the processes of treaty and litigation with respect to how the claims are modified as a result. The reduction of land and limitations placed on claims through treaty and trial are indicative of the quality of the relationships the provincial Crown pursues with First Nations. Given the historic injustices of denying Aboriginal rights and title in BC, the province’s history of colonization requires a new relationship to be just and equitable. The Crown’s pursuit of economic certainty overwhelms the potential for justice to be achieved, which are both fundamental aspects requiring balance for a healthy relationship to be established. The outcome of the analysis reveals the Crown’s ongoing colonization of First Nations in British Columbia. As a result, this thesis attempts to offer a decolonized view of these relationships and some solutions for moving forward by placing the onus of responsibility squarely on the people of British Columbia to demand change from our provincial government. / Graduate

The development of new reagents to efficiently cleave peptides and proteins has become increasingly important for protein structural studies and other applications. However, this has proved to be a very challenging task due to the extreme stability of the peptide amide bond. Transition metal complexes cleave proteins and peptides through either oxidative or hydrolytic pathways. However, hydrolytic cleavage is preferred over oxidative cleavage, because the latter process produces irreversibly modified peptide fragments. Metal-assisted peptide hydrolysis is introduced in Chapter I. The metals Ce(IV), Co(II), Co(III), Cu(II), Fe(III), Mo(IV), Ni(II), Pd(II), Pt(II), Zn(II), and Zr(IV) are described as promising non-enzymatic hydrolysis reagents. In Chapter II, Zr(IV)-assisted hydrolysis of the dipeptide Gly-Gly and of its N- and C- blocked analogs is described. The highest levels of cleavage were observed at pH values ranging from 4.4 to 4.7. When the pH was raised to ~ 7.0, hydrolysis yields were decreased and amounts of zirconium precipitation were increased proportionately. Zirconium(IV)-assisted peptide hydrolysis in the presence of 4,13-diaza-18-crown-6 is reported in Chapter III. The goal of this work was to use an azacrown ether to reduce Zr(IV) precipitation and enhance levels of hydrolysis at neutral pH. An experiment in which 16 glycine containing dipeptides were hydrolyzed by Zr(IV) and by Zr(IV)/4,13-diaza-18-crown-6 indicated that 4,13-diaza-18-crown-6 markedly enhanced the reactivity of Zr(IV) under near physiological conditions. Because Zr(IV) precipitation was not reduced in these reactions, we proposed that hydrolysis of peptides by Zr(IV)/4,13-diaza-18-crown-6 might be heterogeneous in nature. In Chapter IV, seventeen macrocyclic and open-chain Zr(IV) ligands were compared in order to gain mechanistic insights that would enable hydrolysis yields at neutral pH to be further improved. While the macrocyclic ligands 4,13-diaza-18-crown-6 and 4,10-trioxa-7,13-diazacyclopentadecane tended to produce higher levels of Zr(IV)-assisted dipeptide cleavage, it was not necessary to have a ring structure to enhance Zr(IV) reactivity. With respect to the open-chain ligands, the potential ability to form multiple chelate rings appeared to coincide with reduced levels of Zr(IV) precipitation as well as with reduced levels of dipeptide hydrolysis. In Chapter V, a summary of our results and conclusions is presented.

[Abstract]Crown rot, caused by Fusarium pseudograminearum (Fpg), is an important soilborne disease of wheat and barley. The degree of crop damage depends on seasonal conditions. Typically, high moisture conditions early in the season encourage seedling infection from stubble residues. Moisture stress later in the season leads to the production of unfilled “whiteheads”. Current control relies on cultural practices and sowing of partially resistant varieties. In order to understand the nature of partial resistance, I have examined the patterns of disease symptom development and pathogen spread in susceptible and partially resistant tissues of both pot-grown wheat, barley and oat seedlings and field-grown inoculated wheat trials. Further research was conducted to determine whether differences in pathogenicity occur amongst a small subset of Australian Fpg isolates. Seedling experiments confirmed that differences in disease ratings between susceptible and partially resistant genotypes are detected in younger leaf sheaths of older seedlings. At later harvest times differences between these genotypes are not significant in older leaf sheaths. Re-isolation of Fpg from inoculated seedlings has shown that each tissue was infected later in partially resistant genotypes compared to susceptible ones with a significantly lower number of isolations recorded at each harvest time in 42 day old seedlings. Barley cultivars were rapidly infected by the pathogen and exhibited high levels of disease symptoms. By comparison levels of infection in oats were low compared to all other genotypes. No significant differences between genotypes were observed in coleoptile tissues, either in fungal colonisation or development of disease symptoms. Disease development in the subcrown internode varied between lines/cultivars but was not representative of the relative susceptibility of each genotype. The pathogen did not appear to invade plant tissue via the vascular system but rather spread directly across the stem from leaf sheath to leaf sheath. Field trials were designed to study disease symptom development and localisation of Fpg hyphae in all expanded tissues (excluding head and roots) in wheat genotypes of known susceptibility to crown rot. Plants were harvested at approximately fortnightly intervals throughout the growing season. The main effects and interactions of harvest, genotype and tiller on each plant part were examined with a detailed statistical analysis of differences seen in these factors between susceptible and partially resistant wheat genotypes, in two inoculated field trials. While differences between genotypes were mostly not significant at each harvest when disease rating or isolations from leaf sheath tissues were examined, important differences between susceptible and resistant genotypes were seen in disease developments and Fpg infections of stem tissue in field trials. Restriction of pathogen growth and symptom development was more pronounced in the tissues of 2-49 (possesses seedling resistance) than in the field resistant Sunco. At present, the mechanisms that lead to these resistance responses are unknown. The pathogenicity study aimed to determine whether 7 Fpg isolates and a mixed inoculum differed in ability to cause crown rot in 9 wheat genotypes ranging in susceptibility to this disease. Although a genotype*inoculum interaction was significant, there is no evidence of stable pathogenic races in the isolates examined in these experiments. The growth of all isolates was partially inhibited in a consistent manner on resistant genotypes when compared to very susceptible genotypes. These results confirm significant differences in the aggressiveness of Fpg isolates on wheat, evidenced by variation in mean disease severity between isolates growing on a range of host genotypes.

Copies of author's previously published articles inserted. / Bibliography: leaves 72-90. / vii, 101, [28] leaves, [12] leaves of plates : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Crown gall is a plant cancer caused by pathogenic strains of Agrobacterium, a soil microorganism belonging to the family Rhizobiaceae. This thesis examines the possible role in the biological control process, of an antibiotic compound agrocin 434, produced by biocontrol strains, in addition to the well-characterized adenine nucleotide, agrocin 84. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection and Plant Science, 1996

Copy of author's previously published work inserted. / Bibliography: leaves 114-136. / xiv, 144, [19] leaves, [18] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / The study concentrates on: investigation of the biological properties and role of agrocin 434 and other factors in the bicontrol process of crown gall disease; isolation of the complete range of K84 derivatives carrying different combinations of plasmids pAgK84, pAgK434 and pAtK84b in the same host background; development of a rapid plant bioassay to assess the efficacy of biocontrol strains by leaf disc tumorigenesis assay; and characterization of agrocin 434 synthesis and immunity genes. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Crop Protection, 1997

Bibliography: leaves 90-100. / viii, 100, [91] leaves, [7] leaves of plates : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This study is concerned with the chemistry of several biologically active, toxic molecules produced by Agrobacteria. It centres upon the discovery and structural analysis of a previously unknown antibiotic substance known as agrocin 434. This agrocin is produced by A. rhizogenes (formerly "radiobacter") strain K84, the biological control agent of crown gall. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Plant Science, 1997

Bibliography: leaves 90-100. / viii, 100, [91] leaves, [7] leaves of plates : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This study is concerned with the chemistry of several biologically active, toxic molecules produced by Agrobacteria. It centres upon the discovery and structural analysis of a previously unknown antibiotic substance known as agrocin 434. This agrocin is produced by A. rhizogenes (formerly "radiobacter") strain K84, the biological control agent of crown gall. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Plant Science, 1997

[Abstract]: Crown rot (causal organism: Fusarium pseudograminearum) is a significantdisease affecting wheat in Australia. Although first reported over 60 years ago, the disease has become more prevalent in recent years due to the adoption ofminimum tillage and stubble retention practices. Breeding for resistance to crown rot is difficult - phenotypic selection, which is usually done at harvest, istime-consuming, expensive, and subject to between year variability due to sensitivity to environmental conditions. For these reasons, the coupling ofmolecular techniques with conventional plant breeding (marker-assisted selection) has the potential to more rapidly and reliably identify genomic regionsthat contribute to resistance. The objective of this study was to identify, validate,and pyramid quantitative trait loci (QTL) for resistance to crown rot present in aW21MMT70 x Mendos doubled haploid wheat population.Replicated seedling trials were conducted in 2001, 2003, and 2005. In eachseedling trial, W21MMT70 displayed partial resistance to crown rot whereasMendos seedlings were susceptible. A bulked segregant analysis (BSA), using390 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers chosen for their coverage of thewheat genome, was initially conducted based upon the 2001 seedling trial data inan attempt to rapidly identify genomic regions associated to resistance. The BSAdid not reveal any markers associated with resistance to crown rot. As a result, afull mapping study was conducted. One hundred and twenty eight (128) SSRmarkers were mapped across the population to produce a framework map.Previously screened AFLP markers were added to the map. Composite intervalmapping revealed eight QTL associated with resistance. Of these, three (locatedon chromosomes 2B, 2D, and 5D) were consistently detected in each of the threeseedling trials. Two QTL (on chromosomes 1A and 3B) were detected in two ofthe three trials. The 2D, 3B, and 5D QTL were inherited from W21MMT70,whereas the 1A and 2B QTL were inherited from Mendos.Two software programs were used to identify epistatic interactions betweenQTL. While the results of the two programs differed markedly, both programsdetected a highly significant interaction between the W21MMT70 inherited 5DQTL and a locus on chromosome 2D inherited from Mendos. The overall effectof the epistatic interactions was not as great as the additive effects of nonepistaticQTL. Nonetheless, the presence of epistasis may indicate that,particularly in the case of 5D, the effect of this QTL may be dependent on thebackground into which it is introgressed.Validation of three W21MMT70-inherited QTL (on chromosomes 2D, 3B, and5D) was conducted on three F2 populations with W21MMT70 as one of theparents. While the 5D QTL was validated in two of the three crosses, neither the2D nor the 3B QTL were detected in any of the F2 validation populations. It islikely that the size of the F2 populations (the largest composed of 94 individuals),in conjunction with the variability that is inherent when screening for resistanceto crown rot, precluded validation of these regions. Validation of the 2BMendos-inherited QTL was conducted on a Sunco x Batavia doubled haploidpopulation because Sunco possesses the same Triticum timopheevi 2B introgression that is present in Mendos. This validated QTL (designatedQ.CR..usq-2B2) explained 11 % of the phenotypic variance in the Sunco xBatavia population.To assess the effectiveness of pyramiding QTL for resistance to crown rot, a 2-49x W21MMT70 population was examined. A number of lines of this populationperformed significantly better than each of the parents in the replicated seedlingtrial that was conducted. Four QTL, located on chromosomes 1A, 1D, 2D, and3B, were detected. The 1A and 1D QTL were inherited from 2-49 whereas the2D and 3B QTL were inherited from W21MMT70. The 1A QTL from 2-49 hasnot been previously validated, and this QTL has been designated QCr.usq-1A1.The 3B QTL (designated QCr.usq-3B1) had the highest effect (LRS 42.1;explaining 21.0 % of the phenotypic variance) in the 2-49 x W21MMT70population. The 2D QTL (QCr.usq-2D1) was shown to have a minor effect. The5D QTL that was inherited from W21MMT70 in the W21MMT70 x Mendospopulation was not detected in the 2-49 x W21MMT70 population. A number ofpossible explanations for the inability to detect this QTL in the 2-49 xW21MMT70 population are discussed.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Agricultural Biochemistry, 1984. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 125-140).

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Wisconsin--Madison, 1954. / Typescript. Vita. eContent provider-neutral record in process. Description based on print version record. Includes bibliographical references.