The overall goal of this study is to determine the resolution and type of proxy that any one drip site can provide for the determination of past climate. The study examines surface conditions (effective rainfall, temperature, PDSI), cave characteristics (cave geometry, cave air CO2, location), drip site characteristics (drip rate, drip rate response to rainfall), and drip water characteristics (pH, trace element ratios, alkalinity, temperature). The study encompasses two distinctly different caves, Inner Space Cavern (Chapter 2) and Westcave (Chapter 3). A goal of Chapter 2 is to identify drip sites where there is an intra-annual climate signal, which can assist with high resolution paleo-drought reconstructions when extended to speleothem studies. To be considered an intra-annual climate sensitive drip site, a site should display statistically significant correlations between (1) effective rainfall and drip rate; (2) effective rainfall and Mg/Ca; (3) drip rate and Mg/Ca; (4) Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and drip rate; and (5) PDSI and Mg/Ca. These relationships can be explained by the extent to which water flux in the karst overburden influences flow path characteristics, water residence time, and water-rock interactions. The data in Chapter 3 will indicate that (1) variations in trace element/Ca values in cave drip waters are temperature dependent and vary on a seasonal time scale, (2) the standardization of trace element/Ca values allows for between drip site comparisons, (3) the standardization of trace element/Ca values can add statistical power to statistical analyses by increasing the sample size, (4) calcite growth rates follow a seasonal pattern based on variations in surface temperature, (5) a regional drought indicator provides correlation with trace element/Ca values at some drip sites and this relationship is most likely dependent upon temperature. / text

published_or_final_version / Chemistry / Master / Master of Philosophy

published_or_final_version / Physics / Doctoral / Doctor of Philosophy

Implementation of a control system for an active camouflage system based on thermal elements and LED technology.

Two perceived limitations of conventional atomic spectrometry were addressed in these studies. One limitation is that the time required for sample preparation can exceed the actual analysis time by two or more orders of magnitude. High pressure homogenization in combination with high speed blending was evaluated for the preparation of slurries which could be directly analyzed by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS). Cadmium, copper and lead concentrations were successfully determined in certified reference materials (CRMs) of biological origin and frozen cervine liver and kidney. By capping the flat valve head of the homogenizer with a ruby disc, metal contamination introduced by the processing was reduced appreciably (but not eliminated) and the procedure was extended to the determination of chromium, iron, manganese and nickel in botanical CRMs and air dried animal feeds. The one problematic analyte element proved to be selenium which was consistently underestimated with this procedure. However, the combination of high pressure homogenization and partial enzymatic digestion with a crude protease alone or admixed with lipase or cellulase, released Se-residues from zoological and botanical CRMs so that Se could be accurately determined by slurry introduction GF-AAS. This technique was also applied successfully to freeze-dried, fresh and boiled fish tissues. The principal advantages of the slurry preparation technique are its speed, simplicity and lack of operator intervention. / The second limitation involved the loss of chemical speciation information during analysis. To preserve this speciation information, individual chemical species were separated chromatographically then detected in the column eluate using a novel all silica T-tube interface coupled with AAS. The advantages of the current interface design over previous prototypes were the compatibility with both organic or aqueous mobile phases and the low limits of detection (LODs) for Ag, Cd, Cu or Zn. The feasibility of the approach was demonstrated by monitoring levels of metal analyte bound to individual metallothionein isoforms which had been partially resolved by size exclusion or ion exchange HPLC. Whereas the metallothionein-I (MT-I) isoform was enriched in Cu relative to the MT-II isoform, the reverse was true for Zn. Also, a Ag-saturation procedure rapidly and efficiently replaced the bound Cd, Cu and Zn in these polypeptides.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

The global HIV-1 pandemic is new only in the sense that it is the latest iteration in a conflict between humans and retroviruses that has spanned millions of years. Bearing witness to this, our genomes are littered with the DNA remnants of ancient retroviruses. These ‘human endogenous retroviruses’ (HERVs) are generally thought to be inert. In this thesis, I explore the hypothesis that HIV-1 has had to make a compromise in order to avoid extermination by a class of cellular defence factors that our cells evolved long ago in order to defend against ancient retroviruses. In disabling these defence factors to allow for its own replication, I posit, that HIV-1 enables the expression of the ancient retroviruses, as well as LINE-1 retroelements, in our genome. I propose to use this against the virus by targeted immune responses against HERV/LINE-1 antigens as a way of killing HIV-1-infected cells.

The global HIV-1 pandemic is new only in the sense that it is the latest iteration in a conflict between humans and retroviruses that has spanned millions of years. Bearing witness to this, our genomes are littered with the DNA remnants of ancient retroviruses. These ‘human endogenous retroviruses’ (HERVs) are generally thought to be inert. In this thesis, I explore the hypothesis that HIV-1 has had to make a compromise in order to avoid extermination by a class of cellular defence factors that our cells evolved long ago in order to defend against ancient retroviruses. In disabling these defence factors to allow for its own replication, I posit, that HIV-1 enables the expression of the ancient retroviruses, as well as LINE-1 retroelements, in our genome. I propose to use this against the virus by targeted immune responses against HERV/LINE-1 antigens as a way of killing HIV-1-infected cells.